THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines Non-violence Gleaned from Selected Works of Mahatma Ghandi and Martin Luther King, Jr A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School Batangas State University Batangas City, Philippines In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Major in English by Le Thi Thu Huong (Olivia) June 2014 i THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines NONVIOLENCE GLEANED FROM SELECTED WORKS OF MAHATMA GANDHI AND MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School Batangas State University Batangas City, Philippines In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in English By Le Thi Thu Huong (Olivia) Thai Nguyen, 2014 ii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation entitled NONVIOLENCE GLEANED FROM SELECTED WORKS OF MAHATMA GANDHI AND MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR prepared and submitted by MA LE THI THU HUONG in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree doctor of Philosophy in English has been examined and is recommended for oral Examination LUISA A VALDEZ Adviser PANEL OF EXAMINERS Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _ Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree doctor of Philosophy in English iii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines ABSTRACT Title: Nonviolence Gleaned From Selected Works of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr Author: MA Le Thi Thu Huong Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Major: English Language and Literature Year: 2014 Adviser: Dr Luisa A Valdez Summary This study is an analysis of nonviolence gleaned in the selected works of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr and the identification of the teachings on nonviolence that maybe drawn from the analysis which shall benefit Vietnamese students Specifically, the study sought answers to the following questions: What is the historical root of nonviolence in India and America? How is nonviolence dealt with in the selected works of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.? What humanitarian issues are given focus on each of the selections? What literary devices are used by the writers in projecting the humanitarian issues particularly nonviolence? iv THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines What teachings on nonviolence maybe drawn from the analysis which shall benefit Vietnamese students? This study employed the qualitative method of research in analyzing Gandhi‟s and King‟s concept of nonviolence in the representative literary works chosen Likewise, this analysis made use of the sociological and philosophical approaches as the bases for analysis This paper also involved content analysis, which is a systematic technique in analyzing message content and message handling The following representative literary works were analyzed: Mahatma Gandhi‟s The Story of My Experiments with Truth, Harijan and Young India and Martin Luther King, Jr.‟s The Montgomery Bus Boycott, Letter from Birmingham Jail and I Have a Dream These articles, letters and oratorical speeches constituted the primary and twining sources of the study FINDINGS The results of analysis and interpretation revealed that: Nonviolence originated among a few of the forest sages of India about three thousand years ago It was recorded in the Upanishads Buddha and the Jain Tirthankaras took it up and developed it further about 500 B C But it was Mahatma Ghandi who made nonviolence a resounding method in solving social and political upheavals in India v THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines However, in the United States of America, the philosophy of nonviolence originated early in the 1800's the Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishads were translated into English, crossed the seas and came to America, - a leap of 2,000 years in time and 10,000 miles in space There Henry David Thoreau read them, made his nonviolent protest against the war by the U.S Government against Mexico based on the said philosophy, went to jail for his principles and wrote his Essay on the Virtue of Civil Disobedience Yet, it wasn‟t until Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr that nonviolence became a sharp sword to put a stop to social and political differences in America Mahatma Gandhi viewed nonviolence as a philosophy of life and to fully understand his philosophy of nonviolence, readers need to look closely at three basic principles that guided his life These are ahimsa, satyagraha, and tapasya All of these principles were deeply embedded in his religious beliefs and permeated all he did in his personal and public life In contrast, Martin Luther King, Jr viewed nonviolence as spiritually aggressive but not physically aggressive; designed to obtain the opponents understanding, not to humiliate them; directed at the forces of evil, not the persons caught in those forces, it avoids both physical violence and internal spiritual violence, and is based on the conviction that the world is just a place vi THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines The humanitarian issues given focus on the selections of Mahatma Gandhi includes the struggle against racial inequality in South Africa; the struggle for economic justice in India; the struggle for the abolition of the caste system in India; the struggle against unfair taxes in India; the struggle against increased Salt Tariff; the struggle to correct economic injustice in India; and the struggle for India‟s independence On the other hand, the humanitarian issues given emphasis on the selections of King includes the struggle against racial injustice and the struggle for desegregation To give meanings and a logical framework to their works through language, to enhance and give deeper meanings to the concept of nonviolence, and to motivate readers‟ imagination to visualize the characters and scenes more clearly, Gandhi and King employed literary devices in the selected literary pieces Gandhi implanted a stirring principle through the use of repetition and religious connotations Likewise, he reminds the people that the confinement of India is not due to British people but British colonialism Ergo, the utilization of logos in the representative literary works was employed to promote his main idea that nonviolence is essentially an effective weapon on its own Through these devices Gandhi depicts himself as a religious, calm and peaceful man throughout his speeches and in his letters On the other hand, King‟s speech reflected the mood and status of the Civil Rights vii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines Movement His political speeches flowed with biblical imagery, religious dialogue, and spiritual references As the movement carried