Chapter One: Introduction ANATOMICAL POSITION AND TERMS OF DIRECTION f. __ e _ ) ( 1) I, \ V I b. __ a. _ h.___ 1. _ ). lII(' : ': ;-~. k e. _ g._ a. _ b. __ When studying the human body it is important to place the body in anatomical position. Anatomical position is described as the body facing you, feet placed together and flat on the floor. The head is held erect, arms straight by the side with palms facing forward. All references to the body are made as if the body is in this position so when you describe something as being above something else it is always with respect to the body being in anatomical position. The relative position of the parts of the human body has specific terms. Superior means above while inferior means below. Medial refers to being close to the midline while lateral means to the side. Anterior or ventral is to the front while posterior ordorsal is to the back. Superficial is near the surface while deep means to the core of the body. When working with the limbs, proximal means closer to the trunk while distal is to the ends of the extremities. Write the directional terms in the spaces provided and color in the arrows in reference to these terms. Note that these terms are somewhat different for four legged animals. ~V? h. __ I 1 )~ I. l«=~ \! Answer Key: a. Superior, b. Inferior, c. Lateral, d. Medial, e. Proximal, f. Distal, g. Anatomical position, h Posterior, i.Anterior, j. Dorsal, k. Ventral ANATOMICAL PLANES OF THE BODY Many specimens in anatomy are sectioned so that the interior of the organ or region can be examined. It is important that the direction of the cut is known so that the proper orientation of the specimen is known. A heart looks very different if it is cut along its length as opposed to horizontally. A horizontal cut is known as a transverse section or a cross section. A cut that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts is a coronal section or frontal section. One that divides the structure into left and right parts is a sagittal section. If the body is divided directly down the middle the section is known as a midsagittal section. A midsagittal section is usually reserved for dividing the body into to equal left and right parts. If an organ (such as the eye) is sectioned into two equal parts such that there is a left and right halfthen this is known as a median section. Label the illustrations and color in the appropriate planes. Chapter One I mKAPeLAN(I· -Ical 3 Introduction c. _ a. _ Answer Key: a. Frontal (coronal) plane, b. Transverse(cross-section) plane, c.Median (midsagittal) plane b. c. Chapter One I KAPLA~. I 5 Introduction meulCa HIERARCHY OF THE BODY The human body can be studied at different levels. Organs such as the stomach can be grouped into organ systems (digestive system) or can be studied on a smaller scale like the cellular level. The ranking of these levels is called a hierarchy. The smallest organizational unit is the atom. Individual atoms are grouped into larger structures called molecules. These in turn make up organelles, which are part of a larger, more complicated systems called cells. Cells are the structural and functional units of life.Cells are clustered into tissues. Organs are discreet units made up of two or more tissues and organs are grouped into organ systems that compose the organism. Label the levels of the hierarchy and color each item a different color. d. _ o ~a. g b. _ c. Answer Key:a. Organism (human), b. Organ system (respiratory system) c. Organ (lung), d. Tissue (epithelium), e. Organelle (cilia),f. Molecule, g.Atom,h. cells REGIONS OF THE ABDOMEN In anatomy the abdomen is divided into nine regions. Write the names of the regions in the spaces indicated. Color both the left and right hypochondriac regions in light blue. Hypochondriac means "below the cartilage." The common use of the word (someone who thinks they are sick all the time) reflects the Greek origin of the word as the ancient Greeks considered the region to be the center of sadness. Inferior to the hypochondriac regions are the lumbar or lateral abdominal regions. These are commonly known as the "love