BÀI MỞ ĐẦU ĐỘNG TỪ VERB Động từ được dùng để làm hành động cho chủ từ. Để phân biệt các loại đ ộng từ (kinds of verbs), chúng ta hãy quan sát sơ đồ dưới đây: Ve rb : Special verb : Auxiliary verb : (do, have, be) Modal verb : (must, can, may, might, could, should …) Regular verb : (open, close, clean, remember…) Ordinary verb : Irregular verb : (run, write, speak, drive…) Động từ tiếng Anh có hai loại: động từ đặc biệt (special verb) và động từ thường (ordinary verb). (1) Động từ đặc biệt gồm có: * Động từ trợ (auxiliary verb) : be (dùng để chia các thì tiếp diễn, thể thụ đ ộng), have (dùng để chia các thì hoàn thành), do (dùng để chia các thể phủ đònh và ngh i vấn). - He is working hard this month. (thì hiện tại tiếp diễn) - The house was built five years ago. (thể thụ động) - He has learned English for two years. (thì hiện tại hoàn thành) - Do you like tea ? (thể nghi vấn) - She does not like coffee. (thể phủ đònh) * Động từ khiếm khuyết (modal verb) : cần phải có động theo sau. - We must study hard. - He can play the piano. Đặc điểm chung của các động từ đặc biệt là khi đổi sang thể phủ đònh ta chỉ cầ n thêm NOT vào sau các động từ đó và khi đổi sang thể nghi vấn ta đưa các động tư ø đó ra đầu câu. - He is not working hard this month. - Is he working hard this month ? - He has not found his book. - Have you seen her yet ? - She cannot swim. - Should we go there ? (2) Động từ thường gồm có : 1 * Động từ có qui tắc (regular verb) : là động từ khi thành lập thì quá khứ đơn (simple past) hay quá khứ phân từ (past paticiple) ta chỉ cần thêm –ED vào sau động từ đó. - I opened the door this morning. (simple past ) - I have opened the door. (past participle) * Động từ bất qui tắc (irregular verb) : là động từ có hình thức quá khứ (x em cột 2 của bảng động từ bất qui tắc) và quá khứ phân từ (xem cột 3) riêng. to go went gone to write wrote written to run ran run to hit hit hit - He went to the cinema last night. (simple past ) - He has gone out. (past participle) Động từ thường có chung đặc điểm là khi đổi sang thể phủ đònh và nghi vấn ta phải dùng động từ trợ “to do”. Ta thêm NOT vào sau các động từ trợ ở thể phủ đònh và đưa động từ trợ ra đầu câu nếu ở thể nghi vấn. - He did not go to the pub last night. - Did he go to the cinema last night ? - I do not like tea. - Do you enjoy classical music ? - She does not know the answer. - Does he understand the lesson ? * Động từ “to do” vừa là động từ thường vừa là động từ trợ. - He does his homework. (động từ thường) - He does not understand the lesson. (động từ trợ) 2 Bài 11:: CÁCH DÙNG CÁC THÌ (THE USE OF TENSES) Thì biểu thò thời gian và trạng thái của hành động được diễn đạt bằng độn g từ. Có 12 thì ở dạng chủ động của động từ tiếng Anh. Để hiểu được hình thái của các thì, ta có thể nghiên cứu cách chia động từ TO WORK trong bảng dưới đây : Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect continuous Present - I (You / We / They) work - He ((She / It) works - I am working - He (She / It) is working - You ((We / They) * 1 1. SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PRESENT VÀ THÌ PRESENT CONTINUOUS Tiếng Anh có hai thì hiện tại mà đa số các em học sinh hay lẫn lộn cách sử dụ ng. Đó là thì hiện tại đơn (Simple Present) và thì hiện tại tiếp diễn (Present Continuo us). * Thì Simple Present được dùng để chỉ một hành động diễn ra trong thời gian n ói chung, không nhất thiết phải là thời gian ở hiện tại. Thời gian nói chung là thời gi an mà sự việc diễn ra mỗi ngày (every day), mỗi tuần (every week), mỗi tháng (every month), mỗi năm (every year), mỗi mùa (every spring / summer / autumn / winter) … 3 - He goes to school every day. - Mrs Brown travels every summer. * Thì Present Continuous được dùng để chỉ một hành động đang xảy ra (aa c urrent activity) hay một sự việc chúng ta đang làm bây giờ (now/ at present/ at this m oment), hôm nay (today), tuần này (this week), năm nay (this year)… - We are learning English now. - Mary is playing the piano at the moment. Hãy so sánh : - I work in a bakery every day. - I’m working in a bakery this week. * CHÚ Ý : (1) + Thì Simple Present thường được dùng với các động từ chỉ tri giác (verb s of