on, King‟s political rhetoric became increasingly interwoven with his style of sermonic or preachyto the point where today, in hindsight, distinguishing the influences of his speeches on his sermons and his sermons on his speeches is a challenging task Both Martin Luther King and Gandhi were people who gained tremendous inspiration from their faith traditions and were able to perform tremendous feats of courage through the implementation of non-violence Today, as a culturally diverse society, people, specifically the Vietnamese students, can glean teachings on nonviolence from their works and imbibe these nonviolent advocates‟ spirit and carry forward their legacy by practicing daily the non-violent principle They can realize this by becoming more compassionate in their thoughts, speech, as well as their actions in dealing with people from all walks of life and nationality regardless of their age, color, gender, and faith Conclusions Based on the findings and interpretations of the study, the following conclusions are drawn: Selected works of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King through the literature to educate and guide people for their struggle to achieve the non-violent world and also helped Vietnamese students viii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines have much deeper understanding, perception and the moral, human values on the non-violent struggle as well as its major role in the maintenance to a better and equal society Nonviolence resistance is not only considered as a method of persuasion of the opponents, but also a strategy for social and political change Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King‟s vision of a reconciled society was that of an inclusive community with a sense of responsibility to formulate equal opportunity and solidarity The Vietnamese students may glean teachings on nonviolence to become more compassionate in their thoughts, speech, as well as their actions in dealing with people from all walks of life and nationality regardless of their age, gender, and faith Recommendations further studies From the foregoing findings and conclusions, the researcher offers the following recommendations: The academic managers can utilize this study as a frame of reference when they prepare developmental priorities, programs, projects and policies in the educational institutions to ensure that the practice of nonviolence can access the academe and spawn nonviolentrelated activities in the curricula College instructors of literature may use this analysis as one of their methodologies in teaching literature to raise students‟ awareness on nonviolence and develop their students‟ appreciation and sense of 209 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines Carson and Shepard,K (2001) New York: Warner Books, , pp 207-223 King, “Kick Up Dust,” Letter to the Editor, Atlanta Constitution, in Papers 1:121 King, “My Trip to the Land of Gandhi,” in Papers 5:231-238 King, “Pilgrimage to Nonviolence,” in Papers 5:419-425 King, Remarks Delivered at Africa Freedom Dinner at Atlanta University, in Papers 5:203-204 King, (2001) “Where Do We Go From Here?” in A Call to Conscience, eds ClayborneCarson and Kris Shepard, New York: Warner Books, pp.171-199 King, Jr., Martin Luther "Beyond Vietnam A Time to Break Silence." 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experience, for example, teaching translating/interpreting; designing ESP or EAP courses; examiner for Cambridge exams; test writing and other things) - Lecturer of English Language: Specified subject Teaching: Listening and Speaking - Language curriculum development EDUCATION AND QUALIFICATIONS (in reverse chronological order, i.e the latest first)  1997-2000: at Thai Nguyen High school for gifted students  2000-2004: BA in ESL teaching, College of Education, Thai Nguyen University, Vietnam 222 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines  2006-2009: MA in Applied Linguistics, Latrobe University, Australia  November 2010-present: Doctorate student of Philosophy in English Language and Literature, Batangas State University, the Philippines WORK EXPERIENCE (in reverse chronological order, ie the latest first) Date of employment, name of position, company/organization, brief summary of duties and responsibilities  02/2004- 04/2004: Teacher of English (teaching practice) at Duong Tu Minh Senior High School – Thai Nguyen city, teaching English to senior high school students  2004 – Present: Teacher of English at Thai Nguyen University of Education Co-composer of English teaching syllabus for Specific Purpose editions (Literature, Geography, and History Education)  2006: Part-time work at Edu-link, Ework English Centre, Thai Nguyen, teaching English to learners of different levels and needs A member of Outdoor Operational Team  2007: Part-time work at Delta English Centre, Thai Nguyen, teaching English to learners of different levels and needs  2009: Visiting teacher of English for MBA courses at International Training Centre ( ITC), Thai Nguyen University ( Joint training program between TN University and Southern Luzon State University, the Philippinnes)  2000 – 2010: Private Tutor of English for learners of different needs, levels and ages; part-time work as a teacher for different clients  2012: Teaching Ielts, Toefl for 80 core teaching staffs at Cford- Thai Nguyen University  2012- now: Part-time teaching for Centre for foreign Languages Studies for human resources development and Pre-doctoral Training Centre- Thai Nguyen University 223 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines  2012-now: working in core groups of the National Foreign Languages Project 2020 in terms of teaching, curriculum design and development LANGUAGE COMPETENCE Language Spoken Vietnamese Mother tongue English Fluent Written Good REFERENCES You should include at least one professional referee (probably your current boss) and another which may be academic or also professional – e.g an foreigner you worked with on another project Try not to give two referees with the same knowledge of your work from the same time period unless the work you did for each was very different ... OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDIES This study is an analysis of nonviolence gleaned in the selected works of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr and the identification of the teachings on nonviolence. .. root of nonviolence in India and America? How is nonviolence dealt with in the selected works of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.? What humanitarian issues are given focus on each of. .. Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines ABSTRACT Title: Nonviolence Gleaned From Selected Works of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr Author: