INTRODUCTION 1. The necessity of thesis Classification of plants provides scientific basis for the various fields of science such as Ecology, Plant Resources, Pharmacy, Medical and so on Therefore, over the years, the classification has been studied by scientists to evaluate a relatively complete system of fauna and flora as the basis for the compilation of the flora. In Vietnam, the family Capparaceae is represented by about 55 species, subspecies and varieties having economic value as well as the scientific value. However, in Vietnam, there are a very few number of studies have been carried out. Some of the prominent workers are Gagnepain (1908), Pham Hoang Ho (1970, 1991, 1999), Vo Van Chi (1997, 2005, 2012) , Nguyen Tien Ban et al. (1997, 2003, 2005). These documents only describe, list or just mention the usefulness of the species. Moreover, some confusion is also there regarding the correct taxonomic position of many taxa due to lack of proper information on many Capparis species. To fill this lacuna and to contribute studying of plant classification and compilation of the Flora of Vietnam, we choose the thesis topic as: "Research on classification of Man man family (Capparaceae Juss.) in Vietnam" 2. The purpose of the thesis: To provide updated information on status of the family Capparaceae in Vietnam along with complete taxonomic details. This will provide a basis for compilation of the Flora of our country as well as serving as a good reference source for future researchers from taxonomy and other streams. 3. Scientific and practical significance of science thesis 1 * Scientific significance: The results will contribute to complete the knowledge of Man man (Capparaceae Juss.) in Vietnam. This is an important step to prepare the "Flora of Vietnam". Besides, the results of the study will serve for further research on various aspects of Capparaceae. * Practical significance: The results of the thesis will provide a scientific basis for various fields like Agriculture - Forestry, Pharmacology, Plant Resources, Biodiversity and others. 4. The new point of the thesis - Attempt has been made for the proper documentation and classification of Capparaceae in Vietnam along with complete taxonomic details. The family includes two subfamilies, 4 tribes, 6 genera, 49 species, subspecies and 2 varieties. The information pertaining to these taxa have been updated along with the revised nomenclature terms (if any), references, voucher specimen details, taxonomic descriptions, color photographs and line drawings. - 1 new species was discovered during the study. Furthermore, 1 species, 1 subspecies have been reported new to the flora of Vietnam. Moreover, the presence of two species and one subspecies was confirmed in Vietnam which was doubtfully reported in Vietnam. Overall, one genus, 6 species, and 1 variety were recorded as endemic to Vietnam. - Additionaly, characterization of pollen grain morphology of some taxa of Capparaceae was also done. 24 species belonging to 4 genera were studied for this purpose. Moreover, seed morphology was also studied for 18 species belonging to 4 genera. This will contribute to the proper identification of the species. - Nucleotide sequence were generated for many Capparaceae taxa and using computer programs such as ClustalX 1.83, Paup 4.0, Mr Bayes and others, attempt have been made to generate phylogentic trees to demonstrate the relationship between different species in Vietnam 5. The structure of the thesis 2 The thesis consists of 116 pages, 63 line drawings, 21 maps, 8 tables and 64 