TRƯƠNG THỊ KIM DUNG COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF BIOGAS UTILIZATION FROM LIVESTOCK MANURE IN VIETNAM (FOCUSSING ON CO 2 BALANCE) Field: waste management and contaminated site treatment MASTER THESIS Supervisor: Dr Ing. Christoph Wünsch Dresden, September, 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly I would like to thank to the Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University and Techniche Universtät Dresden, Institute of Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment, whose have established a good study program for us to learn a good new field of environment. I would like to thanks to Prof. Bernd Bilitewski, Prof. Nguyen Thi Diem Trang and Dr. Hoang Van Ha, whose always keep an eye on our study and help us so much. My sincerely thanks to my supervisor Dr. Christoph Wünsch, Dipl. Veit Grundmann , who guide and help me hold-heartedly during the time I did the thesis. And I also want to thanks to Dr. Catalin Stephan and Dipl.Hoang Mai. I still remember our discussion, small parties as well as your encouragements. It helps me more self- confident in my ability. Finally I want to thanks so much to my family. You are my motivation to overcome difficulties in my life. ABSTRACT From 2003 Livestock Production Department under Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development - MARD cooperates with Netherlands Development Organization – SNV to deploy of domestic biogas program for livestock production in rural area. The program not only solve environment problems in terms of pollution and improve rural life quality, it also contributes to greenhouse gas reduction considerably. At household scale, biogas is utilized mostly for cooking and such tons of greenhouse gas can be reduced from one household per year, mostly from correct livestock manure management and fossil fuel substitution. At farm scale, biogas can be utilized for electricity generation, thousands KWh of electricity can be produced and such thousand tons of greenhouse gas can be reduced per farm per year. It should be encouraged to apply this treatment method for all kinds of livestock of the country. The greenhouse gas emission reduction will be much more significantly, contribute to meet the aim of the Kyoto Protocol “to achieve stabilization of atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system” that Vietnam signed in. Contents INTRODUCTION 6 I. BACKGROUND 1 1.1. Greenhouse effects and climate change 1 1.1.1. Greenhouse effects 1 1.1.2. Climate change 3 1.2. Greenhouse gas emission situation in Vietnam 7 1.3. Livestock growing situation in Vietnam 12 II. OVERVIEW ON BIOGAS 16 2.1. Scientific theory of anaerobic digestion (biogas formation) 16 2.2. Composition of biogas 19 2.3. Substrates for anaerobic digestion 22 III. BIOGAS PROJECT IN VIETNAM 22 3.1. Project overview 22 3.2. Technology of anaerobic digester used in the project 23 3.2.1. Structure of the anaerobic digester 23 3.2.2. Operation of the biogas plant 25 3.2.3. Treatment efficiency of biogas plants 26 3.3. Utilization of outputs from biogas plants 27 3.3.1. Utilization of biogas 27 3.3.2. Utilization of bio-slurry 31 IV. CASE STUDY 35 4.1. Project scenario 35 4.2. Methodology 36 4.2.1. GHG reduction from manure management 36 3.2.2. GHG reduction from the fossil fuel substitution in thermal application or electricity generation 42 3.2.3. GHG reduction from chemical fertilizer substitution by bio-slurry 46 4.3. Calculation and results 48 4.3.1. GHG reduction at household scale 48 4.3.2. GHG reduction at farm scale 64 4.4. Outlook 67 IV. CONCLUSION 71 ABBREVIATION bn Billion e equivalent DM Dry matter (% or g/l) H o,n Calorific value (kWh/Nm 3 ) H u,n Calorific value (kWh/Nm 3 ) IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change GHG Greenhouse gas LFG Landfill gas MARD Ministry of agriculture and rural development MNVOC Non-methane volatile organic compounds SNV The Netherlands development organization VS Volatile solid UNFCCC United Nations framework Convention on Climate Change LIST OF TABLES Table 1: National greenhouse gas emission inventory by sector of Vietnam in 2000 7 Table 2: greenhouse gas emission from agriculture sector 8 Table 3: total primary energy consumption by type of energy 9 Table 4: GHG emission from fuel combustion by type of fuel in 2000 10 Table 5: GHG emission from fuel combustion by sub-sector 10 Table 6: GHG emission from fuel combustion by type of gas 11 Table 7: Livestock population growth (thousands) 13 Table 8: livestock and milk production, million metric tons 14 Table 9: total livestock waste (solid) generation in 2006 16 Table 10: Environmental requirements 19 Table 11: Biogas composition 19 Table 12: Biogas composition compared with natural gas 20 Table 13: General energy characteristics of biogas 21 Table 14: Treatment efficiency of biogas plants 26 Table 15: Limited parameters for surface water quality according to the National technical regulation 2008 27 Table 16: comparative values of biogas and other fuels 28 Table 17: consumption of biogas and kerosene fuel in lighting according to the experience of the Institute of Energy 30 Table 18: Nutrient concentrations in the bio-slurry 32 Table 19: concentration of some heavy metals in bio-slurry 33 Table 20: nutrient contents in compost fertilizer made from bio-slurry and agricultural waste 34 Table 21: benefits from application of bio-slurry in agriculture in some provinces 35 Table 22: input parameters for methane emission calculation from the baseline scenario (unrecoverable anaerobic lagoon) 49 Table 23 input parameters for indirect nitrogen oxide emission calculation from the baseline scenario (unrecoverable anaerobic lagoon) and project scenario (biogas plant) 51 Table 24: result of GHG emission reduction from manure management 52 Table 25: combustion efficiencies of combustion equipments with different fuels 53 Table 26: GHG emission factor of coal 54 Table 27: input parameters for GHG emission reduction calculation from fuel substitution in thermal application for at household scale. 