perception) như : feel, see, hear… và các động từ chỉ trạng thái như : know, und erstand, mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe… + Ngoài ra chúng ta còn dùng thì Simple Present với động từ : be, appear, belong, have to… + Thì Simple Present còn được dùng với các trạng từ chỉ tần suất lập đi lậ p lại (adverbs of frequency) như : always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, ggene rally,enerally, rarely, never… - That child needs care. - This book belongs to me. - He never comes late. + Chúng ta cũng dùng thì Simple Present để chỉ một chân lý hay một sự t hật hiển nhiên (a general truth). - The sun rises in the east. - Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom. (2) Thì Present Continuous còn được dùng để chỉ hành động ở một tương lai gần (a near future action) và thường đi với các trạng từ chỉ tương lai như : tomorrow, n ext week, next month, next year, next summer… Exercise I : Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple or the present contin uous tense. 1/ I (have) __________ coffee for breakfast every day. 2/ My brother (work) __________ in a shoe store this summer. 3/ The student (look) ___________ up that new word now. 4/ She (go) __________ to school every day. 5/ We (do) __________ this exercise at the moment. 4 6/ Miss Helen (read) ___________ a newspaper now. 7/ It (rain) __________ very much in the summer. It (rain) _________ now . 8/ Bad students never (work) __________ hard. 9/ He generally (sing) __________ in English, but today he (sing) ______ ____ in Spanish. 10/ We seldom (eat) __________ before 6.30. 11/ She sometimes (buy) ___________ vegetables at his market. 12/ Be quiet. The baby (sleep) ____________. 13/ We always (do) ___________ our exercises carefully. 14/ Look. A man (run) ___________ after the train. He (want) _________ __ to catch it. 15/ It (be) __________ very cold now. 16/ John (travel) __________ to England tomorrow. 17/ I (need) ____________ some money for my textbooks. 18/ Tom (like) __________ to go to the museums. 19/ Mary (love) __________ ice-cream. 20/ My mother (cook) ___________ some food in the kitchen at present. S he always (cook) __________ in the mornings. 21/ I often (leave) __________ the city at weekends. 22/ The guests (watch) __________ the TV programmes now. 23/ I (see) ___________ you (wear) ___________ your best clothes. 24/ The sun (set)___________ in the west. 25/ My friend (study) __________ English for an hour every night. 26/ Listen. I (hear)___________ someone knocking at the front door. 27/ I (do) __________ an exercise on the present tense at the moment and I (think) __________ that I (know) __________ how to use it now. 28/ Honesty (be) __________ the best policy. 29/ The earth (goes) __________ round the sun. 30/ Two and two (make) __________ four. * 2 SO SÁNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT VÀ THÌ SIMPLE PAST 5 * Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ một quá khứ không rõ thời điểm còn liên lạc với hiện tại. * Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) được dùng để chỉ một quá khứ có thời điể m rõ rệt cắt đứt với hiện tại. + CHÚ Ý : (1) Thì Present Perfect thường đi với những từ như : up to now, up to the p resent, so far (cho tới nay), not … yet (vẫn chưa), for, since, ever (đã từng), never, seve ral times (nhiều lần), just (vừa), recently (vừa mới), lately (mới đây) - Have you ever seen a tiger ? - The train has not arrived yet. - We have lived here for 6 years. - The bell has just rung. (2) * Thì Simple Past thường đi với những tiếng chỉ thời gian quá khứ xác đònh như : yesterday, the day before yesterday last week, last month, last yea r, last summer, ago. - We came here a month ago. - He went to the cinema yesterday. * Thì Simple Past còn được dùng để chỉ một chuỗi các hành động kế ti ếp xảy ra trong quá khứ. - He closed all the windows, locked the doors and then went out. erday, Exercise II : Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the simple past te nse. 1/ We (never watch) __________ that TV programme. 2/ We (wacth) __________ a good programme on TV last night. 3/ He (read) __________ that novel many times before. 