pages color photos. It was presented under the following headings: Introduction (3 pages), chapter 1: review of the literature (20 pages), chapter 2: the objective, content and research methods (11 pages), Chapter 3: Research Results (page 81), conclusions (1 paper), list of tables, list of figures, list of maps, list of color photos, list of abbreviations herbarium, list of published works authors (9 projects), references (125), scientific names, Vietnamese name, appendix 1: distribution map of the species in the genus (21 maps) , appendix 2: gene sequence data analysis showing relationship between genera of Capparaceae. CHAPTER 1: REVIEW DOCUMENT 1.1. Position of Capparaceae in Magnoliophyta Before Capparaceae established, Linnaeus (1753) named a few genera and species, which were later placed in Capparacee as Capparis, Cleome and Crateva. Jussieu (1789) named Manman as Capparaceae Juss. that consists: Cleome, Cadaba, Capparis, Sodada, Crateva, Morisonia. Then there are many classification systems refers to their location of Manman in super ordo: Bentham & Hooker (1862) placed in subclass Polypetalae (more petals), Thalamiflorae; Dalla Torre & Harms (1900-1907) and Melchior (1964) classified in subclass Archichlamydeae; Hutchinson (1969) placed in Lignosae; Dahlgren & Thorne (1983) ranked in Violiflorae. The Cronquist system, Heywood, Takhtajan, Young ranked in Dilleniidae subclass. 3 Regarding the taxonomic position of Capparaceae, whether belongs to or not belongs to Capparales, taxonomists also have different views, but as per the most recognized views of most authors, Capparaceae is kept under Capparales and having close relationships with Brassicaceae and Moringaceae 1.2. The classification system of Capparaceae Juss. By studying the classification system of the authors, 2 opinion were noticed which are as follows 1.2.1. Divide Capparaceae into Tribes, then divide Genus and lower ranks * De Candolle system (1824): divided Manman family (Ordo - Capparideae) to 2 tribes. - Cleomeae: herb, glandular hair, Leaves with palmately compound, fruit a capsule, include 5 genus: Cleomella, Peritoma, Gynandropsis, Cleome (2 Sectio: Pedicellaria, Siliquaria), Polanisia (2 sectio: Brachystyla, Stylaria). - Capparideae: shurb or tree; fruit a berry; include 12 gunes: Crataeva, Niebuhria (2 sectio: Crataevaformes, Capparoideae), Boscia, Cadaba (2 sectio: floribus apetalis, floribus tetrapetalis), Schepperia, Sodaba, Capparis (6 sectio: Eucapparis, Capparidastrum, Cynophalla, Calanthea, Breyniastrum, Quadrella), Stephania, Morisonia, Thylachium, Hermupoa, Maerua. Some Sectio divided smaller (subsectio) as Siliquaria (2), Eucapparis (4), Breyniastrum (2). Basis for De Candolle divides 2 tribes is main characteristics and easily recognizable. * Bentham & Hooker system (1862): Capparacae also divided 2 tribes: - Cleomeae: herb, fruit a capsule, include 9 genus: Dactylaena, Cleome (5 Sectio: Physostemon, Dianthera, Peritoma, Siliquaria, Buhsia), Cleomella, Cristatelia, Isomeris, Polanisia (4 Sectio: Eupolanisia, Ranmanissa, Corynandra, Tetratelela), Gynandropsis, Wislizenia, Oxystylis. - Cappareae: shurb or tree; fruit a berry or drupe; 4 include 14 gunes: Thylachium, Steriphoma, Morisonia, Niebuhria, Maerua (2 Sectio: Maerua, Streblocarpus), Cadaba (3 Sectio: Eucadaba, Desmocarpus, Schepperia), Boscia, Capparis (9 Sectio: Eucapparis, Sodaba, Capparidastrum, Cynophalla, Busbeckia, Breyneastrum, Calanthea, Quadrella, Beautempsia), Apophyllum, Atamisquea, Roydsia, Crateva, Ritchiea, Tovaria. * Eichler (1865) in "Flora Brasiliensis" divided