handles." Use yellow for these regions. Below the lumbar regions are the inguinal or iliac regions. Youshould color in these regions with the same shade of green. In the middle of the abdomen is the umbilical region. Color this region in red. Above this isthe epigastric region (epi = above and gastric= stomach). Color this region in purple. Below the umbilical region is the hypogastric region (hypo = below). Color this region in a darker blue. In clinical settings a quadrant approach is used. Write the names of the regions (right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant) in the spaces provided. Color each quadrant a different color. Answer Key:a Right hypochondriac, b. Right lumbar (lateralabdominal), c.Umbilical, d. Right Inguinal or iliac, e. Epigastric, f. Lefthypochondriac, g.Left lumbar (lateralabdominal), h. Left inguinal or iliac, i. Hypogastric, ) Leftupper quadrant, k. Right upper quadrant, I. Left lower quadrant, m. Right lower quadrant a. b. c. d. Chapter One I KAPLAlf d - I 7 Introduction me lea g Chapter One I IAPLAN d ·· I 9 Introduction me lea and will not be treated as a separate system here. The muscular system consists of individual skeletal muscles as organs such as the pectoralis major and deltoid. Label the organ systems underneath each illustration and label the selected organs by using the terms available. When you finish, select different colors for each organ system and color them in. ORGAN SYSTEMS The human body is either studied by regions or by organs systems. This book uses the organ system approach in which individual organs (such as bones) are grouped into the larger organ system (for example, the skeletal system). Typically eleven organ systems are described. The skeletal system consists of all of the bones of the body. Examples are the femur and the humerus. The nervous system consists of the nerves, spinalcord, and brain while the lymphatic system consists of lymph glands, conducting tubes called lymphatics, and organs such as the spleen. The term immune system is more of a functional classification Organ System Skeletal system Nervous system Lymphatic system Muscular system Organ Femur Nerves Lymph glands Pectoralis major Organ Humerus Spinal cord Spleen Deltoid Organ Brain 1. _ 1 Answer Key: a. Humerus, b. Femur, c. Skeletal, d. Brain, e. Spinal cord, f. Nerves, g. Nervous, h. Spleen, i. Lymph nodes, j. Lymphatic, k. Deltoid, I Pectoralis major, m. Muscular ffi _ g d _ c. _ J. b a Chapter One I mKAPeLANd' -Ical 11 Introduction Label the organ systems underneath each illustration and label the selected organs by using the terms available. When you finish, select different colors for each organ system and color them in. ORGAN SYSTEMS (CONTINUED) The skin and other structures are in the integumentary system and the digestive system involves the breakdown and absorption of food with organs such as the esophagus and stomach. The endocrine system is made of the glands that secrete hormones such as the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands. The respiratory system involves the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood. The respiratory system consists of organs such as the trachea and lungs. Organ System Integumentary system Digestive system Endocrine system Respiratory system Organ Skin Esophagus Thyroid gland Trachea Organ Stomach Adrenal glands Lungs ~, I ( a J \~\ "', ~~. ,-,.,"1 \ b _ e. _ Q )fjp )._ ~~ /, , \ I ~'.~~ I \ 'I' / \ / \ \ / h k. _ Answer Key:a. Skin, b. Integumentary, c. Esophagus, d. Stomach, e. Digestive, f. Thyroid gland, g. Adrenal gland, h. Endocrine, i, Trachea, j. Lung, k. Respiratory Chapter One I m lA PeLAN d ' eal 13 Introduction the first letter of a name of an organ system. Label the organ systems underneath each illustration and label the selected organs by using the terms available. When you finish, select different colors for each organ system and color them in. ORGAN SYSTEMS (COI\ITINUED) The heart and associated blood vessels compose the cardiovascular system which circulates blood throughout the body. The urinary system filters, stores, and conducts some wastes from