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From the very first days of their professions, translators have always been entrusted with the role of a communication facilitator who bridges the gap of understanding between people coming from various cultures and speaking different languages. Coming along with this trend, University of Languages and International Studies, VNU also strives to train highqualified translators to meet the demand of the whole society. With the deep concerns about the situation, the researcher would like to conduct a study entitled “Common errors made by 2nd year students majoring in Translation and Interpreting at FELTE, ULIS, VNU in Translation Practice compiled by Nguyen Viet Ky and suggestions for improvement” The study aims at identifying common errors made by 2nd year students majoring in Translation and Interpreting in coursebook “Translation Practice” compiled by Nguyen Viet Ky. Based on reasons shared by students and experienced teacher, suggestions are offered for the improvement of not only surveyed students but also the next generations of 2nd year students. The major methods and procedures adopted throughout the study include questionnaires, class observations, document observations, diary reports and online interview. A combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods enables the researcher to triangulate the data in order to produce the rich and reliable findings. With this approach, the researcher ensures the validity as well as the reliability of the study. Hopefully, the study proves beneficial to fresh wouldbe translators at FELTE, ULIS, VNU.
ABSTRACT From the very first days of their professions, translators have always been entrusted with the role of a communication facilitator who bridges the gap of understanding between people coming from various cultures and speaking different languages Coming along with this trend, University of Languages and International Studies, VNU also strives to train high-qualified translators to meet the demand of the whole society With the deep concerns about the situation, the researcher would like to conduct a study entitled “Common errors made by 2nd year students majoring in Translation and Interpreting at FELTE, ULIS, VNU in Translation Practice compiled by Nguyen Viet Ky and suggestions for improvement” The study aims at identifying common errors made by nd year students majoring in Translation and Interpreting in course-book “Translation Practice” compiled by Nguyen Viet Ky Based on reasons shared by students and experienced teacher, suggestions are offered for the improvement of not only surveyed students but also the next generations of 2nd year students The major methods and procedures adopted throughout the study include questionnaires, class observations, document observations, diary reports and online interview A combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods enables the researcher to triangulate the data in order to produce the rich and reliable findings With this approach, the researcher ensures the validity as well as the reliability of the study Hopefully, the study proves beneficial to fresh would-be translators at FELTE, ULIS, VNU i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Statement of problem and rationale for the study 1.2 Aims of the study 1.3 Significance of the study 1.4 Scope of the study .3 1.5 Structure of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Translation 2.1.1 The concepts of translation 2.1.2 Translation quality assessment .6 2.2 Translation errors .10 2.2.1 Definition of translation errors 10 2.2.2 Classification of translation errors 11 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY .17 3.1 Sampling 18 3.1.1 Teacher participant selection 18 3.1.2 Student participant selection 19 3.2 Data collection instruments .20 3.2.1 Questionnaires 20 3.2.2 Classroom observations 21 3.2.3 Document observations 21 ii 3.2.4 Diary reports .21 3.2.3 Online interview 22 3 Data collection procedure 22 3.4 Data analysis methods .23 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .24 4.1 Findings and discussion from questionnaires 25 4.2 Findings and discussion from class observations, document observations, diary reports and online interview .29 4.2.1 Linguistic errors 30 4.2.2 Translation errors 33 4.2.3 Possible causes 37 4.2.4 Suggestions 39 4.3 Comparison between findings from five instruments 39 4.3.1 Research question 1: Common errors encountered by 2nd year students 39 4.3.2 Possible causes 40 4.3.3 Suggestions 41 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 43 5.1 Major findings of the study 44 5.2 Limitations of the study and suggestions for further studies .45 REFERENCES 46 APPENDIX A 49 QUESTIONNAIRE 49 APPENDIX B 53 THƯ MỜI THAM GIA NGHIÊN CỨU 53 APPENDIX C 55 iii DIARY EXTRACT FROM STUDENT CODED AS S1 .55 APPENDIX D 58 DIARY EXTRACT FROM STUDENT CODED AS S2 .58 APPENDIX E 60 DIARY EXTRACT FROM STUDENT CODED AS S3 .60 APPENDIX F 62 INTERVIEW SCHEDULE .62 APPENDIX F 63 TEACHER INTERVIEW SUMMARY .63 LIST OF TABLES AND DIAGRAMS LIST OF TABLES Table The model of common linguistic