76 The trees are planted closely together in widely spaced rows. Close planting helps the tree trunks to grow straight. You will also need to take into account the canopy diameter of the manure trees when you plant the tree and row spacing. Most tree catalogues and books give these figures. Grazing animals are brought into the forest after three to six years (depending on growth rate, climate and species). Grazing is controlled through light stocking rates. By this stage, the short-lived pioneer species will have either died naturally, or will have been harvested for their short-term yields, e.g. mulch, poles and firewood. At maturity your structural forest will consist of 250 to 500 high value trees per acre and will support grazing animals. 2. Comprehension check.(pair-work) Answer the following questions. a. What is the first step for establishing a new forest? b. What trees should be planted first? c. When should the grazing animals be brought into the forest? d. How can the animals be controlled? e. What should you do to graze your animals in the forest? f. Is it necessary to grow a diversity of trees? Why? g. Should the trees be planted closely? Why? h. What should you do when you plant trees and row placing? 3. Write out the steps of building a farm on which trees, forests and animals are grown together in a combination. - First, - Next, - Then, - After that, - Finally, 4. Translation. Translate the reading passage into Vietnamese. 5. Design sustainable ecosystems. Try the following things. - Consider your local area. If you were a farm-planner: - Where would you want to plant windbreak to shop in comfort, to protect schoolyards, etc? Would you aim to reduce the impact of hot dry winds, cold harsh winds or dirty winds? What are the plant characteristics needed to do this? What species would you use? - What animals would you introduce? What crops would you plant and where you would plant them, etc? timber windbreak coconut pear orange longan tomato grass runner bean cherry nitrogen-fixing peanut carrot 77 cow fish pig duck chicken Put the words showing the plants and animals you intend to grow on your farm and give your reasons to support your ideas. Your farm __ __ _ __ __ __- __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __- __ __ __ __ __ _ 6. Fill in the gaps with given words in the box. allowing ; consist ; protected ; harvest ; several develop ; involves ; allowed ; enough ; so that Forest and indigenous animals Again, start with windbreaks and water systems. You will plant …(1)… every two years you will cut or coppice one row of trees. Copying …(2)… cutting a tree at about chest height, and is carried out so that you can …(3)… firewood, mulch, etc. on a renewable basis, without having to fell the entire tree. After …(4)… years coppiced trees grow many new limbs. The initial tree planting will …(5)… of pioneer species interplanted with long-term valuable trees. Over the years the shorter-lived trees are removed, …(6)… the final climax species to …(7)… without trees from competition for light or nutrients. Young trees must be …(8)… from rabbits and grazing animals; however, once they are large …(9)…, the local indigenous animal species are …(10)… in to maintain forest functions. ______________ The highest tree has the greatest fall 78 § UNIT 12 LAND-USE PLANNING? I. Word study. A. Put the right word into the blanks. - allocation - outset - equity - inequalities - efficiency - achieved - viable - destroy - forfeited - benefit - yield - undertook - combined - involved - redistribution 1. Goals should be specified at the . . . . . . . . . of the particular planning project. 2. We have spent out entire. . . . . . . . for the year. 3. The . . . . . . . . of referee's decision was accepted by everyone. 4. He has . . . . . . . . the right to represent the people. 5. I have . . . . . . . . only half of what I'd hoped to do. 6. Increasingly, farmland is . . . . . . . . to property development 7. He . . . . . . . . . to finish he job by Friday. 8. . . . . . . . . . in wealth cause social unrest. 9. The strike . . . . . . . . . many people in the area. 10. Success was achieved by the . . . . . . . . . efforts of the whole team. II. READING A. 1. Pre-reading task, a. Have you ever planned your work or time? b. What does land-use planning mean? c. What are the goals of a planning project? WHAT IS LAND-USE PLANNING? Land-use planning is the systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternatives for land use and economic and social conditions in order to select and adopt the best land use options. Its purpose is to select and put into practice those land uses that will best meet the needs of the people while safeguarding resources for the future. Goals of land-use planning should be specified at the outset of a particular planning project. Goals may be grouped under the three headings of efficiency, equity and acceptability and sustainability. 1. Efficiency. Land use must be economically viable, so one goal of development planning is to make efficient and productive use of the land. For any particular land use, certain areas are better suited than others. Efficiency is achieved by matching different land uses with the areas that ill yield the greatest benefits at the least cost. Efficiency means different things to different people, however. To the individual land user, it means the greatest return on capital and labour invested or the greatest benefit from the area available. Government objectives are more complex: they may include improving the foreign exchange situation by producing for export or for import substitution. 2. Equity and acceptability Land use must also be socially acceptable. Goals include food security, employment and security of income in rural areas. Land improvements and redistribution of land may be undertaken to reduce inequality, to attack absolute poverty. One way of doing this is to set a threshold standard of living to which those of target groups should be raised. Living standards may include levels of income, nutrition, food security and housing. Planning to achieve these standards then involves the allocation of land for specific uses as well as the allocation of financial another resource. 