1 HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY FACULTY OF AGRONOMY Dr. LE DINH HUONG. B.Sc. ENGLISH LANGUAGE ENGLISH FOR AGRICULTURE HUE CITY, 2010 2 Unit 1 Lesson 1 The parts of plant and their function I. Reading Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. They include familiar organisms such as trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The scientific study of plants, known as botany, has identified about 350,000 extant species of plants, defined as seed plants, bryophytes, ferns and fern allies. As of 2004, some 287,655 species had been identified, of which 258,650 are flowering and 18,000 bryophytes. Green plants obtain most of their energy from sunlight via a process called photosynthesis. The basic parts of a plant are flower, fruit, seed, leaf, stem, root and shoot. A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants. The biological function of a flower is to mediate the union of male sperm with female ovum in order to produce seeds. Fruit normally means the fleshy seed-associated structures of certain plants that are sweet and edible in the raw state, such as apples, oranges, grapes, and bananas, or the similar-looking structures in other plants, even if they are non-edible or non-sweet in the raw state, such as lemons and olives. In biology (botany), a "fruit" is a part of a flowering plant that derives from specific tissues of the flower, mainly one or more ovaries. Often the botanical fruit is only part of the common fruit, or is merely adjacent to it. On the other hand, the botanical sense includes many structures that are not commonly called "fruits", such as bean pods, corn kernels, wheat grains, tomatoes, and many more. However, there are several variants of the biological definition of fruit that emphasize different aspects of the enormous variety that is found among plant fruits. II. Glossary 1. In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system (such as animal, plant, fungus, or micro-organism). 2. An herb is a plant that is valued for flavor, scent, medicinal or other qualities other than its food value. Herbs are used in cooking, as medicines, and for spiritual purposes 3 3. A tree is a perennial woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance 4. A shrub or bush is distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 5–6 m (15–20 ft) tall. A large number of plants can be either shrubs or trees, depending on the growing conditions they experience. 5. Grasses are monocotyledonous, usually herbaceous plants with narrow leaves growing from the base. They include the "true grasses", of the Poaceae (or Gramineae) family, as well as the sedges (Cyperaceae) and the rushes (Juncaceae). 6. A vine in the broad sense refers to any climbing or trailing plant. The narrower and original meaning is the grapevine 7. A fern (dương xỉ) is any one of a group of about 12,000 species of plants. Unlike mosses, they have xylem and phloem (making them vascular plants). They have stems, leaves, and roots like other vascular plants. Ferns do not have either seeds or flowers (they reproduce via spores). 8. Mosses (rêu) are small, soft plants that are typically 1–10 cm (0.4–4 in) tall, though some species are much larger. They commonly grow close together in clumps or mats in damp or shady locations. They do not have flowers or seeds, and their simple leaves cover the thin wiry stems. 9. The green algae (tảo xanh) (singular: green alga) are the large group of algae from which the embryophytes (higher plants) emerged. 10. Botany, plant science(s), phytology, or plant biology is a branch of biology that involves the scientific study of plant life. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines concerned with the study of plants, algae and fungi, including structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, chemical properties, and evolutionary relationships between taxonomic groups. Botany began with early human efforts to identify edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest sciences. Today botanists study over 550,000 species of living organisms. 11. Extant is a term commonly used in biology to refer to taxa (taxon) (such as species, genera or families) that are still in existence (living). The 4 term extant contrasts with extinct . For example, Brandt's Cormorant is an extant species, while the Spectacled Cormorant is an extinct species. 12. In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or group of taxa. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of that species (although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point). 13. In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are often used, such as similarity of DNA, morphology or ecological niche. Presence of specific locally adapted traits may further subdivide species into subspecies. 14. Seed plants, called the spermatophytes (from the Greek word ) (also known as phanerogams) comprise those plants that produce seeds. They are a subset of the embryophytes or land plants. 15. Bryophytes (rêu) are all embryophytes ('land plants') that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. They neither have flowers nor produce seeds, reproducing via spores. 16. Fern ally is a general term covering a somewhat diverse group of seedless vascular plants that are not true ferns. Like ferns, these plants disperse by shedding spores to initiate an alternation of generations. 17. Bryophytes are all embryophytes ('land plants') that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. They neither have flowers nor produce seeds, reproducing via spores. 18. Photosynthesis (from the Greek [photo-] , "light," and [synthesis] , "putting together", "composition") is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and many species of bacteria, but not in archaea. Photosynthetic organisms are called photoautotrophs , since they can create their own food 5 19. The term bloom refers to one or more flowers on a flowering plant, to a cut flower, to the aesthetic experience derived from flowers or comparable to that derived from flowers. 20. Blossom is a term given to the flowers of stone fruit trees (genus Prunus) and of some other plants with a similar appearance that flower profusely for a period of time in spring. Blossom normally appear in spring before the fruit actually grows. Blossoms provide pollen to pollinators such as bees, and initiate cross-pollination necessary for the trees to reproduce by producing fruit. 21. Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. Hence, a tissue is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues. The study of tissue is known as histology or, in connection with disease, histopathology. III. Comprehension Précis and Composition Answer these questions in not more than 55 words 1. Plants are living organisms? 2. List the familiar organisms of the plant? 3. What are basic parts of a plant? 4. What is the biological function of a flower? 5. What is a fruit? IV. Practice Fill each of the following gaps with suitable word/words 1. Plants are …………………… belonging to the ……………… Plantae. They include familiar organisms such as ……… , …………, ……………., ,………… , ……………, ………… , …………., ………………, and ……………… 2. The scientific study of plants, known as …………… , has identified about 350,000 ………………… of plants, defined as …………………., …………………… , …………… and ………………… 3. As of 2004, some 287,655 species had been identified, of which 258,650 are …………………. and 18,000 …………………. Green plants obtain most of their energy from …………… via a process called ……………………. 6 V. Grammar review Basic Question Types There are 3 basic types of question: 1. Yes/No Questions (the answer to the question is "Yes" or "No") 2. Question Word Questions (the answer to the question is "Information") 3. Choice Questions (the answer to the question is "in the question") 1. Yes/No Questions auxiliary verb subject main verb Answer Yes or No Do You Want dinner? Yes, I do. Can You drive? No, I can't. Has She Finished her work? Yes, she has. Did They Go home? No, they didn't. Exception! verb be simple present and simple past Is Anne French? Yes, she is. Was Ram at home? No, he wasn't. 2. Question Word Questions question word auxiliary verb Subject main verb Answer Information Where Do You live? In Paris. When Will We have lunch? At 1pm. Who Did She meet? She met Ram. Why hasn't Tara done it? Because she can't. 7 Exception! verb be simple present and simple past Where Is Bombay? In India. How Was she? Very well. 3. Choice Questions auxiliary verb subject main verb OR Answer In the question Do you want Tea or coffee? Coffee, please. Will we meet John or James? John. Did she go to London or New York? She went to London. Exception! verb be simple present and simple past Is your car White or black? It's black. Were they $15 or $50? $15. VI. Home work: Working Group: each group chooses one of topics as following, and presentation at next time: (1) trees, (2) herbs, (3) bushes, (4) grasses, (5) vines, (6) ferns, (7) mosses, and (8) green algae.(9) Flowers of a plant and their functions. (10) Fruit. 8 Lesson 2 The parts of plant and their function (continue) I. Reading. A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some stored food. It is the product of the ripened ovule of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant. Seeds have been an important development in the reproduction and spread of flowering plants, relative to more primitive plants like mosses, ferns and liverworts, which do not have seeds and use other means to propagate themselves. This can be seen by the success of seed plants (both gymnosperms and angiosperms) in dominating biological niches on land, from forests to grasslands both in hot and cold climates. Seeds serve several functions for the plants that produce them. Key among these functions are nourishment of the embryo, dispersal to a new location, and dormancy during unfavorable conditions. Seeds fundamentally are a means of reproduction and most seeds are the product of sexual reproduction which produces a remixing of genetic material and phenotype variability that natural selection acts on. In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat (laminar) and thin. As an evolutionary trait, the flatness of leaves works to expose the chloroplasts to more light and to increase the absorption of carbon dioxide at the expense of water loss. Leaves are also the sites in most plants where transpiration and guttation take place. Leaves can store food and water, and are modified in some plants for other purposes. II. Glossary 22. Plant embryogenesis is the process that produces a plant embryo from a fertilised ovule by asymmetric cell division and the differentiation of undifferentiated cells (các tế bào chưa phân hóa) into tissues and organs. It occurs during seed development, when the single-celled zygote undergoes a programmed pattern of cell division resulting in a mature embryo. 23. Ovule literally means "small egg." In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: The integuments forming its outer layer, the nucellus (or megasporangium), and 9 the megaspore-derived female gametophyte (or megagametophyte) in its center. The megagametophyte (also called embryo sac in flowering plants) produces the egg cell for fertilization. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed. 24. Gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants, whose seeds do not form inside fruits but outside the ovum (ovum, singular; ova, plural). 25. The flowering plants (angiosperms) are the most diverse group of land plants. Together with gymnosperms, they are the only extant groups of seed-producing plants, but they can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of derived characteristics. These characteristics include flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. 26. Fertilisation (Sự thụ tinh) (also known as conception, fecundation and syngamy), is the fusion of gametes to produce a new organism. In flowering plant, After the carpel is pollinated, the pollen grain germinates in a response to a sugary fluid secreted by the mature stigma (mainly sucrose). From each pollen grain, a pollen tube grows out that attempts to travel to the ovary by creating a path through the female tissue. The vegetative (or tube) and generative nuclei of the pollen grain pass into its respective pollen tube. After the pollen grain adheres to the stigma of the carpel (female reproductive structure) a pollen tube grows and penetrates the ovule through a tiny pore called a micropyle. 