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What is grammar?Grammar drived from Greek “grammatike” meaning “to write”Kinds of grammar:Prescriptive grammar: to be phrased as prohibition standard grammarDescriptive grammar: to describe the grammatical system of a language (e.g to describehow to play football: using a ball, hand and a basket...)Grammar development:•Traditional grammar: grammar teaching at school, parts of speech, The traditional categories•Immediate constituents: using techniques for displaying sentence structure is the use of immediate constituent (IC) analysis•Phrase structures and transformational grammar:Phrasal structure: the division of a sentence into parts, or constituents, and the division of those constituent into subparts.the transformational rules can be informally thought of as an instruction to change one structure to another•Functional grammar: showing grammar communicating meaning in social interaction.
[...]... deter Hea Postdeterminers numeral * quantifiers Determiners - Articles Definite the child indefin ite the some children children - Demonstrative s: this, that, these, those, e.g: this book, this boy - Pronouns: my, your, his, her, thier e.g: my brother, thier discussion - Interrogative deter.: whose, which, what e.g: which coulour, whose books - Indefinite deter : some, any, each, e.g: some water, any... much, e.g: much water * Pre- determiners - As whole (inclusives): all, both, hlf, e.g: all the book - Multipliers: double, twwice, three times, e,g: dounle your salary - Fractions: one- third, two- thords; e.g: one-third of this book * Post- determiners - Numeral: + Closesystem: many, little, few e.g: many books, few apples + Open class: a l o t o f , g o o d d e a l o f , a g r e a t ... drink of hot lemon before you go to bed Drink this quick! Don’t let it get cold 5, Before the fire, there had been a plague, the like of which had not been known before and has not been seen since 6, It is a common failing to suppose we are not like other men, that we are not as other people are 7, As your doctor, I must warn you that the results of taking this drug may be very serious 8, Growth in weight... modifier: Pens are used for writing Proper noun with/without modifier realised by closed system items: (A) Mr John wants to see you Common Noun with closed system item: a/my/this book Pronoun with zero modifier: I like s him Od Nothing compares to s - Indef you Three are absent to 3 Pre-modification of a Basic Closed system Predeterminers as whole multipliers Determiners articles demonstratives pronouns... syntactic function of the clauses: 2 - Independent clauses (main/super ordinate) : He ran away when I turned out Dependent clauses (sub-clause/subordinate) What he wants is what I want Functionally : try I think that you can do it if you ‘a’ is the superordinate to ‘b’ or ‘c’ is the subordinate to ‘b’ ‘b’ is the superordnate to ‘c’ ‘b’ is the subordinate to ‘a’ ECi FC1 FC1 Cl.elements + V.complementation:... girl she is! Sometimes, we have verbless utterances in exclamation (in spoken language) b According to their structures: Simple Compound Complex sentence Mixed Simple Complex I like you FC1 I told him this but he didn ’t believe me 1st indcp cl 2nd indep cl I know that you’re honest _ S V C = sub clause SV O =mainclause Cf: Phrases - Clauses - Sentences Word group: (Premod) + Head + (Postmod)... v e I n d i r e c t a d d r e s s ( v o c a t i v e ) I n a p p o s it i o n 7 As m od ifi er of ot he r no un Tom is a teache r I gave him a book They electe d him chair man My mothe r is an actres s This is Tom's house Tom, come in please My friend, Tom, is a teache r I went to grocer store Ex: 54 56 57, 2 Noun phrases 2.1 Definition: NP is a phrase, in which there is a noun as a head 2.2 Kinds of . wrongs in the world. 3, Cure that cold with a drink of hot lemon before you go to bed. 4, Drink this quick ! Don’t let it get cold. 5, Before the fire, there had been a plague, the like of which. we are not as other people are. 7, As your doctor, I must warn you that the results of taking this drug may be very serious. 8, Growth in weight results in the development of muscles and fat. 9,. out. - Dependent clauses (sub-clause/subordinate) What he wants is what I want. Functionally : Ithink that you can do it if you try. ‘a’ is the superordinate to ‘b’ or ‘c’ is the subordinate