3. Sustainability 79 Sustainable land use is what which meets the needs of the present while, at the same time, conserving resources for future generations. This requires a combination of production and conservation: the production of the goods needed by people now is combined with the conservation of the natural resources on which that production depends so as to ensure continued production in the future. A community that destroys its land forfeits its future. Land use has to be planned for the community as a whole because the conservation of soil, water and other land resources is often beyond the means of individual land users. 2. Comprehension check. Are the sentences true or false? Correct the false ones. a.__Land-use planning is the systematic assessment of land and water potential in order to select and adopt the best land use options. b.__The purpose of land-use planning is to select and put into practice those land uses that will best meet the needs of the people while safeguarding resources for the future. c.__Goals of a planning project should be specified at the beginning of the project. d.__Goals may be grouped under the four headings of efficiency, equity, acceptability and sustainability. e.__Efficiency is achieved by getting the greatest benefits at the most cost. f.__Goals never include food security, employment and security of income in rural areas. g.__Efficiency means the greatest return on capital and labour invested or greatest benefits from the area available. h.__Living standards include levels of income, nutrition, food security and housing. i.__Sustainability in land-use planning is meeting the needs of the present as well as conserving resources for future generations. 3. Speaking. (group-work) Each of the groups will talk about the main goals of a planning project. a. What are the main goals of a planning project? b. What does efficiency/equity/acceptability/sustainability/ mean? 4. Writing Summary. a. What purpose of land-use planning is. b. What the goals of a planning project are. II. GRAMMAR. Adverbial clause of purpose - Purpose can be expressed by clauses. - Purpose clauses are usually expressed by: so that ; in order that ; that . . . * Example: - They wrote the notices in several languages so that foreign tourists could understand them. - The burglar cut the telephone wires in order that I couldn't call the police. A. Practice. 1. Fill in the gaps with one of the following conjunctions: so that; in order that; so as (not) to; in order to; to . . . a. Ships always carry lifeboats . . . . . . . . the crew can escape if the ships sink. 80 b. The production of the goods needed now must combine with the conservation of the national resources on which that production depends . . . . . . . .ensure continued production in the future. c. Land-sue planning is the systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternative for land use and economic and social conditions. . . . . . . . . .select and adopt the best land-use options. d. They built a high wall round the garden . . . . . . . . .their fruit wouldn't be stolen. e. Please, shut the gate . . . . . . . . . . the cows won't get out of the field. f. Artificial fertilizers need to be soluble compounds…………….plants can absorb the nutrients. g. planting a diverse range of species ……………no one pest can attack all the trees. 2. Combine the following pair to make a new sentence, using: so that; in order that; so as (not) to; in order to; to . . . a. I'm putting nets over my strawberry plants. I don't want the birds to eat all the strawberries. b. He wore a false beard. He didn't want anyone to recognize him. c. We took off our shoes. We didn't want to make any noise. d. The town council has forbidden coal fire. They are trying to keep the air clean. e. He telephoned from a public call-box. He didn't want the call to be traced to his own address. f. They got up very early. They wanted to get to the top of the hill before sunrise. g. As Bill went through the forest he marked the trees. He wanted the rest of the party to know which way he had gone. h. Indigenous forests involved over millions of years with all the pressures of natural selection operating. Finally what we see is a highly refined complex which is beautifully honed to survive in the surrounding environment. i. Your garden is balanced. It will be perfectly self-sustaining if left undisturbed. PART B I. Word study. A. Match the word with its definition. 1. catchment 2. concept 3. discern 4. dwelling 5. ecosystem 6. emphasis 7. empower 8. ethic of caring 9. habitat 10. harmonious 11. incorporate 12. integration 13. interrelationship 14. methodology 15. perennial 16. shelter 17. site 18. standpoint 19. strive 20. symbiotic - arranged together in a pleasing, orderly way. - make something part of a whole. - place of residence, house, flat. - set of methods used in doing something. - make something logical or justifiable. - position from which things are seen and opinions are formed. - area from which rainfall flows into a river. - general notion, idea. - see something clearly. - ecological unit consisting of a group of plants and animals interacting with each other and with their surroundings. - special meaning, value or importance on something. - lasting for a long time. - place where a building, town is situated or something happened - combine effort. - try very hard to obtain or achieve something. - system of moral principles, rules. - various parts fitting well together. - having relationship between two species, organism living closely. - give lawful power or authority to act. 81 21. synergy 22. trellis 23. validate - natural environment of an animal or a plant. - relating to each other. - condition of being protected, kept safe from disaster. - framework of crossing strips of wood, bamboo to support climbing plants. B. Fill in the gaps with the words above. 1. Permaculture can be applied to create productive………………from the human- use………………or to help degraded ecosystems recover health and wildness. 2. Permaculture is about designing ecological human………………and food production system 3. This ………………is further enhanced by mimicking patterns found in nature. 