the body. The bladder and urethra are part of the urinary system. The testes and ovaries are part of the reproductive system and this system perpetuates the species. The differentiation of male and female systems makes this organ system unique among the other systems. These eleven organs systems can be remembered by the memory clue LN Cries Drum. Each letter represents Organ System Cardiovascular system Urinary system Reproductive system Organ Heart Bladder Testes Organ Blood vessels Urethra Ovaries J C \:: -J h. _ 1. _ Answer Key: a.Heart,b. Blood vessels, c. Cardiovascular, d. Bladder, e. Urethra, f. Urinary, g. Ovary, h. Testis, I. Reproductive c. _ a. -_ b Chapter One I KAPLA~. I 15 Introduction meulCa a. BODY REGIONS (AI\ITERIOR) There are specific anatomical terms for regions of the body. These areas or regions frequently have Greek or Latin names because early western studies in anatomy occurred in Greece and Rome. During the Renaissance, European scholars studied anatomy and applied the ancient names to the structures. Label the various regions of the body and fill in their names. You can use a standard anatomy text or follow the key at the bottom of the page. A list of terms and their common names follows for the anterior side of the body. Color in the regions of the body. cranial (head) facial (face) cervical (neck) deltoid (shoulder) pectoral (chest) sternal (center of chest) brachial (arm) antebrachial (forearm) manual (hand) digital (fingers) abdominal (belly) inguinal (groin) coxal (hip) femoral (thigh) genicular (knee) crural (leg) pedal (foot) digital (toes) qr-~) \ ~··:~lf.e-;;) .:§ )1) ~b_' _ ~ ~ ::::.>::- __ - :::::;::::.~ d. : r" "',"" :' '\ ( '] ( '> ! e. ~ \. y~ f : ./ ·V ) 1- g. __ . \L\ ····· ~- . 0 ( f\/·t 1 . - .\. \ \J 1. _ m. _ ~ / n. ~ -/~~ O. _ J ~ " Tp }~ r'''L q ~;{ j \ ~~ r. Answer Key: a. Cranial (head), b. Facial (face), c.Cervical (neck), d. Deltoid (shoulder), e. Sternal (center of chest), f Pedoral (chest), g. Brachial (arm), h. Abdominal (belly), i. Antebrachial (forearm), j. Coxal (hip), k. Manual (hand), I.Digital (fingers), m. Inguinal, n. Femoral (thigh), o. Genicular (knee), p. Crural (leg), q. Pedal (foot), r. Digital (toes) m. BODY REGIONS (POSTERIOR) For the posterior view of the body fill in the terms and color the regions of the body. The anatomical names are given first with the common names in parentheses. cephalic (head) nuchal (neck) scapular (shoulder blade) vertebral (backbone) lumbar (love handles) brachial (arm) olecranon (elbow) antebrachial (forearm) gluteal (buttocks) femoral (thigh) popliteal (back of knee) sural (calf) calcaneal (heel) Answer Key: a.Cephalic (head), b. Nuchal (neck), c. Scapular (shoulder blade),d. Brachial (arm), e. Vertebral (backbone),f. Olecranon (elbow), g.Lumbar(love handles), h. Antebrachial (forearm), i. Gluteal (buttocks), j. Femoral (thigh), k. Popliteal (backof knee), I. Sural (calf),m. Calcaneal (heel) Chapter One I lAP LANd' • I 17 Introduction me lea i J. .' / 11- \ } ~ BODY CAVITIES The organs of the body are frequently found in body cavities. The body is divided into two main cavities, the dorsal body cavity and the ventral body cavity. The dorsal body cavity consists of the cranial cavity, which houses the brain and the spinal canal, which surrounds the spinal cord. The ventral body cavity contains the upper thoracic cavity, which is subdivided into the pleural cavities, housing the lungs, and the Chapter One I KAPLA If d - I 19 Introduction me lea mediastinum. The mediastinum contains the heart in the pericardial cavity, the major vessels near the heart, nerves, and the esophagus. Below the thoracic cavity is the abdominopelvic cavity, which contains the upper abdominal cavity, housing the digestive organs, and the inferior pelvic cavity, which holds the uterus and rectum in females or just the rectum in males. Label the specific and major cavities of the body and color them with different colors. b c. Answer Key: a. Dorsal body cavity, b. Cranial cavity, c. Spinalcanal, d. Ventral body cavity, e. Thoracic cavity, f. Mediastinum, g Pericardial cavity, h. Pleural cavity, I. Abdominopelvic cavity, j. Abdominal cavity, k. Pelvic cavity [...]