Communities Around Our World Series Authors Dr Michael J Berson Professor Social Science Education University of South Florida Tampa, Florida Dr Tyrone C Howard Associate Professor UCLA Graduate School of Education & Information Studies University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Dr Cinthia Salinas Assistant Professor Department of Curriculum and Instruction College of Education The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas North Carolina Consultants and Reviewers Jenny Bajorek Teacher Northwoods Elementary School Cary, North Carolina Dan Barber Teacher Idlewild Elementary School Charlotte, North Carolina Brianne Beck Teacher Allen Jay Elementary School High Point, North Carolina Melissa Blush Teacher Allen Jay Elementary School High Point, North Carolina Ardelia Brown Teacher Pearsontown Elementary School Durham, North Carolina Alice M Cook Teacher Paw Creek Elementary School Charlotte, North Carolina Lori D Davis Teacher C Wayne Collier Elementary School Hope Mills, North Carolina John D Ellington Former Director Division of Social Studies North Carolina Department of Public Instruction Raleigh, North Carolina Laura Griffin Teacher Sherwood Park Elementary School Fayetteville, North Carolina Sharon Hale Teacher Hillandale Elementary School Durham, North Carolina Dr Ted Scott Henson Educational Consultant Burlington, North Carolina Charlotte Heyliger Teacher C Wayne Collier Elementary School Hope Mills, North Carolina Tony Iannone Teacher Nathaniel Alexander Elementary School Charlotte, North Carolina Judith McCray Jones Educational Consultant Former Elementary School Administrator Greensboro, North Carolina Courtney McFaull Teacher Sherwood Park Elementary School Fayetteville, North Carolina Gwendolyn C Manning Teacher Gibsonville Elementary School Gibsonville, North Carolina Lydia Ogletree O’Rear Teacher Elmhurst Elementary School Greenville, North Carolina Marsha Rumley Teacher Brooks Global Studies Greensboro, North Carolina Dean P Sauls Teacher Wayne County Public Schools Goldsboro, North Carolina Melissa Turnage Teacher Meadow Lane Elementary School Goldsboro, North Carolina Joseph E Webb Educational Consultant Adjunct Professor East Carolina University Greenville, North Carolina Copyright © 2009 by Harcourt, Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be addressed to School Permissions and Copyrights, Harcourt, Inc., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777 Fax: 407-345-2418 HARCOURT and the Harcourt Logo are trademarks of Harcourt, Inc., registered in the United States of America and/or other jurisdictions Printed in the United States of America ISBN-13: 978-0-15-356636-3 ISBN-10: 0-15-356636-1 If you have received these materials as examination copies free of charge, Harcourt School Publishers retains title to the materials and they may not be resold Resale of examination copies is strictly prohibited and is illegal Possession of this publication in print format does not entitle users to convert this publication, or any portion of it, into electronic format 10 030 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 I2 The Five Themes of Geography I4 Looking at Earth I5 Your Address I6 View from Above I8 Reading Maps I10 Geography Terms I1 The Five Themes of Geography The story of people is also the story of where they live When scientists talk about Earth, they think about five themes, or main ideas Location Everything on Earth has its own place Place Every place has features that make it different from other places I2 Human-Environment Interactions People can change their surroundings Movement Each day, people around the world trade goods and ideas Regions Areas of Earth share features that make them different from other areas I3 Looking at Earth The shape of Earth is shown best by a globe A globe is a model of our planet On a map of the world, you can see all the land and water at once A map is a flat drawing that shows where places are Much of the world is covered by large areas of water called oceans A continent is one of seven main land areas on Earth Name the seven continents and four oceans you see on the map I4 Your Address You live on the continent of North America in a country called