4/ He (read) __________ that novel again during my last vacation. 5/ I (have) __________ a little trouble with my car last week. 6/ However, I (have) __________ no trouble with my car since then. 7/ I (not see) __________ John for a long time. I (see) __________ him 3 weeks ago. 8/ The school bell (ring) __________. We must go now. 9/ I (meet) __________ Mary last night. She (become) __________ a v ery big girl. 10/ He is very thirsty. He (not drink) __________ since this morning. 11/ It is very hot. Summer (come) __________. 12/ They (study) __________ at this school for 7 years now. 6 13/ They (begin) __________ to study at this school 7 years ago. 14/ Since when (you know) ___________ her ? 15/ How long ago (he start) __________ to learn French ? 16/ She (lose) __________ her handbag on the train yesterday morning. 17/ My mother (be) ________ in hospital for a long time and she cannot g o home yet. 18/ His dog (just run) __________ out of the garden. 19/ Mr Brown (travel) __________ by air several times in the past. 20/ He (travel) ___________ to Mexico by air last summer. * 3. SO SÁNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT VÀ THÌ PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ kết quả của m ột tình trạng ở hiện tại (the result of the present state), một việc xảy ra trong quá khứ không rõ thời điểm, lập đi lập lại nhiều lần và kéo dài đến hiện tại. + Thì Present Perfect Continuous (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) được dùn g để chỉ sự tiếp diễn của một hành động (the continuity of an action) cho tới hiện tại. - I have been waiting for two hours, but she has not come yet. - He has been living here since 1975. - We have been working in the garden all morning. + Thì Present Perfect Continuous còn được dùng với các động từ như : lie, wait , sit, stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay… - They have been learning English since 1995. - The chair has been lying in the store window for ages. Exercise III : Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense. 1/ I (try) __________ to learn French for years, but I (not succeed) ______ ____ yet. 2/ She (read) _________ all the works of Dickens.How many (you r ead) _________ ? 3/ I (wait) __________ here nearly half an hour for my girlfriend; do you t hink she (forget) __________ to come ? 4/ Mary (rest) __________ in the garden all day because she (be) ______ ____ ill. 7 5/ Although John (study) __________ at the University for 5 years, he ( not get) __________ his degree yet. 6/ Jack (go) __________ to Switzerland for a holiday. He (never, be) __________ there. 7/ We (live) __________ here for the last six months, and (just, d ecide) __________ to move. 8/ That book ( lie) __________ on the table for weeks. You (not read) _________ it yet ? 9/ He (not be) ___________ here since Christmas; I wonder where he (l ive) __________ since then. 10/ He (lose) ___________ his books. He (look) ____________ for the m all afternoon, but they (not turn up) ___________ yet. 11/ She (work) ___________ so hard this week that she (not have) ___________ time to go to the cinema. 12/ Your hair is wet. (You swim) __________ for a long time ? 13/ Bill is still a bad driver although he (drive)__________ cars for six y ears. 14/ You look very tired. (You work) __________very hard ? 15/ The phone (ring) __________ for 2 minutes, but I (not answer) ____ ______ it yet. Exercise IV : Put the verbs in brackets in the present tenses. 1/ I (be) __________ sorry. I (forget) __________ that fellow’s name al ready. 2/ Jack (look) __________ forward to his vacation next June. 3/ I (have) __________ no trouble with my english lessons up to now. 4/ Mr and Mrs Brown (be) ___________ in New York for 2 months. 5/ Michael (work) __________ 38 hours a week. 6/ At present, that author (write) ___________ a novel. 7/ George (do) __________ good work in this class so far. 8/ The weather( generally, get) __________ hot in July . [...]