DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation is my own work and effort. The dissertation has not been submitted anywhere for any award. All the sources of information used have been well acknowledged. Date: Signature Thansamay KOMMASITH ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my sincere appreciation to all the people who helped me during my doctoral research course. First of all, I am forever indebted to my supervisor Associate Professor Dr. NGUYEN THI TUYET MAI (National Economics University – Vietnam) with her fantastic personality and unbelievably supportive approach, and my colleagues. Without their guidance and continuous support this dissertation could not have been completed. I have learned a great many insights from all of them during the dissertation project. They really helped me as a team, and I also consider them not only as my teachers, but also as my friends. Thank you! I am also grateful to my office in encouraging me to achieve higher education at National Economics University, Vietnam. Besides, my dissertation will not be completed without the honestly help of interview team and interviewees from International telecommunication ventures in Laos. I greatly appreciate the help and the time these people have spent on me. Last but not least, I would not have been able to pursue my studies without the help of my family: thanks to my parents, my brother, my wife, and my children who have been giving me the endless love with supports and strength. i Table of Contents Acronyms iii Table of Figures v List of Tables vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Research Motivation 1 1.1.1 International Joint Ventures (IJVs) in Telecommunication industry in Laos 1 1.1.2 Factors influencing IJVs’ Performance in Telecommunication Industry in Laos 4 1.2 Theoretical Background 7 1.3 Research Methodology 7 1.4 Contribution of the Study 8 1.5 Organization of the Study 10 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 12 2.1 Literature review on International Joint Ventures’ Performance 12 2.1.1 Survival and Longevity 14 2.1.2 Financial Output Measures 15 2.1.3 Overall Satisfaction 16 2.1.4 Goal Achievement 17 2.1.5 Learning 18 2.2 Literature Review on Factors Influencing IJVs’ Performance 19 2.2.1 Control of the IJV 21 2.2.2 Trust 22 2.2.3 Cooperation and Commitment 24 2.2.4 National Culture and Corporate Culture Differences 26 2.2.5 Goal Compatibility 30 2.3 Conceptual Framework 31 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 34 3.1 An overview of Research Approach and Research Design 34 3.2 Case Study Method 36 3.2.1 Secondary Research 37 ii 3.2.2 Primary Research 37 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH FINDINGS 47 4.1 The Current Status of IJVs’ Performance in the Telecommunication Industry in Laos 47 4.1.1 The Telecommunication Industryin Laos 47 4.1.2 Performance of the IJVs in the Telecoms Industry in Laos 65 4.2 Factors Influencing IJVs’ Performance in the Telecommunication Industry in Laos 73 4.2.1. Identification of Factors Influencing IJVs’Performance 73 4.2.2 The Impact of Several Factors on IJVs’ Performance - Regression Findings from Individuals’Perception 86 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSION 96 5.1 Conclusions 96 5.2 Discussion 97 5.2.1 Research Implications 98 5.2.2 Limitations and Future Research Directions 103 REFERENCES 106 APPENDICES 121 Appendix 1: Information about all key service providers in telecom industry in Laos122 Appendix 2: GUIDELINE FOR IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS 124 Appendix 3: QUESTIONAIRE 125 iii Acronyms ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ADB Asia Development Bank ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ARPU Average Revenue Per User BMI Business Monitor Investment BTA Bilateral Trade Agreement BTS Base Transceiver Station CDMA Code Division Multiple Access EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM ETL Enterprise of Telecommunication Laos FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Product GMS Greater Mekong sub-region GPRS General Packet Radio Service (GSM) GSM Global System for Mobile Communications GOL Government of Laos ICT Information and Communication Technologies IJVs International Joint Ventures ISPs Internet Services Providers ITU International Telecommunications Union Lao PDR Lao People’s Democratic Republic LANIC Lao National Internet Committee LAK Laotian Kip LTE Long term Evolution iv LTC Lao Telecommunication Corporation Limited MCTPC Ministry of Communication Transport Post and Construction MDGs Millennium Development Goals MNEs Multiple National Enterprises MIC Ministry of Information and Culture MPT Ministry of Post and Telecommunications NAPT National Authority on Post and Telecommunications PCs Personal Computers PM Decree Prime Minister Decree PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network ROI Return on investment ROE Return on equity ROA Return on assets SIM Subscriber Identification Module SMS Short Message Service STL Star Telecom USAID United States Agency for International Development VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol WLL Wireless Local Loop WiMAX An air interface standard for fixed broadband wireless access (BWA) systems employing a point-to-multipoint architecture v Table of Figures Figure 1: A Conceptual