Capparaceae into 3 tribus: Cleomeae: herb, fruit a capsule: Dactylaena, Physostemon, Cleome, Gynandropsis. Cappareae: shurb, fruit a berry: Crateva, Steriphoma, Capparis (9 Subgen.: Quadrella, Breyniastrum, Colicodendron, Calanthea, Beautempsia, Mesocapparis, Calyptrocalyx, Capparidastrum, Cynophalla). Roydsieae:shurb, fruit a drupe * Takhtajan (2009) divided into Capparaceae and Cleomaceae with subfamilies and tribes: - Capparaceae: Cappareae: Capparis, Tirania, Crateva, Eudenia, Cladostemon, Dhofaria, Ritchiea, Belencita, Steriphoma, Morisonia. Maerueae: Maerua. Cadabeae: Cadaba, Buchholzia, Atamisquea, Thilachlum, Boscia, Bachmannia. Stixeae: Stixis. Apophylleae: Apophyllum, Forchhammeria. - Cleomaceae: Dipterygioideae: Dipterygium. Cleomoideae: Cleomeae (Cleome, Puccionia, Polanlsia, Cleomella, Isomeris, Buhsia, Haptocarpum, Cristatella, Dactylaena), Podandrogyneae (Podandrogyne), Oxystylideae (Oxystylis, Wislizenia). 1.2.2. Divided Capparaceae into Subfamilies then divided Tribes and lower ranks * Pax (1891) divided Manman family into 5 subfamiles. - Cleomoideae: herb, glandular hair; fruit a capsule, include 11 genus: Cleome (4 sectio: Fruticosae, Scandentes, Herbaceae, Thylacophora); Cleomella; Wislizenia; Isomeris; Pedicellaria (2 sectio: Gymnogonia, Eupedicellaria); Physostemon; Cristatella; Polanisia (4 sectio: Eupolanisia, Raumanissa, Corynandra, Dianthera); Dactylaena; Roeperia; Chiliocalyx. 5 - Dipterygioideae: mostly shurb, hairy; fruit with wings; seed 1; include 1 genus: Dipterygium. - Capparidoideae:mostly shurb, hairy; fruit berry, seed many. Capparideae: include 15 genus: Crateva; Euadenia; Ritchiea; Pteropetalum; Cladostemon; Atamisquea; Capparis (14 sectio: Eucapparis, Cynophalla, Mesocapparis, Petersia, Sodaba, Monostichocalyx, Capparidastrum, Quadrella, Colicodendron, Breyniastrum, Calanthea, Busbeckia, Calyptrocalyx, Beautempsia); Stubelia; Steriphoma; Morisonia; Belencita; Boscia; Buchholtzia; Courbonia; Cadaba; Apophyllum. Maerueae: include 2 genus: Maerua (3 sectio: Streblocarpus, Niebuhria, Eumaerua), Thylachium. Roydsioideae: shurb; fruit drupe, include 3 genus: Roydsia, Stixis, Forchhammeria. Emblingioideae: half shurb; fruit dry, not dehiscent; seed with wing, include 1 genus Emblingia. * Melchior (1964) in "Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien" based on pax’s system divided Manman family into 8 subfamilies. - Capparoideae: fruit a berry, hardy drupe when dry; stamens 4-6-8-16-4; include 4 tribus: Cappareae: 4 genus Crataeva, Capparis, Cadaba, Boscia. Koeberlinieae:1 genus Koeberlia. Maerueae: 1 genus Maerua. Stixeae: 1 genus Stixis (incl. Roydsia). – Pentadiplandroideae: 1 genus Pentadiplandria. – Emblingioideae: 1 genus Emblingia. - Calyptrothecoideae: 1 genus Calyptrotheca. - Cleomoideae: 4 genus Cleome (incl. Polanisia), Cleomella, Winlizenia, Gynandropsis (incl. Pedicellaria). - Podandrogynoideae: 1 genus Podandrogyne Dipterygioideae: 2 genus Dipterygium, Puccionia. - Buhsioideae: 2 genus Buhsia, Stephania. * Takhtajan (1987) divided Manman family into 5 subfamilies. - Capparoideae: Cappareae: Capparis, Neocalyptrocalyx, Tirania, Atamisquea, Oceanopapaver, Capparidastrum, Linnaeobreynia, Crateva, Neothorelia, Poilanedora, Ritchiea, Euadenia, Cladostemon, Belencita, Steriphoma, Morisonia. Maerueae: Maerua. Cadabeae: Buchholzia, Cadaba, Thilachium, Boscia, Hypselandra, Bachmannia. Stixeae: Stixis. Apophylleae: Apophyllum, Forchhammeria. - Pentadiplandroideae: Pentadiplandra. - Koeberlinioideae: Koeberlinia. – Cleomoideae: Cleomeae: Cleome, Physostemon, Cleomella, Polanisia, 