the United States Your address names the city and state in which you live What is your address? I5 View from Above Does your neighborhood have a school, a grocery store, a library, a fire station, a park, and a bank? These are places that people share in a neighborhood You can learn about a neighborhood by looking at a photograph How does a photograph taken from above help you study a neighborhood? I6 You can also learn about a neighborhood by looking at a map Mapmakers draw symbols to help you find places on the map A map symbol is a small picture or shape that stands for a real thing The map title tells you what the map shows How is this map like the photograph? How is it different? Neighborhood Map I7 For Your Reference Glossary R2 Index R9 R1 Glossary The Glossary has important words and their definitions They are listed in alphabetical (ABC) order The definition is the meaning of the word The page number at the end tells you where the word is first used B ballot A paper that shows all the choices people can vote for p 46 border The place where a state or country ends pp I8, 125 business A place where people sell goods or services p 153 C cardinal directions The main directions of north, south, east, and west p I9 R2 ■ Reference celebration A time to be happy about something special p 91 change To become different p 58 citizen A person who lives in and belongs to a community p 29 city A very large community pp I5, 135 communication The sharing of ideas and feelings p 61 community A group of people who live and work together It is also the place where they live p 11 compass rose The symbol on a map that shows directions p I9 consequence Something that happens because of what a person does or does not p 39 consumer A person who buys and uses goods and services p 154 continent A very large area of land One of the seven main land areas on Earth pp I4, 126 country An area of land with its own people and laws pp I5, 73 culture A group’s way of life p 14 custom A group’s way of doing something p 14 F fact Something that is true and not made up p 193 factory A building in which people use machines to make goods p 167 fair Acting in a way that is right and true p 37 family A group of people who live together p farm A place for growing plants and raising animals p 137 flag A piece of cloth with colors and shapes that stand for things p 87 freedom The right people have to make their own choices p 42 Glossary ■ R3 future The time that has not yet come p 191 G globe A model of Earth p I4 goods Things that people make or grow to sell p 151 government A group of people who lead a community and make laws p 45 government service Services the government does for the community p 173 H hero A person who does something brave or important to help others p 97 R4 ■ Reference hill Land that rises above the land around it p 130 history The story of what happened in the past p 63 holiday A day to celebrate or remember something p 91 I immigrant A person who comes from another place to live in a country p 18 inset map A small map that is inside a larger map p I8 Internet A system that links computers around the world p 187 J job Work that a person does to earn money p 161 L landmark A symbol that is a place people can visit p 105 law A rule that people in a community must follow p 31 leader A person who is in charge of a group p 33 location The place where something is p 117 M map A flat drawing that shows where places are p I4 map key The part of a map that shows what the symbols on the map mean p I9 map symbol A small picture or shape on a map that stands for a real thing p I7 map title The title of a map pp I7, I9 market A place where people buy and sell goods p 163 mayor The leader of a city p 35 money What people use to pay for goods and services p 153 mountain The highest kind of land p 130 Glossary ■ R5 N national holiday A day to remember a person or an event that is important to our country p 97 needs Things we must have to live p 157 neighborhood A part of a town or city p 123 O ocean A large body of salty water pp I4, 133 P present The time now p 57 principal The leader of a school p 34 producer A person who grows, makes, or sells products p 154 R recycle To make something