Model for Studying Factors influencing International Joint Ventures’ Performance 33 Figure 2. Research Design 35 Figure 3: Secondary Data and their sources 38 Figure 4: Laos Mobile Sector 2010 – 2017 50 Figure 5: Laos Mobile ARPU 2010 – 2017 52 Figure 6: Laos Fixed-Line Sector 2010 – 2017 56 Figure 7: Laos Broadband sector 2010 – 2017 59 Figure 8: Laos internet Market growth 2003 – 2011 61 Figure 9: Laos Broadband Market growth 2005 – 2011 62 vi List of Tables Table 1: Interview summary 41 Table 2: Demographic Profile of Respondents 44 Table 3: Telecoms sector in Laos – Historical Data and Forecasts 49 Table 4: Key players in Laos’ telecoms sector 66 Table 5: Perception of performance of LTC (N = 31) 67 Table 6: Perception of performance of Unitel (N = 26) 69 Table 7: Financial performance of Tigo/Beeline in the period 2010-2013 71 Table 8: Perception of performance of Beeline (N = 30) 72 Table 9: Perception of performance of the 3 IJVs (N = 87) 73 Table 10: Perception of control mechanism at the 3 IJVs (N = 87) 75 Table 11: Perception of Trust at the 3 IJVs (N = 87) 78 Table 12: Perception of cooperation and commitment at the 3 IJVs (N = 87) 79 Table 13: Perception of goal compatibility at the 3 IJVs (N = 87) 82 Table 14: Perception of cultural differences at the 3 IJVs (N = 87) 85 Table 15: Summary of descriptive statistics of 3 IJVs and ANOVA results………86 Table 16: Performance measures and factor loading results (N = 87) 88 Table 17: IDVs’ measures and factor loading results (N = 87) 90 Table 18: Descriptive Statistics and Correlations (N = 87) 92 2 Table 19: Regression results (N = 87) DV: Financial Performance 93 Table 20: Regression results (N = 87) DV: Overall Satisfaction 93 Table 21: Regression results (N = 87) DV: Goal Achievement 94 Table 22: Regression results (N = 87) DV: Learnings 95 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Motivation 1.1.1 International Joint Ventures (IJVs) in Telecommunication industry in Laos Lao People Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is located in the central part of the Indochina peninsula. The country covers about 236,800 KM2 and has a population of just over 6.5 million (2012 census). Lao PDR shares borders with 5 countries: Vietnam to the East, China to the North, Union of Myanmar to the Northwest, Thailand to the West, and Cambodia to the South. Since 1986 when the new Economic mechanism was adopted, the government of Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao P.D.R) has been promoting social and economic development under the policy of a market oriented economic. During 2001-2005, Lao PDR had an average annual GDP growth rate of 6.2 percent, and it has increased to 8.1% in 2012.During 2006 – 2008 he average GDP per capita was approximately USD 700, and in 2011 it grew to over USD 1,300 (World Bank 2012). The service sector contributed to 26 percent of Laos’ GDP. In 2008, the telecommunications sector accounted for approximately 1.6 percent of the total GDP and is considered one of the fastest growing sectors in Laos. For example, since 2000, competition in the telecommunications boosted investment in the sector dramatically. Investment per year jumped from USD 19 million in 2000 to USD 154.9 million in 2008 (USAID, 2009) Telecommunication technology plays a significant role for the flow of information. It is an extremely useful tool to spread knowledge and new ideas, which can reduce infrastructure development gap between people in rural and urban area. Furthermore, it can improve education, health care services, and encourage business activities. In addition, it also plays the crucial role to the national economic development, especially to the developing country like Laos. Therefore, telecommunication technology development is one way that Lao government uses to generate revenue and create job opportunity for people. In addition, Lao government aims to improve people living standard and increase 2 the ability to compete in global trade of Lao business by giving priority to the development of telecommunication technology with the intention to promote sustainable development of the nation. In line with the new Economic mechanism, the Telecommunication sector in Laos was privatized at the year 1996 as a joint venture with a Thai investor (Shinawana International Public Company Limited). However, this telecom privatization policy has been revised due to the importance of a national telecommunication development strategy which is able to resolve keen issues such as digital divide among regions and the frequent telephonic traffic congestion caused by a deficiency in the nation-wide telecommunication facilities (eg. switching and telephone line capacity and human resources) (MCTPC, 1982; MCTPC, 1990 &1995; MCTPC, 1990 – 2007). Besides, Lao P.D.R has a responsible position for promoting telecom development programs planned for the Greater Mekong sub-region (GMS). This development concept of GMS proposed by Asia Development Bank (ADB) and is applied to an area or regional development approach to GMS, promoting networks among the six Mekong riparian countries, including supporting activities for a common standard of telecom services availability which is increasing in Laos. Telecommunication increased steadily from 2007 to 2011 (MCTPC, 2007 – 2011). There are some communication policy studies undertaken by scholars and media and political organization, but research on International Joint Ventures (IJVs) in Telecommunication industry in Laos has been limited. Especially, it seems that very modest attention has been given to investigateIJVs’ performance and factors influencing it in the industry in Laos. Thus, these issues will be the focus of this research. Regarding telecommunication service policies in Laos, National Authority of Posts and Telecommunication (NAPT) was established on 22nd October 2007 by the PM Decree No: 375/PM. NAPT is an organization under the Prime Minister office, dealing with policy, strategy and its implementation and [...]