6 Gynandropsis, Justago, Isomeris, Buhsia, Haptocarpum, Cristatella, Dactylaena. Podandrogyneae: Podandrogyne. Oxystylidoideae: Oxystylis, Wisliznia. * Takhtajan (1997) still divided Manman family into 2 subfamilies and 9 tribes: - Capparoideae: Cappareae: Capparis, Tirania, Oceanopapaver, Crataeva, Ritchiea, Steriphoma Maerueae: Maerua. Cadabeae: Cadaba, Thilachium, Boscia Stixeae: Stixis. Apophylleae: Apophyllum, Forchhammeria. Dipterygieae: Dipterygium. - Cleomoideae: Cleomeae: Cleome, Polanisia, Cleomella, Isomeris, Buhsia, Haptocarpum, Cristatella, Dactylaena. Podandrogyneae: Podandrogyne. Oxystylideae: Oxystylis, Wislizenia * Kubitzki (2003) divided Manman family into 3 subfamilies then divided genera: - Cleomoideae: include 10 genus: Haptocarpum, Cristatella, Dactylaena, Cleomella, Isomeris, Podandrogyne, Cleome, Puccionia, Wislizenia, Oxystylis. - Dipterygioideae: 1 genus Dipterygium. - Capparoideae: 17 genera: Belencita, Steriphoma, Morisonia, Capparis, Boschia, Thilachium, Bachmannia, Ritchiea, Maerua, Buchholzia, Crateva, Euadenia, Cladostemon, Dhofaria, Apophyllum, Cadaba, Atamisquea. 1.3. The history research on Manman family (Capparaceae Juss.) 1.3.1. The history research on Manman family (Capparaceae Juss.) in some countries near Vietnam Adjacent to Vietnam, studies were carried out by Jacobs (1960) in Malaysia. He (1963-1965) studied 3 genera Stixis, Crateva, Capparis in Asia Backer & Bakhuizen (1963) in Java insland (Indonesia), Hewson (1982) in Australia, Grierson (1984) in Bhutan, Kongkada Chayamarit (1991) in Thailand, Raghvan (1993) in India, Hu Qi-Ming (2007) in Hong Kong, Zhang Mingli & Gordon C. Tucker (2008) in China. 1.3.2. The history research Manman family (Capparaceae Juss.) in Vietnam 7 The first person studying Capparaceae in Vietnam is Loureiro (1790). Gagnepain (1908) in "Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France" published 8 new species of Capparis, of which 5 species distributed in Vietnam. In 1908 "Flore géneral de L’ Indochine" Gagnepain builded key, described chracteristics for 8 genera, 46 species and 2 varieties of Capparaceae. Again in 1939 in "Supplement Flore géneral de L’ Indochine", he added some information about distribution of some species, number of taxa of Capparaceae are 7 genera, 48 species and 1 varieties. Pham Hoang Ho (1999) listed 6 genera, 44 species, 8 subspecies and 2 varieties in Vietnam. Nguyen Tien Ban & D. I. Dorofeev (2003) gave short information on 46 species, 5 subspecies, 2 varietas including 6 genera of Capparaceae in Vietnam. In addition to the classification of the nature described above, there are a few other works referring to the usefulness of a few plants in Manman family, such as: Do Tat Loi (1995) in "these medicinal plants and herbs Vietnam ". Do Huy Bich et al (2004) in "Medicinal Plants and animals as medicines in Vietnam". Vo Van Chi (1991) in "Medicinal Plants of An Giang", "Dictionary of medicinal plants in Vietnam" in 1997, 2012, "Dictionary of common plants" in 2003-2004. 8 CHAPTER 2 - THE OBJECT, CONTENT AND RESEARCH METHODS 2.1. The object Fresh sample in the field and dry sample is kept herbariums in Vietnam and abroad. 