errors synthesized PAGE 15 by researcher Table The model of common translation errors synthesized iv 17 by researcher Table Participants’ demographic information 20 Table Common linguistic errors observed from 26 questionnaires Table Common translation errors observed from 27 questionnaires Table Lengthy and awkward expression errors 34 Table Terminology errors 35 Table Consistency errors 36 Table Common errors from class and document 39 observations Table 10 Suggestions offered by both teacher and students LIST OF DIAGRAMS 39 PAGE Diagram Data collection instruments 20 Diagram Data collection procedure 23 Diagram Possible causes of common errors synthesized from 41 multiple instruments LIST OF CHARTS Chart Possible causes of common errors made by 2nd year PAGE 28 students observed from questionnaires Chart Suggestions to overcome errors observed from questionnaires v 29 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TT Target text ST Source text TQA Translation quality assessment FELTE Faculty of English Language Teacher Education ULIS University of Languages and International Studies VNU Vietnam National University vi vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Statement of problem and rationale for the study The massive global integration has witnessed a proliferation of translating as Munday (2001, p5) accentuates “Throughout history written and spoken translations have played a crucial role in interhuman communication” More notably, the 21st century fosters nations around the world to come together in tremendous vigor to address global challenges and promote socio-economic development; hence, translators have been entrusted with the role of bridging the gap between people coming from various cultures and speaking disparate languages As a result, the constant and growing essence for translators is perfectly comprehensible, and myriad of universities all over the world offer translation courses in their academic year According to Caminade and Pym (1995), as cited in Munday (2001) at least 250 university-level bodies in over sixty countries offering four-year undergraduate and postgraduate courses in this art of science Harmonizing with the blossom of discipline, University of Languages and International Studies, a prestigious institution in Vietnam prominent for grooming translators also strives to diversify and impose assorted pedagogical methods to strengthen students’ translating competence Students majoring in translation are oriented towards intensive training from their nd year, which facilitates them to glory in translation skills and lay a momentous foundation from the early stage In this training phase, more than ten generations of trainees follow the course-book “Translation Practice” compiled by senior lecturer Nguyen Viet Ky What is more, texts in this course-book are extracted for both mid-term and end-of-term tests; therefore, translating texts in this course-book precisely assists translator to-be in sharpening their translation skills and harvesting better exam results Nonetheless, tackling Vietnamese-English translations poses unprecedented challenges for sophomores as they are at the initial drilling process and not truly aware of translating-related theories and skills Additionally, compared with EnglishVietnamese translation, Vietnamese-English translation is considered to be more demanding to translator newbies as it requires not only outstanding language proficiency but also requisite translation skills and broad background knowledge Furthermore, no empirical research papers have been conducted into the errors made in 2nd-year students’ translations Therefore, in order to enrich the trainees’ translation capacity, the researcher would like to cast a systematic and close observation at the common errors made by 2nd-year students in translating texts and elicit recommendations for them All these above-mentioned reasons have motivated the researcher to carry out a study entitled “Common errors in Vietnamese-English translations made by nd-year students majoring in Translation and Interpreting at FELTE, ULIS in Translation Practice compiled by Nguyen Viet Ky and suggestions for improvement.” 1.2 Aims of the study The research aims at identifying the common errors that nd year students majoring in Translation and Interpreting from FELTE, ULIS, VNU might confront when translating Vietnamese-English texts in “Translation Practice” compiled by Nguyen Viet Ky Once having brought these errors to light, the research investigates the possible causes and puts forward some recommendations suggested by both students and teachers The research is expected to assist nd year QH2011 students in particular and the next generations of 2nd year students at ULIS in general in addressing their errors and improving the quality of their translation as well as their translation skills In order to achieve this goal, the current research is aimed at addressing the following questions: What are the common errors in the Vietnamese - English translations in “Translation Practice” made by 2nd year students? What are the possible causes of these common errors? What are the suggestions in order to overcome these errors? 