[...]... 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X B1 ∆ ∆ E1 ∆ F1 X X RSOH D1 ∆ ∆ D2 ∆ D3 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 AU-PTR B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 MSOH 8 D10 D 11 D12 9 S1 M1 E2 X X J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 POH Figure 1. 12 STM -1 headers In order to explain the meaning of the path overhead fields with reference to the specific transported payload, the SDH multiplexing elements and their mutual... 595 596 597 H2 H3 0 1 2 AU-4 AU-3 12 5 µs 85 763 764 83 84 85 TU-3 592 593 594 V1 3 21 427 V2 0 12 5 µs V1 10 5 13 9 V2 0 12 5 µs V1 78 10 3 V2 0 12 5 µs 10 6 V3 10 7 213 V4 214 250 µs 69 V4 70 250 µs 375 µs 25 V3 26 51 V4 52 250 µs 375 µs TU-2 320 375 µs 34 V3 35 12 5 µs 500 µs 10 4 TU -12 500 µs 77 TU -11 500 µs Figure 1. 16 Pointer offset numbering in different multiplexing units On the other hand, when the VC-4... 1 n-2 n-2 n-2 n -1 n -1 n -1 n 9 n n n n n n n n 12 5 µs 1 D-bits inverted 4 H1 Frame m -1 H2 n-2 n-2 n-2 n -1 n -1 n -1 n 9 250 µs 1 Frame m 4 H1 H2 n-2 n-2 n-2 n -1 n -1 n -1 n 9 375 µs 1 Frame m +1 4 9 H1 H2 n-2 n-2 n-2 n -1 n -1 n -1 n 500 µs Figure 1. 17 Example of negative justification with AU-4 emptying byte 0 of AU-3, respectively and adjusting correspondingly the pointer value in H1– H2 Apparently justification... children Achille Pattavina Milan, 19 97 bisdn Page 1 Tuesday, November 18 , 19 97 4:49 pm Switching Theory: Architecture and Performance in Broadband ATM Networks Achille Pattavina Copyright © 19 98 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBNs: 0-4 71- 96338-0 (Hardback); 0-470-8 419 1-5 (Electronic) Chapter 1 Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network A broad overview on the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network... flexibility in providing an integrated transport of heterogeneous kinds of communication services The book is intended to provide the state of the art in the field of switching for broadband ATM networks by covering three different areas: the theory of switching in interconnection networks, the architectures of ATM switching fabrics and the traffic performance of these switching fabrics A full coverage of switching. .. 408 Index .409 book_preface Page xv Tuesday, November 18 , 19 97 4:57 pm Switching Theory: Architecture and Performance in Broadband ATM Networks Achille Pattavina Copyright © 19 98 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBNs: 0-4 71- 96338-0 (Hardback); 0-470-8 419 1-5 (Electronic) Preface Broadband networks based on the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) standard are becoming more and more popular... bytes and the STS -1 signal has a rate of 51. 840 Mbit/s with a payload capacity of 50 .11 2 Mbit/s Higher layer interfaces are obtained as integer multiples of the basic building block The relation bisdn Page 28 Tuesday, November 18 , 19 97 4:49 pm 28 Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network 1 522 522 522 523 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 0 0 0 2 61 7 81 782 782 782 85 86 86 86 1 520 5 21 5 21 5 21 1 H1 595... Conference Circuit Switching Video 10 -1 10 Low Speed Data Compressed Low Speed LAN -2 Terminal To Host 10 -3 3 10 10 4 10 Packet Switching High Speed LAN/MAN Super Computer Image 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10 Peak Service Bit-Rate (bit/s) Figure 1. 1 Service burstiness factor Two features of a communication service are felt as becoming more and more important to the user, that is the multipoint and multimedia... described and made homogeneous The key role played by sorting and banyan networks of this new theory within the area of broadband ATM networking is highlighted The different types of ATM switching architectures are classified according to their fundamental parameters, related to the properties of their interconnection network and to the type of cell queueing adopted in the switching fabric ATM switching fabrics... 764 and the byte 0 follows immediately H3 (see again Figure 1. 16) The pointer information to synchronize lower-order VCs, that is VC -11 ,VC -12 and VC-2, operates a little differently from the previous pointers Now the bytes carrying the pointer information are called V1, V2 and V3 and they play the same role as H1, H2 and H3, respectively A 500 µs multiframe including 4 basic frames is defined, which includes . banyan networks 16 8 6 .1. 1 .1. Basic structures 16 8 6 .1. 1.2. Performance 16 9 6 .1. 2. Enhanced banyan networks 17 2 6 .1. 2 .1. Structures 17 2 6 .1. 2.2. Performance 17 5 6.2. Networks with a Single Plane and. the information transfer between them. The set-up Figure 1. 1. Service burstiness factor Burstiness Factor 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 345 6 78 910 10 10 10 10 -1 -2 -3 0 Circuit Switching Packet Switching Voice Video Uncompressed Compressed Low Speed Data Terminal To. Chapter 8 ATM Switching with Non-Blocking Multiple-Queueing Networks 2 81 8 .1. Combined Input–Output Queueing 284 8 .1. 1. Basic architectures 284 8 .1. 1 .1. Internal queue loss 284 8 .1. 1.2. Internal