old into something new p 141 religion A belief in God or gods p 92 resource Anything that people can use p 139 past The time before now p 57 plain Land that is mostly flat p 131 R6 respect To treat someone or something well p 43 responsibility Something that people should p 41 ■ Reference right Something people are free to p 41 role The part a person plays in a group or a community p rule An instruction that tells people how to act p 29 S save To keep something, such as money, to use later p 163 scarce Not enough of something p 159 services Kinds of work people for others for money p 151 settler A person who makes a home where no one has lived before p 104 share To use something with others p state A part of a country pp I5, 124 suburb A smaller community near a large city p 136 symbol A picture or object that stands for something p 87 T technology All of the tools we use to make our lives easier p 67 tool Something a person uses to work p 67 Glossary ■ R7 trade To give one thing to get another p 164 tradition Something that is passed on from older family members to children p 15 transportation Any way of moving people and things p 70 V valley Low land between mountains p 131 R8 ■ Reference volunteer A person who works without pay to help people p 43 vote A choice that gets counted p 45 W wants Things we would like to have p 157 world All the people and places on Earth p 17 Index The index tells where information about people, places, and events in this book can be found The entries are listed in alphabetical order Each entry tells the page or pages where you can find the topic A Accra, Ghana, 77 Address, I5 Africa, 18, 126 Airplanes, 70, 190–191 American Indians, 100, 104–105 American Red Cross, 46 Antarctica, 126 Anthony, Susan B., 99 Asheboro, North Carolina, 117 Asheville, North Carolina, 73–74 Asia, 126 Atlantic Ocean, 133 Atlas, 194 Australia, 126 Azalea Festival, 60 B Baker, 152 Bald eagle, 88 Bald Head Island, North Carolina, 113 Ballot, 46 Bank, 165 Bell, William, 35 Big Idea, The, 2, 21, 26, 49, 54, 79, 84, 109, 114, 143, 148, 177, 182, 197 Biography Coltrane, John, 15 Dole, Elizabeth, 46 Sacagawea, 104 Wright brothers, 191 Blue Ridge Mountains, 130 Boats, 70 Bodie Island Lighthouse, 103 Border, I8, 125 Box turtle, 89 Brazil, 189–190 Bus, 191 Bus drivers, 153 Business, 153, 163–164 Buyers, 163–164 C Cardinal directions, I9 Carpenter, 152 Carrboro, North Carolina, 163 Cars, 70, 191 Categorize and classify, 115–116, 143 Cause and effect, 149–150, 177 CD-ROMs, 194 Celebrations, 91 culture celebrations, 94–95, 106–107 holidays of religion, 92–93 national holidays, 97–101 Change, 54, 58 clothing change, 58 communication change, 61 community change, 63–65, 73–77 family life change, 59–60 home change, 68 job change, 71 school change, 69 technology, 67–71 transportation, 70 Charlotte, North Carolina, I5, 106, 136, 189–190 Chart and Graphs, Communication chart, 187 Fact Finding chart, 194 School Tools chart, 69 Services and Prices chart, 153 Votes chart, 47 Chavez, Cesar, 99 Cherokee, 105 Cherokee, North Carolina, 105 Cherry Blossom Festival, 95 Child labor, 171 Children in History Laird, Addie, 171 Parker, George S., 68 Reed, Conrad, 140 China, 76 Index ■ R9 Chinese New Year, 94 Christmas, 92 Cinco de Mayo, 95 Citizens, 26, 29, 41 good citizens, 25, 41, 43, 174 City, I5, 135 Clark, William, 104 Class leaders, 47 Classroom, 119, 121 Clothes, 58 Coach, 33 Coltrane, John, 15 Communication, 61, 185 chart, 187 community connection, 189–191 e-mail, 61, 186–187 Internet, 187, 194–195 letters, 61, 186 technology, 186–187, 191 telephones, 61, 186 transportation, 182, 190–191 Community, 11, 148 city, 135 communication and connection, 182, 189–191 community change, 65, 73–77 farms, 137 history, 63 leaders, 35 rules, 31 stores, 152 suburbs, 136 world communities, 18–19, 76–77, 160–161, 189–190 R10 ■ Reference Compare and contrast, 3–4, 21 Compass rose, I9 Computers, 181, 187, 194–195 Consequences, 39 Constitution Day, 101 Consumers, 154–155 Continent, I4, I5, 126 Country, I5, 73, 125 Crayon factory, 167–171 Crayons, 167–171 Culture, 14–15, 19, 94–95 culture celebrations, 94–95, 106–107 Customs, 14–15, 19 Cuzco, Peru, 77 D Desert, 110 Diagrams Home, 118 Our Classroom, 