1.3 Significance of the study Translation is a vast discipline of study and practice, which so far has seen a great deal of research works The study would be of great usefulness for the improvement of Vietnamese – English translation of 2nd students and assists students in strengthening their translation competence Besides, the research helps teachers become more aware of common errors students may confront while translating and serves as a reference for them in the process of teaching translation The findings of this research also can be regarded as a valuable experience for the researchers who share the same interest in this topic as well 1.4 Scope of the study The study population comprises both students and teachers as the errors made by 2nd year students are detected and offered suggestions by from the perspectives of students and teachers Regarding students, the participants include 81 students of three classes, QH2011.E18; E19 and E20 They all gain experiences in translating Vietnamese-English texts in “Translation Practice” compiled by Nguyen Viet Ky Additionally, the population involves senior lecturer Mr Nguyen Viet Ky in Translation and Interpreting Division who is the compiler of the course-book “Translation Practice” and possesses considerable experience in teaching Translation Practice for 2nd year students Due to time and capacity constraint, the researcher merely concentrates on detecting errors in Vietnamese – English translations in Unit 2000 rainy hours with heat radiation of square cm per year and approximately over 100kcal/ cm2/ year and about 100 100 rainy days with annual rainy days with annual average precipitation of 1,500- 2,000 mm precipitation of 1500-2000 mm Population Population According to 1999 census, Vietnam According to the population census in has a population of 76.3 million 1999, Vietnam's population was 76,3 Regarding population, Vietnam comes million In terms of population, the second in Southeast Asia and the Vietnam ranked the second in the 13th among over 200 nations and southestern Asia and the 13th among territories in the world It is estimated more than 200 nations and territories that until the end of 2005, Vietnam’s in the world It's estimated that population will be 85 million Average Vietnam's population in Vietnam at the population density is 227 people per very end of the 2005s will be 85 square km The annual population millions the average population growth rate is approximately 1.7% density is 227 people per one square km Annual average population growth Rapid population growth has exerted a rate is appopriciately 1,7 % Too fast population growth has created a great pressure for natural resources, socio-economic development and quality of life of residents At present, bacause of more and more the awareness of the effects of population on the country's development as well 74 great pressure on natural resources, economic and social development and people’s quality of life Today, being better aware of the impacts of population on the country development as well as on families’ happiness, more people are actively participating in family planning It is expected that by as family happiness, more and more 2005, the annual population growth people have positively taken the family rate can be reduced to 1.5% Vietnam’s planning It's hoped that annual population distributes unevenly, about population growth rate will properly 80% of the population live in lowland decrease down to 1.5 % until 2005 and coastal areas (1,180 people per km Vietnam's population distribution is in Red River Delta in 1999) Midlands inequitable (= is classified and highlands are sparsely populated inequitably), about 80 percent of (respectively 67 and 62 people per km population gathers/ concentrated on in Central Highlands and Northeast) the lowland and the coast with very high population density (the Red River Delta, 1180 people/km2- 1999) In the midland and mountainous residents are sparsely area, populated (TayNguyen, 67 people per km2; Of 54 ethnic groups, the Kinh accounts for 88% of the total population The Taybac, 62 people per km2) rest are ethnic minorities scattering Among 54 different ethnic groups, the Kinh makes up 88% of the total population minorities Others living are ethnic scatteredly in Vietnam's territory About 80% of Vietnam's population lives by working in agriculture and over half population is below 25 Each year, human over Vietnam’s territory About 80% of Vietnam’s population lives on agriculture and over a half of the population are under 25 years of age Annually, Vietnam’s force increases roughly by 1.1- 1.2 million This is a great potential and also a huge challenge of Vietnam resources of Vietnam go up by 1.1-.1.2 million (the range from 1.1 million to 1.2 million), which is a potential but Natural resources also a challenge to Vietnam 75 labor Natural Resources Vietnam has diverse natural resources Vietnam possesses various natural resources, including forests, seas and minerals Forests of Vietnam are assessed as the high