[...]... PDM) Systematic procedures also make it easier to divide the work between designers and computers in a meaningful way A rational approach must also cover the cost of computation and quality considerations More accurate and speedy preliminary calculations with the help of better data are a necessity in the design field, as is the early recognition of weak points in a solution All this calls for systematic. .. essential characteristics of design: specified purpose, effective load paths, and efficient production and assembly Loads should be conducted along the shortest paths, and if possible by axial forces rather than by bending moments Longer load paths not only waste materials and increase costs but also require considerable changes in shape Calculation and laying out must go hand-in-hand Designers start with... design concept and the output is a technical description, often in the form of a scale drawing or CAD model Depending on the particular company involved, this drawing is referred to as a general arrangement, a layout, a scheme, a draft, or a configuration, and it defines the arrangement and preliminary shapes of the components in a technical artefact The term ‘layout’ is widely used and was selected for... start with what they are given and with ready-made assemblies As soon as possible, they should make scale drawings to ensure the correct spatial layout Calculation can be used to obtain either rough estimates for the preliminary layout or precise values that are used to check the detail design Laudien [1.107], upon examining the load paths in machine parts, gave the following advice: for a rigid connection,... take the lead [1.130] Systematic design provides an effective way to rationalise the design and production processes In original design, an ordered and stepwise approach even if this is on a partially abstract level—will provide solutions that can be used again Structuring the problem and task makes it easier to recognise application possibilities for established solutions from previous projects and... traditional design approach, i.e a physical drawing, or a modern computer-supported approach, i.e a CAD model or drawing Of the four phases of the product design process, only the terminology used for the third, ‘embodiment design , requires some explanation Other translations, in a similar context, have used layout design, main design, scheme design or draft design The input to this third phase is a design. .. The tasks and activities of designers are influenced by several characteristics Origin of the task: Projects related to mass production and batch production are usually started by a product planning group after carrying out a thorough analysis of the market (see Section 3.1) The requirements established by the product planning group usually leave a large solution space for designers In the case of a customer... design science and cognitive psychology, and from practical experience in different domains It includes plans of action that link working steps and design phases according to content and organisation These plans must be adapted in a flexible manner to the specific task at hand (see Chapter 4) It also includes strategies, rules and principles to achieve general and specific goals (see Chapter 7 and Chapters... method are the emphasis on logical function structures based on binary logic (connecting and separating), and on a conceptual design stage based on the recognition that product optimisation can only take place once a suitable solution principle has been found The most important aspect of Rodenacker’s systematic design approach is undoubtedly his emphasis on establishing the physical process Based on... chance • facilitate the application of known solutions to related tasks • be compatible with electronic data processing • be easily taught and learned • reflect the findings of cognitive psychology and modern management science; i.e reduce workload, save time, prevent human error, and help to maintain active interest • ease the planning and management of teamwork in an integrated and interdisciplinary . 328 7.5.5 Design to Minimise Wear . 340 7.5.6 DesignforErgonomics 341 7.5.7 DesignforAesthetics 348 7.5.8 DesignforProduction 355 7.5.9 DesignforAssembly 375 7.5.10 DesignforMaintenance 385 7.5.11 Design. ‘embodiment design , requires some explana- tion. Other translations, in a similar context, have used layout design, main design, scheme design or draft design. The input to this third phase is a design. PrinciplesforFault-FreeDesign 305 7.5 Guidelines for Embodiment Design . 308 7.5.1 GeneralConsiderations 308 7.5.2 DesigntoAllowforExpansion 309 7.5.3 DesigntoAllowforCreepandRelaxation 321 7.5.4 DesignAgainstCorrosion