... time you receive this letter, we shall have been travelling throug h Russia - By next June, they will have been working in this factory for 12 years Exercise IX : Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, present perfect or future perfect tense 1/ I’ll wait until he (write) his next novel 2/ When you (come) _ back, he (already buy) a ne w house 3/ Don’t come until... (already, begin) 7/ My friend (not see) me for many years when I (mee t) last week 8/ He (learn) English before he (leave) for Engl and 9/ In England, he soon (remember) all he (learn) 10/ They (tell) him they (not meet) him before 0 1 ense 11/ He (ask) why we (come) so early 12/ She (say) that she (already, see) _ Dr Rice... she’s applied for, she (be) _ deli ghted And I think she’s got a good chance of getting it 10/ Fortunately the explosion took place at night when the streets were empty It (be) _ a disaster if it (happen) _ in the middle of the day 11/ The talks between the two leaders keep breaking down If they (bre ak down) _ again, it is possible that there (be) _ a war between the two countries 12/ ... there Exercise X : Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, f uture continuous or future perfect tense 1/ We (send) you a telegram as soon as we (arrive) _ in London 2/ When George (come) this afternoon, he (bring) his friends 1 3 ht 3/ I (speak) _ to you about that matter after the meeting tonig 4/ By the time you (receive) this letter, we... (cc) present continuous : [ S + am / is / are / + being + p.p] - She is cleaning the windows The windows are being cleaned by her + (dd) simple past : [ S + was / were + p.p] - The boss sacked ten workers Ten workers were sacked by the boss + (ee) past perfect : [ S + had been + p.p] - Mary had written the letter 2 7 The letter had been written by Mary + (ff) Past continuous : [ S + was / were + being... the dresses before we (get) t here 14/ After she (work) at the hospital for two years, she (deci de) to give up the job 15/ He will come at once because I (tell) him by phone that you (need) him urgently I’m sure he (find) his way easily although he (never visit) this house before 16/ By the time you get back, I (finish) all my corresponde nce and then... same time We (move) _slowly and carefully, and it (take) _ three days to get to the top When we climbed onto the su mmit, we (find) _ another group of climbers They (arrive) _ several hours ahead of us They (have) _ dinner and listening to Beethove n We (laugh) and they (invite) _ us to join them The climb (be) _, to say the least, an unforgettable experience... government is expecting to win the next election, but if i t (lose) _, the Prime Minister (resign) _ from politics 7/ I am so glad that you took me to your friend’s party If we (not go) _ there, I (never meet) _ Kate Winset 2 4 8/ It’s ridiculous that trains are so expensive If fares (be) _ chea per, I’m sure more people (use) _ the train and leave their cars at home 9/ If she (get) ... driver (drive) along a street when he suddenly (bla ck out) _ and lost control of his vehicle The taxi (plunge) _ into a nearby river A hawker, who (see) the accident, rushed from his coffee stall and (dive) _ into the water He (have) _ to swim twenty five metres before he could get to the taxi The taxi driver (try) to wind down the window The hawker reached... into the taxi f or the safety-belt After he (release) the safety-belt, he pulled the driver out through the partially open window At the hospital, the driver (say) _ _ that the black out might (cause) by his high blood pressure co ndition 1 7 8/ Marie Curie, the Polish-born chemist, was a courageous and determined woman She (leave) _ her home for Paris to pursue her interest in . quá khứ. - He closed all the windows, locked the doors and then went out. erday, Exercise II : Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the simple past te nse. 1/ We (never watch) __________. lại (adverbs of frequency) như : always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, ggene rally,enerally, rarely, never… - That child needs care. - This book belongs to me. - He never comes late. + Chúng. xác đònh như : yesterday, the day before yesterday last week, last month, last yea r, last summer, ago. - We came here a month ago. - He went to the cinema yesterday. * Thì Simple Past còn được