multi-biological value with the diverse fauna and flora In the total estimation, forests of Vietnam possess about 80 types of timbers, 60 types of bamboo and more than 1.500 types of medicinal herbs Forest animals consist of 275 kinds of beasts, 826 kinds of birds, 100 kinds of including forests, marine and minerals Vietnam’s forests are valued to be of high biodiversity with abundant flora and fauna In total, Vietnam’s forests contains about 800 wood, 60 bamboo and over 1,500 medicinal plant species Forest animals consist of 275 mammals, 826 birds, 100 amphibians and 180 reptiles species Many rare precious animals of Vietnam are on the World Red List amphibians, and 180 kinds of reptiles Many rare and precious animal species of Vietnam have been written out in the world's Red List In addition to the tremendous (huge/ enomous) potential of energy resources such as petroleum, gases, fossil fuels, and hydroelectric power, Vietnam's also rich in others, including iron ores, copper, gold, gemstones, chromium, bausite, apatite tin, and zinc, another building materials such as granite, marble, clay, graphite Besides, resources of the seas and the potentials Beside great potentials in sources of energy such as oil, gasoline, coal and hydroelectric energy, Vietnam is also rich in other minerals such as iron ore, copper, gold, precious stone, bauxite, tin, zinc, chromium, apatite and many building materials such as granite stone, marble, clay and graphite In addition, many marine resources and agricultural 76 also help diversify the richness of Vietnam in terms of natural resources of the agriculture also contribute to the History wealth of Vietnam's natural resources potentials History Vietnam had an over 4000-year history The Vietnamese history's lifetime has been 4.000 year since the ancient Viet people built their first country named " Van Lang" in (the year) 2879 BC Vietnam's history is always described as a longterm and constant struggle for independence Vietnam had been dominated by the Chinese feudal during more than 1000 years before (from the year 111 BC to the year 939 AD) Vietnam was France's colony as from ancient Vietnamese with the foundation of their first country named “Van Lang” in 2879 B.C Vietnam’s history has always been portrayed as a long-lasting and continuous struggle for independence and freedom Vietnam was colonized in over 1000 years by China before (from 110 B.C to 939 A.D) Vietnam was also a colony of France in nearly 100 years from 1859 to 1945 well in nearly 100 years from 1859 to 1945 During World War II, Vietnam was In the second World War, Vietnam occupied by Japanese troops and later was occupied by the Japanese army French colonialists Vietnam declared but then the French one Vietnam independence on 2nd September 1945, declared its independence in but right after that plunged into the war September 9th in 1945 but afterwords against the French’s scheme to Vietnam went to war again which was recolonize Vietnam This war lasted France's conspiracy to colonize for another year and ended in 1945 Vietnam one more time This war when the country was divided in two lasted more years The war ended in parts by 17th parallel of latitude 1945, Vietnam was seperated Northern (devided) into zones at the longitude Democratic Vietnam Republic formed of the Vietnam 17 The North became Vietnamese under the leadership of the Communist Democratic Republic, governed (ruled) Party Meanwhile, Southern Vietnam 77 by Communist Party Besides the was influenced by Western countries, North was influenced by the West especially the US mainly America The intervention of the US in Vietnam America's interference in Vietnam was stronger in 1950s and climbed up rose gradually in the 1950s and turning into total war in March 1965 escalated into the comprehensive war when the American army first landed in March 1965 when the first on Vietnam Although American American troops were landed in soldiers backed off entirely in March Vietnam Although the American 1973 according to Paris Agreements, troops retreated in March of the 1973s war continued until 30th April 1975 according to Paris Peace Convention, when Southern Vietnam was freed the War kept on until thirtieth of April completely The country was reunified in 1975 when the South was with the name the Socialist Republic completely liberated The country was of Vietnam in January 1976 reunified with the name " Socialist Republic of Vietnam" in January in 1976 Nevertheless, the remnant of the war continuted until the end of the However, the remnants of war still existed by 1979 Vietnam nowadays is a peaceful country 1979 Today Vietnam is country at peace International relations International Diplomacy Before initiating economic reforms, Before launching the economic reform Vietnam remained diplomatic relations policies, Vietnam had mainly had with the former Union of Soviet international relations with Soviet and Socialist Republics and other socialist another socialist countries Nowadays, countries Currently, because of open due to the opening- economy policies, economic policies, foreign relations of