54 Table 28: GHG reduction results for a household growing 6 pigs 56 Table 29: Emission factors for stationary combustion in the residential and agricultural/forestry/fishing/farms 58 Table 30: Results of GHG reduction in case different fossil fuel used in absence of the project 59 Table 31: GHG emission reduction according to population of livestock (pig) 61 Table 32: the utilized biogas yield according to population of livestock (pig) 63 Table 33: GHG reduction for a farm growing 100 pigs with utilization of biogas for electricity generation 66 Table 34: input parameters for GHG emission reduction calculation from biogas destruction in the outlook 67 Table 35: The result of GHG emission reduction from biogas destruction in the outlook 68 Table 36: input parameters for GHG emission reduction calculation from nitrogen oxide emission reduction in the outlook 68 Table 37: The result of GHG emission reduction from nitrogen emission reduction in the outlook 69 Table 38: The result of GHG emission reduction from manure management in the outlook 69 Table 39: input parameters for GHG emission reduction calculation fuel substitution in thermal application in the outlook 70 Table 40: GHG emission reduction calculation fuel substitution in thermal application in the outlook 70 Table 41: Total GHG emission reduction in the outlook 71 LIST OF CHARTS Chart 1: GHG reduction for a household growing 6 pigs with utilization of biogas for cooking purpose 57 Chart 2: GHG reduction in case different fossil fuel used in the absence of the project 60 Chart 3: GHG emission reduction according to number of livestock 62 Chart 4: GHG reduction for a farm growing 100 pigs with utilization of biogas for electricity generation 66 [...]... Source: [MONRE, 2010] Sources of GHG emission in energy sector are from fuel combustion, fugitive emission in course of extraction and transportation, in which mostly from fuel combustion that is 45.9 million tones of CO2, 68.4 thousand tones of CH4 and 1.27 thousand tones of N2O in 2000 as in the table 4, the table 5 and the table 6 9 Table 4: GHG emission from fuel combustion by type of fuel in 2000... Climate change in Vietnam Vietnam is one of the countries that are suffered mostly of climate change According to recent studies in Vietnam, the average temperature has increased about 0.1 10C per decade The weather seems severer The temperature of beginning months of the winter decreases but increases in months of the end of the winter Seasonal rainfall decreases in July and August and increases in September,... to climate change, in which the development and implementation of GHG reduction options contributes an important role in this program Replace cooking coal by biogas is one of options of the Government towards to reduce GHG emission 1.3 Livestock growing situation in Vietnam Vietnam is on the trend of development, which the increasing growth rate in GDP is stable around 6.5 percent from 1998 to 2003... energy from the sun is absorbed at the earth’s surface and reradiated in the form of infrared Chart (long wave) radiation The greenhouse gas (some of low concentrate gases in atmospheric notably CO2, CH4, NOx, CO, etc.) absorb and emit long wave radiation The increase in the atmospheric concentration of GHG leads to an incremental absorption and emission of long-wave radiation All of them would result in. .. and also have the long term objective of improving the livelihood and quality of life of rural farmers in Vietnam Until now there are more than 106000 biogas systems constructed in over 50 provinces nationwide, millions tons of livestock manure are treated There are also some evaluation reports on economical and social effects But there isn’t any detail report evaluating on environmental effects, especially... just contributes 20% to of GDP in 2007, but Vietnam is still an agricultural country, most of the population lives based on agriculture production The livestock production contributes 20% to agricultural GDP [General Statistic Office of Vietnam, 2007, 2008] The main types of livestock are swine, cattle, buffalo and poultry The table 7 shows the livestock production growth from 2000 to 2010, in which... (preliminary) Sheep Horses Source: [General Statistic Office of Vietnam, 2007, 2008, 2010] Vietnam is also one of countries which export mostly pork over the world (2.55 million metric tons in 2008) The table 8 shows product productions from livestock, in which pork is the most significant contributor (71% of total livestock production) 13 Table 8: livestock and milk production, million metric tons Products... [General Statistic Office of Vietnam, 2008] The figure 4 shows the fast increasing growth rate of pork production from 2003 to 2007 14 Figure 4: Growth rate of pork production Source: [General Statistic Office of Vietnam, 2008] Livestock production brings quiet high financial benefits to farmers, but it also generates environmental problems The table 9 shows most of manure from livestock is not treated... agriculture sector, sources of GHG emission are from rice cultivation, from livestock, agricultural soils and burning of agricultural residues as in the table 2 Table 2: greenhouse gas emission from agriculture sector Sector Enteric fermentation Manure management Rice cultivation Agricultural soils Burning of savannas Burning of agricultural residues Total CO2 CH4 N2 O CO2e Percentage (thousand (thousand... CO2 equivalent in 2000 in which agriculture sector is the largest source (43.1%), then is from the energy sector (35.0 %) and at least from industrial sector (6.6 %) and from waste (5.3 %) as in the table 1 and figure 3 Table 1: National greenhouse gas emission inventory by sector of Vietnam in 2000 CO2 Sector CH4 N2 O (thousand (thousand (thousand CO2e (thousand Percentage (%) tons) tons) tons) tons) . emission situation in Vietnam 7 1.3. Livestock growing situation in Vietnam 12 II. OVERVIEW ON BIOGAS 16 2.1. Scientific theory of anaerobic digestion (biogas formation) 16 2.2. Composition of. emit long wave radiation. The increase in the atmospheric concentration of GHG leads to an incremental absorption and emission of long-wave radiation. All of them would result in a warming of. severer. The temperature of beginning months of the winter decreases but increases in months of the end of the winter. Seasonal rainfall decreases in July and August and increases in September, October