2.2. Content - Choose suitable system to arrange taxa of Capparaceae in Vietnam. Learning morphological characteristics of Manman family through their representatives in Vietnam, include stems, leaves, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed. - Building a key for genus, species of Capparaceae. Discrible all taxa, especial species. - Values: synthesis of scientific value and use value of species of 2.3. Research methods: we used method to investigate collecting, mophological, studying pollen and seed[SEM – Scanning Electron Microscopy). CHAPTER 3 - RESEARCH RESULTS 3.1. Mophological characters of Manman family (Capparaceae Juss.) in Vietnam Shrubs, trees, or woody vines, evergreen (deciduous in some Crateva), with branched or simple trichomes. Stipules spinelike, small, or absent. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, simple or compound with 3[–9] leaflets. Inflorescences axillary or superaxillary, racemose, corymbose, subumbellate, or paniculate, 2–10-flowered or 1-flowered in leaf axil. Flowers bisexual or sometimes unisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, often with caducous bracteoles. Sepals 4(–8), in 1 or 2 whorls, equal or not, distinct or basally connate, rarely outer whorl 9 or all sepals connected and forming a cap. Petals (0–)4(–8), alternating with sepals, distinct, with or without a claw. Receptacle flat or tapered, often extended into an androgynophore, with nectar gland. Stamens (4–)6 to ca. 200; filaments on receptacle or androgynophore apex, distinct, inflexed or spiraled in bud; anthers basifixed (dorsifixed in Stixis), 2-celled, introrse, longitudinally dehiscent. Pistil 2(–8)-carpellate; gynophore ± as long as stamens; ovary ovoid and terete, 1-loculed, with 2 to several parietal placentae (3–6-loculed with axile placentation in Borthwickia and Stixis); ovules several to many, 2-tegmic; style obsolete or highly reduced, sometimes elongated and slender; stigma capitate or not obvious, rarely 3-branched. Fruit a berry or capsule, globose, ellipsoid, or linear, with tough indehiscent exocarp or valvately dehiscent. Seeds 1 to many per fruit, reniform to polygonal, smooth or with various sculpturing; embryo curved; endosperm small or absent. Typus: Capparis L. There are 45 genera, 900 species, distribute tropical and subtropical, especial hot area. In Vietnam, there are 6 genera, 49 species, 4 subspecies and 2 varietas. 3.2. choosing system for Manman family (Capparaceae) in Vietnam For understanding ralationship with genera of Capparaceae, we use computer program Paulp 4.0 with data sequence. This relationship is shown in diagram 3.1: Table 3.1. System for Capparaceae in vietnam acording to Takhtajan’s system (1997) and additional Jun-Xia Su et al. (2012) Family Subfamily Tribus Genus Capparaceae Capparoideae Cappareae Capparis Crateva 10 [...]... the flora of Vietnam including 1 new species; 1 species and 1 subspecies as new records for the flora of Vietnam Confirmed the presence of two species and one subspecies doubt in the document published abroad and in Vietnam One genera, 6 species and 1 varietas are endemic in Vietnam 5 Building diagram close relationship between 6 genera of Man man family (Capparaceae Juss.) in Vietnam Of which, Stixis... Vietnam Pham Hoang Ho (1999) describes the scientific name Cleome chelidonii L f However, C chelidonii different with some characters: leaflets 3-7, number of stamens 30-55 28 3.5 Value of species of Manman (Capparaceae Juss.) in Vietnam 3.5.1 Value of science 1 new species (Capparis daknongensis D.T Sy, G.C Tucker, Cornejo & Joongku Lee); 1 species, 1 subspecies as new record for the flora of Vietnam... Pflanzenf 220 Typus: Cleome L 3 tribus, 11 genera; 1 tribus, 1 genus in Vietnam TRIB 4 CLEOMEAE – TONG MAN MAN Typus: Cleome L 8 genera; 1 genus, 4 species in Vietnam 6 CLEOME L – MAN MAN L 1754 Gen Pl 302 Typus: Cleome ornithopodioides L More than 150 species in the world; 4 species