Vietnam's international relations have Vietnam have become more diverse 78 become more diverse Sino- Vietnamese Relation between Vietnam and China relation was normalized in 1991 Vietnam reached a historic turning point in diplomatic relationship in July in 1995: Diplomatic relation between Vietnam and America was completely normalized In the same year, Vietnam became the official member of ASEAN and signed a cooperative convention (agreement) with European Union Now, Vietnam has had diplomatic relations with more than was normalized in 1991 In July 1995, Vietnam gained a historic turning point in foreign relations: diplomatic relation between Vietnam and the US was completely normalized Also in this year, Vietnam became an official member of ASEAN and signed a Cooperation Agreement with European Union Now Vietnam has diplomatic relations with over 160 nations and has trade relations with 120 countries and territories 160 countries and trading relations with 120 countries and territories Vietnam also reconnected relations Vietnam reunited the relations with with international financial institutions internationally financial institutions and multilateral credit organizations and multilateral credit agencies such as such as World Bank (WB), the World Bank, the International International Monetary Fund (IMF), Money Fund, Asian Development and Asia Development Bank (ADB) Bank Vietnam became the member of Vietnam became a member of ASEAN ASEAN Free Trade area since January Free Trade Area (AFTA) since 1st in 1996 and the official one of the January 1996 and an official member Asia- Pacific Economic Coperation of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum since 1998 At present, Vietnam (APEC) since 1998 At the moment, is making an effort to enter World Vietnam is making every effort to join Trading Organization World Trade Organization (WTO) 79 APPENDIX J TRANSCRIPTION OF TEACHER’S IN-CLASS CHECKING SESSION IN QH2009 E20 (21/02/2013) Student’s translation Teacher’s suggestions Geography and climate Geography and climate Territory of Vietnam includes 330,991 The territory of Vietnam includes square km of inland area and immense 330,991 square km land area and territorial waters Vietnam is an S- immense sea Vietnam is an S-shaped shaped land stretching 1,650 km from land stretching 1,650 km from the north the north to the south of the country to the south of the country Vietnam has a land frontier of 3,730 km, Vietnam has a 3,730 km land border, bordering China in the north (1,150 km) borders on China (1,150 km) in the and sharing the border in the west with north, borders Laos (1,650 km) and Laos (1,650 km) and Cambodia (930 Cambodia (930 km) in the west km) Located in the east of Indochina Located in the east of Indochina peninsular, near the center of Southeast peninsula, near the center of Southeast Asia with a coastline of 3,451 km in Asia with a 3,451 km coastline, length, Vietnam has ideal advantageous Vietnam has ideal advantageous conditions for economy development in conditions for economy development in general and commerce as well as general, trade and tourism in particular tourism in particular Mountains and tropical forests account 80 Mountains and tropical forests account for three quarters of land area; however, for three-fourthsof land area; however, lowlands are crowded the most Two lowlands are the most populated The national “rice baskets” lie in Red river Red River Delta in the north and delta of the northern part and Mekong Mekong Delta in the south are the two river delta of the southern part large “rice baskets” Generally, Vietnam has a tropical Generally, Vietnam has a tropical monsoon climate with high humidity all monsoon climate with high humidity all year round In northern part, there are the year round In the north, there are four separate kinds of seasons, spring, four distinct seasons: spring, summer, summer, autumn and winter In southern autumn and winter In the south, there part, there are only two kinds, dry are only two kinds: dry season and season and rainy season The center part rainy season The Central has a harsh has a harsh climate which is frequently climate with frequent natural calamity featured by many catastrophes such as such as droughts and flood Every year, droughts and floods Every year, Vietnam has about 1,500- 2,000 sunny Vietnam has about 1,500- 2,000 hours of hours with radiation heat of over 100 sunshine with heat radiation of over 100 kcal per square cm per year and kcal per square cm per year and approximately 100 rainy days with approximately 100 rainy days with annual precipitation of 1,500- 2,000 annual precipitation of 1,500- 2,000 mm mm Population Population According to 1999 census, Vietnam has According to 1999 census, Vietnam has a population of 76.3 million Regarding a population of 76.3 million Regarding population, Vietnam comes the second population, Vietnam comes the second 81 in Southeast Asia and 13th among over in Southeast Asia and the 13th among 200 nations and territories in the world over 200 nations and territories in the It is estimated that until the end of 2005, world