... lea a b I , ~ Platelets are small flat disks in the blood that aid in clotting c - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - d _ o • e _ 0 Go ~oO \V o Do !I00 ~O 00 oCb'(JOc; OO\JOC]J cP \\)OOC6 o f h Answer Key: a MatriX, b Osteocyte c Bone, d Erythrocyte, e Platelet, f Leukocytes, g Plasma, h Blood g - - - - - - - - - 35 Chapter Two Cells, Tissues, and Integument MUSCLE AND NERVOUS TISSUE Muscular... muscle and is colored pink, and an oil-secreting gland known as the sebaceous gland, which should be colored yellow Fingernails and toenails are considered accessory structures of the integument Color the diagram labeling the nail plate, the free edge, the nail fold, the lunula, eponychium (cuticle), nail root, hyponychium and the nail bed a 1 k J 1 - - - - - - - - - h 41 _ m n o Answer Key: a Bulb, b Follicle,... color the cells and fibers of cartilage and use a light color to shade the matrix such as a pale pink or blue a - - - - - - - - - - c e Answer Key: a Matrix, b Chondrocytes, c Hyalinecartilage, d Collagenous fibers, e Fibrocartilage, f Elastic fibers, g ElastiC cartilage f. - g I KAPLAll"d- me lea I :n Chapter Two Cells, Tissues, and Integument BONE AND BLOOD Bone is a connective tissue The cells are... the bladder is full, the cells stretch out into a few layers Label the cell types for each picture and color the structures in the same way as in previous illustrations a _ Stretched Relaxed b - - - - - - - - - - - Answer Key: a Stratified squamous epithelium, b Transitional epithelium I KAPLAdlf me lea I 25 Chapter Two Cells, Tissues, and Integument I KAPLA!._ meulCa I GLANDS There are several types... this tissue c d - - - - - - - - - Answer Key: a Simple squamous epithelium, b Simple cuboidal epithelium, c Simple columnar g epithelium, d.Cilia, e Cell membrane, t Nuclei, g Basement membrane, h Pseudostratlfled ciliated columnar epithelium h I UPLANd·· me lea I 23 Chapter Two Cells, Tissues, and Integument STRATIFIED EPITHELIA There are two common epithelial tissues that are many-layered Stratified... corpuscles f. 1 _ Fl , _ 1 - 1 Answer Key: a Stratum corneum, b Stratum IUCIdum, c Stratum granulosum, d Stratum spinosum, e Stratum basale, f Melanocyte, g Epidermis, h Papillary layer, I Reticular layer, J Dermis, k Hypodermis, L Sweat gland, m Pacinian corpuscle, n Meissnercorpuscle m. g. -) . - Chapter Two Cells, Tissues, and Integument HAIR AND NAILS Hair consists of several parts The hair... neuroglia, have many functions Some of these are supportive of the neuron and some may involve processing of neural information Label and color the parts of the neuron and the glial cells _ b ~'\\~~~}~~/ ;:CF-;C C~ :=':':C~':~ _ e - - - c d _ f b c _ 1 g 37 h _ Answer Key: a Striations, b Nuclei, c Cell, d Skeletal muscle, e Intercalated disc, f Cardiacmuscle, g Smooth muscle, h Nervous tissue,... Centrioles are microtubules grouped together and are involved in cell division Label the organelles of the cell and use a different color for each one The mitochondria are the energy-producing structures of the cell while the a p o ll m _ 1 _ The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer Color the phosphate molecules on the outside and inside of the membrane one color and the lipid layer another... a sweat gland Some cells squeeze parts of the cell off to secrete cellular products These are known as apocrine glands The lactiferous glands that produce milk are apocrine glands Some secretions occur by the entire cell rupturing These are called holocrine glands Oil glands of the skin are holocrine glands Label the glands and color them in on the figure b a c e. - Answer Key: a Exocrine gland, b... the skin contains many layers Color the epidermis a red-orange The dermis consists of two layers, an upper papillary layer, which should be colored in a light pink, and a deeper reticular layer, which should be colored a darker pink There are sweat glands that are found in the dermis that can be colored purple You should color the hypodermis (not a part of the integument) yellow because of the amount