in Vietnam Key species of Cleome in Vietnam 27 1A Having androgynophore 2A No spine Androgynophore 8-23 mm long Petals... Note: endemic in Vietnam 1.32a Capparis tonkinensis Gagnep var annamensis Gagnep Cap trung bo Gagnep 1939 Suppl Fl Gén Indoch 1: 165 Typus: Poilane (P)? Note: varietas of endemic in Vietnam 1.33 Capparis thorelii Gagnep – Cap thorel Gagnep 1908 Bull Soc Bot Fr 55: 214 Lectotypus: Thorel 2037 (holo.: P, iso.: K) Note: Pham Hoang Ho (1999) suspected the presence of this species in Vietnam However, figures... in Vietnam (Tirania Pierre, Tirania purpurea Pierre, Capparis beneolens Gagnep., Capparis rigida Jacobs, Capparis annamensis (Baker f.) Jacobs, Capparis daknongensis D.T Sy, G.C.Tucker, Cornejo & Joongku Lee, Capparis tonkinensis Gagnep., Capparis tonkinensis Gagnep var annamensis Gagnep.) Confirmed the presence of two species and one subspecies doubt in the material published abroad and in Vietnam (Capparis... Con go, Mang nam ho, Mac nam ngoa Lour 1790 Fl Cochinch 295 Typus: Poilane 10381 (holo.: A; iso.: K, P) 5 TIRANIA Pierre – DA RUOI Pierre, 1887 Bull Soc Linn Paris, 1: 657 Typus: Tirania purpurea Pierre Endemic in Vietnam, only 1 species 5.1 Tirania purpurea Pierre – Da ruoi Pierre, 1887 Bull Mens Soc Linn Paris, 1: 658 Typus: Pierre 4017 (holo.:P; iso.: E) SUBFAM 2 CLEOMOIDEAE Pax – PHAN HỌ MAN MAN... Note:During the Vietnam documentary ever, not to mention the presence of this subspecies M L Zhang & G C Tucker (2008) refers to the distribution of species in Vietnam (Ninh Binh) 1.23b Capparis sikkimensis Kurz subsp masaikai (H Lév.) Jacobs - Bach hoa Jacobs, 1965 Blumea, 12(3): 496 Typus: Esquirol 3230 (holo.: E; iso.: A, K, L) Note: subspecies as new record for the flora of Vietnam 1.23c Capparis... Cleomoideae, Trib.4 Cleomeae) 6 Cleome 3.4 Key and list all taxa of Capparaceae in Vietnam SUBFAM 1 CAPPAROIDEAE - BACH HOA Typus: Capparis L Cloem oideae 14 There are 6 tribus, about 20 genera; 3 tribus, 5 genera in Vietnam TRIB 1 CAPPAREAE – BACH HOA Typus: Capparis L 10 genera; 2 genera, 40 species, 3 subspecies, 2 varietas in Vietnam 1 CAPPARIS L – CAP, BACH HOA L 1753 Sp Pl.: 503 Lectotypus: C spinosa L... Vietnam 3.1 Maerua siamensis (Kurz) Pax - Chan chan Pax, 1936 Pflanzenfam 2(17b): 196 Typus: Teusman s n (K) TRIB 3 STIXEAE Pax – TONG TRUNG CUOC 25 Pax, 1891 Die Nat Pflanzenf 235 Typus: Stixis Lour Having 2 genena, 2 genera in Vietnam with 4 species, 1 subspecies 4 STIXIS Lour – TRUNG CUOC Lour 1790 Fl Cochinch 295 Typus: Stixis suaveolens (Roxb.) Pierre 7 species, 3 species, 1 subspecies in Vietnam... Poilane 9320 (holo.: A, L, P; iso: K) Note: endemic species in Vietnam 1.2 Capparis subsessilis B S Sun – Cap cong ngan B.S Sun, 1964 Acta Phytotax Sin 9: 110 Typus: T D Li 3112 (holo.: SCBI; syn.: MO) Note: During the Vietnam documentary ever not mention this species M L Zhang & G C Tucker has referred to the presence of this species in Vietnam (Tra Linh district, Cao Bang province 1.3 Capparis rigida . family (Capparaceae Juss. ) 1.3.1. The history research on Manman family (Capparaceae Juss. ) in some countries near Vietnam Adjacent to Vietnam, studies were carried out by Jacobs (196 0) in Malaysia (199 1) in Thailand, Raghvan (199 3) in India, Hu Qi-Ming (200 7) in Hong Kong, Zhang Mingli & Gordon C. Tucker (200 8) in China. 1.3.2. The history research Manman family (Capparaceae Juss. ) in. published works authors (9 projects), references (12 5), scientific names, Vietnamese name, appendix 1: distribution map of the species in the genus (21 maps) , appendix 2: gene sequence data