It is estimated that until the end Vietnam’s population will be 85 million of 2005, Vietnam’s population will be Average population density is 227 85 million Average population density people per square km The annual is 227 people per square km The population growth rate is approximately annual 1.7% population growth rate is approximately 1.7% Overpopulation has created an intense Rapid population growth has exerted a pressure on natural resources, economic great pressure on natural resources, and social development and quality of economic and social development and life for people Nowadays, because of people’s quality of life Today, being becoming more aware of the effects of better aware of the impacts of population on the development of the population on the country development country as well as on families’ as well as on families’ happiness, more happiness, more and more people are people are actively participating in actively participating in carrying out family planning It is expected that by family planning People hope that by 2005, the annual population growth rate 2005, the annual population growth rate can be reduced to 1.5% can be reduced to 1.5% Vietnam’s population Vietnam’s population distributes distributes unevenly, about 80% of the population unevenly, about 80% of the population live in lowland and coastal areas (1,180 concentrates on lowland and coastal people per km in Red River Delta in areas at a very high density (1,180 1999) Midlands and highlands are people per km in Red river delta sparsely populated (respectively 67 and in1999) Midland and mountainous areas 62 people per km in Central Highlands have a sparse population (respectively and Northeast) 82 67 and 62 people per km in Tay Nguyen Of 54 ethnic groups, the Kinh accounts and Tay Bac) for 88% of the total population The rest Among 54 ethnic groups, Kinh race makes up 88% of the total population The rest are ethnic minorities scatter over Vietnam’s territory About 80% of Vietnam’s population lives on agriculture and over a half of the population are under the age of 25 Annually, Vietnam’s labor force increases roughly by 1.1- 1.2 million are ethnic minorities scattering over Vietnam’s territory About 80% of Vietnam’s population lives on agriculture and over a half of the population are under 25 years of age Annually, Vietnam’s labor force increases roughly by 1.1- 1.2 million This is a great potential and also a huge challenge of Vietnam This is a great potential and also a big challenge of Vietnam Natural resources Natural resources Vietnam has diverse natural resources Vietnam has diverse natural resources, including forests, marine and minerals including forest, marine and mineral Vietnam’s forests are valued to be of resources Vietnam’s forests are high biodiversity with abundant flora considered to have high biodiversity and fauna In total, Vietnam’s forests values with abundant flora and fauna In contains about 800 wood, 60 bamboo total, Vietnam’s forests have around 800 and over 1,500 medicinal plant species types of wood, 60 types of bamboo and Forest animals consist of 275 mammals, over 1,500 herbs Forest animals consist 826 birds, 100 amphibians and 180 of 275 types of mammals, 826 types of reptiles species Many rare precious birds, 100 types of amphibians and 180 animals of Vietnam are on the World types of reptiles Many types of precious Red List 83 and rare animals of Vietnam have been recorded in global Red Book Beside great potentials in sources of Beside great potentials in energy from energy such as oil, gasoline, coal and oil, gasoline, coal and hydroelectric hydroelectric energy, Vietnam is also energy, Vietnam is also rich in other rich in other minerals such as iron ore, minerals such as iron ore, copper, gold, copper, gold, precious stone, bauxite, precious stone, bauxite, tin, zinc, tin, zinc, chromium, apatite and many chromium, apatite and many building building materials such as granite stone, materials like granite stone, marble, clay marble, clay and graphite In addition, and graphite In addition, many marine many marine resources and agricultural resources and agricultural potentials also potentials also help diversify the help diversify the richness of Vietnam in richness of Vietnam in terms of natural terms of natural resources resources History History Vietnam had an over 4000-year history Vietnam had an over 4000-year history from ancient Vietnamese with the foundation of their first country named “Van Lang” in 2879 B.C Vietnam’s history has always been portrayed as a long-lasting and continuous struggle for independence and freedom Vietnam was colonized in over 1000 years by China before (from 110 B.C to 939 A.D) Vietnam was also a colony of France in nearly 100 years from 1859 to 84 from ancient Vietnamese with the foundation of their first country named “Van Lang” in 2879 B.C Vietnam’s history has always been portrayed as a long-lasting and continuous struggle for independence and freedom Vietnam was colonized in over 1000 years by China before (from 110 B.C to 939 A.D) Vietnam was also a colony of France in nearly 100 years from 