119 Your Address, I5 Dictionary, 194 Dole, Elizabeth, 46 Draw conclusions, 85–86, 109 Durham, North Carolina, 35, 63–65 DVDs, 194 E E-mail, 61, 186–187 Earth, I4, 17, 126, 140 Election, 25, 45–47 El Salvador, 19 Encyclopedia, 194 Europe, 126 F Fact Finding chart, 194 Factory, 167–171 Facts, 193–194 Fair, 37, 38 Family change in family, 60 cultures, 14, 18–19, 160 customs, 14 families in past, 59 family groups, 5–7, 9–11 needs, 158–160 traditions, 15 wants, 159 work, 155 world, 160 Farmers’ Market, 163 Farms, 137 Firefighters, 35, 174 Five themes of geography, I2–I3 Flag, 87, 89 Folkmoot International Festival, 91 Foothills Highland Games, 107 Forest, I10 France, 161 Freedom, 42 Freedom of assembly, 42 Freedom of press, 42 Freedom of speech, 42 Future, 191 Home diagram, 118 Homes, 160 Human–environment Games, 68 interactions, I3 Geography Review, I1–I10 Geography Terms, I10 Ghana, 77 Globe, I4, 127 Glossary, R2–R8 Gold, 140 Immigrants, 18–19 Goods, 151, 152, 154–155, Independence Day, 101 163 Index, R9–R13 Government, 45 India, 18 Government services, Inset map, I8 173–175 Internet, 187, 191, 194–195 Gray squirrel, 89 Interview, 194 Great Smoky Island, I10 Mountains, 129, 130, 131 Italy, 75 Groups, 2, 9–11 family groups, 5–7, 9–11 Guatemala, 161 Gulf, I10 G I J H Hair stylists, 153 Hanukkah, 92 Harbin, China, 76 Hendersonville, North Carolina, 107 Heroes, 97–99 Hills, I10, 130 History, 63 History museum, 64 Holi, 93 Holidays, 91 holidays of religion, 92–93 national holidays, 97–101 Japan, 161 Jobs, 59, 71, 74 child labor, 171 factory workers, 167–171 government workers, 173–175 world, 161 L Laird, Addie, 171 Lakes, I10, 132 Land, 129 Landmarks, 103, 105 Latin American culture, 106 Latin American Festival, 106 Law, 31, 39 Leaders, 33 class leaders, 47 community leaders, 35 mayors, 35 parents, 34 principals, 34 teachers, 34 Letters, 61, 186 Lewis, Meriwether, 104 Liberty Bell, 88 Librarian, 35, 175 Library, 35, 64–65, 175, 194 Location, I2, 117 classroom maps, 119 maps, I4, I8, 118 neighborhood, 123 M K Kenya, 18 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 98 Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, 191 Kwanzaa, 95 Maggie Valley, 131 Main idea and details, 27–28, 49 Map, I4, I7, 117, 124, 125 classroom map, 119 colors on maps, 127 El Salvador, 19 home map, 118 Index ■ R11 Map (continued) India, 18 Kenya, 18 models, 121 neighborhood map, I7, 123 North Carolina, I5, 124, 127 reading maps, I8, 124–126 Russia, 19 school maps, 120 United States, The, I8–I9, 125 world, I4, 18–19, 126, 190 Map key, I9 Map symbol, I7, I9 Map title, I7, I9 Market, 163–164 Marriage, 60 Martin Luther King, Jr Day, 98 Mayor, 35 Memorial Day, 99 Model, 121 Money, 88, 153 saving money, 163, 165 spending money, 164 Mongolia, 160 Mount Gilead, North Carolina, 105 Mountains, I10, 130 Movement, I3 Museum, 64 Needs, 157–160 Neighborhood, I6, 123 Neighborhood map, I7, 123 New York Harbor, 17 Newspaper, 194 News reporters, 71 North America, I5, 126 North Carolina, I5 American Indians in, 105 capital city, I8–I9 farms, 137 flag, 89 gold, 140 hills, 130 map, 124, 127 mountains, 130, 131 parks, plains, 131 resources, 140 senator, 46 suburbs, 136 symbols, 89 valleys, 131 zoo, 117 O Oceans, I4, I10, 133 Our Classroom diagram, 119 P N National holidays, 97–101 R12 ■ Reference Pacific Ocean, 133 Parents, 6, 34 Park rangers, 175 Parker, George S., 68 Past, 57–61, 64–65, 71 Peninsula, I10 Peru, 77 Pet store, 151 Pilgrims, 100 Place, I2 Plains, I10, 131 Playing fair, 38 Pledge of Allegiance, 87 Police officers, 34, 35, 174 Potters, 152 Present, 57–61, 65 Presidents’ Day, 98 Principal, 34 Producers, 154–155 R Radio, 194 Railroad, 74 Raleigh, North Carolina, 135 Ramadan, 93 Reading social studies skills categorize and classify, 115–116, 143 cause and effect, 149–150, 177 compare and contrast, 3–4, 21 draw conclusions, 85–86, 109 main idea and details, 27–28, 49 recall and retell, 183–184, 197 sequence, 55–56, 79 Recall and retell, 183–184, 197 Recycling, 141 Red Cross, 46 Reed, Conrad, 140 Region, I3 Religion, 92–93 Resources, 139 Earth’s resources, 140 fact finding, 194 recycling, 141 Respect, 43 Responsibility, 41, 43 Rights, 41, 42 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 