... are the key factors influencing the performance of the IJVs in the telecommunication industry in Laos and what are the impacts of these factors on the IJVs’ performance? In terms of the research scope, the data collected for this study mainly from the three IJVs in the telecommunication industry in Laos In terms of timing, the collected data mainly cover recent three years (from 2010 to date) The analyses... respondents in the IJV, including managers of the IJV and parent firms In this study, the author employed all the five key dimensions of IJV performance when investigating the IJVs’ performance in the telecommunication industry in Laos to have a better understanding of the current status of the IJVs’ performance When examining the impact of some factors on the IJVs’ performance, all the measures of performance. .. determinants of the IJVs’ success or failure While focusing on the main objective of investigating the impact of several factors on performance of the IJVs in telecommunication industry in Laos, this study aims to answer the following questions: 1 What is the overall picture of business performance of IJVs in Lao’s telecommunication industry regarding different aspects of performance based on the theoretical... data, and then collected qualitative data The main purpose of collecting qualitative data is to explore and discover the relevant concepts and the interested relationships among them in the new context of Laos telecommunication industry Specifically, the concepts of IJV’s performance and 8 its dimensions and the factors influencing IJVs’ performance were explored The relationships between the factors and... performance Finally, the proposed conceptual framework is presented 2.1 Literature Review on International Joint Ventures’ Performance The topic on international joint venture and its performance has attracted much research interest from many scholars and practitioners There have been numerous research examining IJVs since the first critique of the literature on international joint ventures (IJVs)of Yan and... advancement of organization theory, strategic management, and enrich international business knowledge The findings of this study also help to enrich the knowledge about IJVs by investigating simultaneously the key dimensions of IJV performance Specifically, all five performance dimensions were examined in the context of the telecommunication industry in Laos, including Survival and Longevity of the. .. and the IJVs’ performance were also examined The survey data were collected to provide empirical findings regarding the current status of the IJVs’ performance in the telecom industry in Laos and empirical evidence on the impact of some factors influencing the IJVs’ performance Specific data collection methods used in this study include desk research (for collecting secondary data), observation, interviews... to investigate the three cases, IJVs in Laos telecommunication industry Chapter 4 reports the main research findings in the context of Laos IJVs in the telecommunication industry The final chapter (Chapter 5) concludes the dissertation by providing a summary of the findings and a discussion of the research implications, an outline of the study’s 11 limitations, and a roadmap for future research directions... aspects of IJV’s performance and the factors influencing it The primary data mainly focus on the perspective from Lao’s partners in the IJVs 7 1.2 Theoretical Background This study employs the theoretical background regarding IJVs performance and factors influencing their performance (e.g., Cao, 2012, Ren et al., 2009, Bener & Glaister, 2010) On the basis of literature review, performance of IJVs has... 2001; and Tong et al., 2008) have examined IJVs performance, which enhanced human beings’ knowledge about this attractive topic However, the conceptualization of IJV performance and factors influencing it remains an often-debated issue in IJV research (Reus & Ritchie, 2004) In recent years, more researchattention hasbeen given to studyIJVs performance and factors influencing IJVs performance in the context . IJVs’ Performance in the Telecommunication Industry in Laos 47 4.1.1 The Telecommunication Industryin Laos 47 4.1.2 Performance of the IJVs in the Telecoms Industry in Laos 65 4.2 Factors Influencing. IJVs’ performance and the factors influencing their performance during the time of the research. As this study mainly aims to analyze factors influencing FDI companies’ performance in the selected. empirical findings regarding the current status of the IJVs’ performance in the telecom industry in Laos and empirical evidence on the impact of some factors influencing the IJVs’ performance.