1859 to 1945 1945 During World War II, Vietnam was In World War II, Vietnam was invaded by Japan, and later by France Vietnam nd declared independence on September 1945, but right after that it was involved in another war to stop French army from making Vietnam their colony once again This war lasted for another year The war ended in 1945, although the country was separated in two by latitude 17 Northern Vietnam formed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, under the leadership of the Communist Party Meanwhile, Southern influenced by Vietnam Western was countries, especially the US The intervention of the US in Vietnam was stronger in 1950s and climbed up turning into total war in March 1965 when the American army first landed on Vietnam Although American soldiers backed off entirely in March 1973 according to Paris Agreements, war continued until 30th April 1975 when 85 occupied by Japanese troops and later French colonialists Vietnam declared independence on 2nd September 1945, but right after that plunged into the war against the French’s scheme to recolonize Vietnam This war lasted for another year and ended in 1945 when the country was divided in two parts by 17th parallel of latitude Northern Vietnam formed Republic of the Vietnam Democratic under the leadership of the Communist Party Meanwhile, Southern Vietnam was influenced by Western countries, especially the US The intervention of the US in Vietnam was stronger in 1950s and climbed up turning into total war in March 1965 when the American army first landed on Vietnam Although American soldiers backed off entirely in March 1973 according to Paris Agreements, war continued until 30th April 1975 when Southern Vietnam was freed Southern Vietnam was freed completely completely The country was reunified The country was reunified with the with the name the Socialist Republic of name the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Vietnam in January 1976 in January 1976 However, the remnants of war still However, the remnants of war still existed by 1979 Vietnam nowadays is existed by 1979 Vietnam nowadays is a a peaceful country peaceful country International relations Before initiating economic reforms, International relations Vietnam remained diplomatic relations Before initiating economic reforms, Vietnam remained diplomatic relations with the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and other socialist countries Currently, because of open with the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and other socialist countries Currently, because of open economic policies, foreign relations of Vietnam have become more diverse economic policies, foreign relations of Relation between Vietnam and China Vietnam have become more diverse Relation between Vietnam and China was normalized in 1991 In July 1995, Vietnam gained a historic turning point in foreign relations: diplomatic relation between Vietnam and the US was completely normalized Also in this year, Vietnam became an official member of ASEAN and signed a Cooperation Agreement with European Union Now Vietnam has diplomatic 86 was normalized in 1991 In July 1995, Vietnam gained a historic turning point in foreign relations: diplomatic relation between Vietnam and the US was completely normalized Also in this year, Vietnam became an official member of ASEAN and signed a Cooperation Agreement with European Union Now Vietnam has diplomatic relations with over 160 nations and has trade relations with 120 countries and relations with over 160 nations and has territories trade relations with 120 countries and territories Vietnam also reconnected relations with international financial institutions and Vietnam also reconnected relations with multilateral credit organizations such as international financial institutions and World Bank multilateral credit organizations such as Monetary World Monetary Bank Fund (WB), (IMF), Fund (WB), International (IMF), and Asia International Development Bank (ADB) Vietnam and Asia became a member of ASEAN Free Development Bank (ADB) Vietnam Trade Area (AFTA) since January became a member of ASEAN Free 1996 and an official member of AsiaTrade Area (AFTA) since January Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 1996 and an official member of Asia- since 1998 At the moment, Vietnam is Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) making every effort to join World since 1998 At the moment, Vietnam is Trade Organization (WTO) making every effort to join World Trade Organization (WTO) 87 ... extend – stretch, plains – lowlands, create enormous pressure – put/ exert enormous pressure, kinds – species, marine time – marine, create the country – found the country, feudalist – feudalism,... Translated text Suggestions by teacher T Việt Nam tuyên bố độc lập ngày 2/9/1945, sau lại lao vào chiến tranh chống âm mưu Pháp nhằm biến Việt Nam lần thành thuộc địa chúng Vietnam declared to... Granary “rice basket” Tỷ lệ tăng dân số hàng năm Annual population Annual population increasing rate growth rate Thực dân Pháp French colonialism Cuộc chiến tranh toàn diện Total/ war Chính sách