190 Rivers, I10, 132 Robots, 71 Role, 6–7 Rome, Italy, 75 Rules, 29 being fair, 37, 38 community, 31 consequences, 39 following, 33 laws, 31 school rules, 30 Russia, 19 S Sacagawea, 104 Saving, 163, 165 St Patrick’s Day, 94 Scarce, 159 School, 174 changes, 69 school map, 120 school rules, 30 school tools, 69 School Tools chart, 69 Scottish culture, 107 Sellers, 163–164 Sequence, 55–56, 79 Services, 151, 153–155 Services and Prices chart, 153 Settlers, 104 South America, 126 Special days, 84 celebrations of culture, 94–95, 106–107 heroes and, 98–99 holidays of religion, 92–93 national holidays, 97–101 Spending, 164 State, I5, 124 Statue of Liberty, 17 Suburbs, 136 Sweden, 160 Symbols, 87–89 T Tabor City, North Carolina, 83 Tanzania, 160 Teachers, 34, 174 Technology, 67–71 communication technology, 187, 189–190 future technology, 191 learning, 193 resources, 194 Telephones, 61, 186 Television, 191, 194 Thanksgiving, 100 Tools, 67–68 Town Creek Indian Mound, 105 Trade, 164 Tradition, 15 Trains, 70, 191 Transportation, 70, 189–191 U United States, I5, 17 constitution, 101 flag, 87 map, I8–I9, 125 symbols, 88 V Valleys, I10, 131 Vesak, 93 Veterans Day, 99 Volunteers, 43 Vote, 25, 45–47 Votes chart, 47 W Wake Forest, North Carolina, 136 Wampanoag, 100 Wants, 157, 159 Washington, George, 98 Water, 129 Wayne County, North Carolina, 57 Index ■ R13 Waynesville, North Carolina, 91 Web page, 76–77 Wilmington, North Carolina, 60 Work, 59, 161 child labor, 171 factories, 167–171 families working, 155 goods, 151, 152, 154 government workers, 173–175 market, 163 services, 151, 153 world, 161 World, 17, 18–19, 76–77, 126, 190 Wright, Orville, 98, 191 Wright, Wilbur, 98, 191 Writing, 65 PHOTO CREDITS Su/China Span / Alamy; 77 (tl) Robert Estall photo agency / Alamy; 83 (bg) The News Reporter; 89 (br) Dick Spahr/Workbook Stock Image/Jupiterimages; 89 (cl) Oxford Scientific/Bill Paton/Jupiterimages; 89 (tcr) Stockbyte/SuperStock; 91 (bg) Kelly Parris/Unicorn Stock Photos; 92 (bl) JournalCourier / Steve Warmowski / The Image Works; 92 (cr) Thinkstock/Jupiter images; 93 (cr) © Corbis; 93 (bl) Keren Su/China Span / Alamy; 93 (tl) ZUMA Press; 95 (tl) Dennis MacDonald/ Alamy; 95 (tl) Lawrence Migdale/PIX / Alamy; 95 (bl) Rob Crandall/ The Image Work; 98 (tr) Flip Schulke/Corbis; 99 (cr) Library of Congress; 103 (bg) Steve Murray/Picturesque.com; 104 ©William Ahrendt; 105 (cr) Marilyn Angel Wynn/ Nativestock.com; 106 (bc) MIKE DIRKS/ TIMES-NEWS; 107 Latin American Coalition; 107 (bl) PhotoObjects.net/Photographer: Zedcor Wholly Owned; 113 (bg) Corbis; 117 North Carolina Zoo; 123 (c) Doug Norris/ Harcourt; 124 (cl) ECKERT IMAGES; 124 (bl) Image Works; 130 (bg) Vladpans/Panoramic Images; 131 (br) James Schwabel/Panoramic Images; 131 (cl) Pat & Chuck Blackley; 132 (br) Open Door Images/Jupiter Images; 132 (bg) Panoramic Images; 132 (cl) Pat & Chuck Blackley; 135 (br) Gibson Stock Photography; 136 (cr) Dana Hoff/Beateworks/Corbis; 137 (bg) Rex A Stucky/Getty Images; 139 (bg) Corbis; 152 (tc) Paul Felix 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Images (RF) Image; 57 (bg) Jim Hargan; 63 (bg) Jon Arnold / DanitaDelimont com; 64 (cl) Durham County Library; 67 (bg) JIM HARGAN; 70 (bl) Bettman/Corbis; 71 (bl) © Jeff Greenberg/The Image Works; 71 (tr) Bettmann/Corbis; 73 (bg) Gibson Stock Photography; 74 (br) Chuck Burton/ ASSOCIATED PRESS; 74 (bl) The Library of Congress; 75 (cr) Bettmann/Corbis; 75 (bl) Patrick Batchelder Photography; 76 (br) Jon Arnold Images / Alamy; 77 (br) Keren R14 ■ Reference Y Yam Festival, 83 Your Address diagram, I5 All other photos property of Harcourt School Publishers ... Permissions and Copyrights, Harcourt, Inc., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777 Fax: 407-345-2418 HARCOURT and the Harcourt Logo are trademarks of Harcourt, Inc., registered in... Collier Elementary School Hope Mills, North Carolina John D Ellington Former Director Division of Social Studies North Carolina Department of Public Instruction Raleigh, North Carolina Laura Griffin... J Berson Professor Social Science Education University of South Florida Tampa, Florida Dr Tyrone C Howard Associate Professor UCLA Graduate School of Education & Information Studies University