27. A forest is an area with a high density of trees. There are many definitions of a forest, based on the various criteria. These plant communities cover approximately 9.4% of the Earth's surface (or 30% of total land area), though they once covered much more (about 50% of total land area), in many different regions and function as habitats for organisms, hydrologic flow modulators, and soil conservers, constituting one of the most important aspects of the Earth's biosphere. Although a forest is classified primarily by trees a forest ecosystem is defined intrinsically with additional species such as fungi. 28. Grasslands (also called greenswards) are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae) and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants (forbs). However, sedge (Cyperaceae) and rush (Juncaceae) families can also be found. 29. Nourishment of the embryo, seeds protect and nourish the embryo or young plant. Seeds usually give a seedling a faster start than a sporeling from a spore, because of the larger food reserves in the seed and the multicellularity of the enclosed embryo. 10 30. Dispersal to a new location, unlike animals, plants are limited in their ability to seek out favorable conditions for life and growth. As a result, plants have evolved many ways to disperse their offspring by dispersing their seeds (see also vegetative reproduction). A seed must somehow "arrive" at a location and be there at a time favorable for germination and growth. When the fruits open and release their seeds in a regular way, it is called dehiscent, which is often distinctive for related groups of plants, these fruits include; Capsules, follicles, legumes, silicles and siliques. When fruits do not open and release their seeds in a regular fashion they are called indehiscent, which include the fruits achenes, caryopsis, nuts, samaras, and utricles 31. A gamete is a cell that fuses (hợp nhất) with another gamete during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually. In species that produce two morphologically distinct types of gametes, and in which each individual produces only one type, a female is any individual that produces the larger type of gamete—called an ovum (or egg)—and a male produces the smaller (con nòng nọc) tadpole-like type— called a sperm. 32. Liverworts. Like other bryophytes, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of genetic information. 33. In ecology, a niche is a term describing the relational position of a species or population in its ecosystem to each other. A shorthand definition of niche is how an organism makes a living. The ecological niche describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (e.g., by growing when resources are abundant, and when predators, parasites and pathogens are scarce) and how it in turn alters those same factors (e.g., limiting access to resources by other organisms, acting as a food source for predators and a consumer of prey). 34. Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes called photosynthesis. 35. Transpiration is a process similar to evaporation. It is the loss of water vapor from parts of plants (similar to sweating), especially in leaves but also in stems, flowers and roots. Leaf surfaces are dotted with openings called, collectively, stomata, and in most plants they are more numerous on the undersides of the foliage. The stoma are bordered by guard cells that open and close the pore. Leaf [...]... did what? what for asking for a reason, asking why What did you do that for? When asking about time When did he leave? Where asking in or at what place or position Where do they live? Which asking about choice Which colour do you want? Who asking what or which person or people (subject) Who opened the door? Whom asking what or which person or people (object) Whom did you see? Whose asking about ownership... much quantity (uncountable) How much money do you have? how old Age How old are you? how come (informal) asking for reason, asking why How come I can't see her? VI Home work: Working Group Each group chooses one of topics as following, and presentation at next time: (1) fertilization, (2) flowering plants (3) forests, (4) grasslands, (5) climates, (6) transpiration, (7) guttation 13 Lesson 3 The parts... structural differences between stems and roots The first root that comes from a plant is called the radicle The three major functions of roots are 1) absorption of water and inorganic nutrients, 2) anchoring of the plant body to the ground and 3) storage of food and nutrients In response to the concentration of nutrients, roots also synthesise cytokinin, which acts as a signal as to how fast the shoots... the result period of time Result 19  Course/ Duration action taking place before a certain moment in time  puts emphasis on the course or duration of the action VI Home work: Working Group Each group chooses one of topics as following, and presentation at next time in class: (1) buds, (2) leaves, (3) inflorescence, (4) shoots,(5) root, (6) underground stems, (7) aerial, (8) rhizome, and (9) nodes VII... matches so far Future II Simple He will have won five matches by then Seeing some education films Past perfect tense, present perfect tense and future perfect VIII Home work: Working Group Each group chooses one of topics as following, and presentation at next time: (1) The life cycle of rice plant, (2) the life cycle of tomato, (3) The life cycle of maize, (4) the life cycle of cassava, (5) the life... (from Greek a-, "without" and σφύξις sphyxis, "heartbeat") is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from being unable to breathe normally An example of asphyxia is choking Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which primarily affects the tissues and organs 71 Permeability in fluid mechanics and the earth sciences (commonly symbolized as κ, or k) is a measure of the . flowers or seeds, and their simple leaves cover the thin wiry stems. 9. The green algae (tảo xanh) (singular: green alga) are the large group of algae from which the embryophytes (higher plants). "No") 2. Question Word Questions (the answer to the question is "Information") 3. Choice Questions (the answer to the question is "in the question") 1. Yes/No Questions. simple present and simple past Where Is Bombay? In India. How Was she? Very well. 3. Choice Questions auxiliary verb subject main verb OR Answer In the question Do you want