4. A central theme in permaculture is the design of ecological ………………that produce food 5. Permaculture is a sustainable design system stressing the harmonious ………………of humans, plants, animals and the earth. 6. Permaculture is one of the most holistic, integrated systems analysis and design ………………found in the world. 7. Permaculture values and ………………traditional knowledge and experience. 8. Permaculture………………sustainable agriculture practices and land management techniques and strategies from around the world. 9. Permaculture promotes organic agriculture which does not use………………to pollute the environment. 10. Permaculture aims to maximize……………… and………………relationship between site components. II. READING B. 1. Pre-reading questions. a. What does permaculture mean? b. What does it study? c. Who was the word coined by? d. When was the word coined? e. In what country was the word coined? PERMACULTURE Permaculture is a design system for creating sustainable human environments. The word “permaculture” was coined in 1978 by Bill Mollison, an Australian ecologist, and one of his students, David Holmgren. It is a contraction of ''permanent agriculture” or “permanent culture”. Permaculture is about designing ecological human habitats and food production system. It is a land use and community building movement which strives for the harmonious integration of human dwellings, microclimate, annual and perennial plants, animals, soils and water into stable, productive communities. The focus is not on these elements themselves, but rather on the relationships created among them by the way we place them in the landscape. This synergy is further enhanced by mimicking patterns found in nature. A central theme in permaculture is the design of ecological landscapes that produce food. Emphasis is placed on multi-use plants, cultural practices such as sheet mulching and trellising, and the integration of animals to recycle nutrients and graze weeds. However, permaculture entails much more than just food production. Energy-efficient buildings, waste water treatment, recycling, and land stewardship in general are other important components of permaculture. More recently, permaculture has expanded its purview to include economic and social structures that support the evaluation and 82 development of more permanent communities, such as co-housing projects and eco-villages. As such, permaculture design concepts are applicable to urban as well as rural settings, and are appropriate for single households as well as whole farms and villages. ''Integrated farming'' and ''ecological engineering'' are terms sometimes used to describe perma-culture, with ''cultivated ecology'' perhaps coming the closest. Though helpful, these terms alone do not capture the holistic nature of permaculture; thus, the following definitions are included here to provide additional insight. - Permaculture: the use of ecology as the basis for designing integrated system of food production, housing, appropriate technology, and community development. Permaculture is built upon an ethic of caring for the earth and interacting with the environment in mutually beneficial ways. - Permaculture is a sustainable design system stressing the harmonious interrelationship of humans, plants, animals and the earth. - Permaculture is a practical concept, which can be applied in the city, on the farm, and in the wilderness. Its principles empower people to establish highly productive environments providing for food, energy, shelter and other material and non-material needs, including economic. Carefully observing natural patterns characteristic of a particular site, the permaculture designer gradually discerns optimal methods for integrating water catchments, human shelter, and energy systems with tree crops, edible and useful perennial plants, domestic and wild animals and aquaculture. 2. Comprehension check. Are the following statements true or false? a.__Permaculture is one of the most holistic, integrated systems analysis and design methodologies found in the world. b.__Permaculture can be applied to create productive ecosystems from the human-use standpoint or to help degraded ecosystems recover health and wildness. c.__Permaculture can be applied in any ecosystems, no matter how degraded. d.__Permaculture values and validates traditional knowledge and experience. e.__Permaculture incorporates sustainable agriculture practices and land management techniques and strategies from around the world. f.__Permaculture promotes organic agriculture which does not use pesticides to pollute the environment. g.__Permaculture aims to maximize symbiotic and synergistic relationship between site components. h.__Permaculture is urban planning as well as rural land design. i.__Permaculture design is site specific, client specific, and culture specific. 2. Speaking. (pair-work) Ask and answer the following questions. a. What words does 'permaculture' derive from? b. What do designers base on to design permaculture ecosystem? c. What factors are important for permaculture designers? d. What should they take into account before planning their land? e. What benefits does permaculture bring to them? 3. Write out the characteristics of permaculture. a. b. c. d. e. 4. Fill in the gaps with given words in the box. production ; implies ; protecting ; erosion ; available ; applied 83 because ; acceptable ; inducement ; conservation ; between ; conserve CONSERVATION PROGRAMME An ambitious soil conservation program has concentrated on…(1)…steep slopes by bunding and afforestation. This has made a substantial impact on soil…(2)…,but has not contributed much to increased agricultural…(3)… . Large- scale afforestation is also unpopular with local people…(4)…it reduces the area…(5)…for livestock grazing while forest protection…(6)…denying access for fuel wood collection. A balance…(7)…the competing requirements of…(8)…and production is clearly needed if popular support for soil conservation work is to continue without…(9)…such as the food-for-work programme. A land-use plan to…(10)…steeper slopes by restoring good vegetative cover through closure, followed by controlled grazing, has been found to be more…(11)…to the local people than large-scale afforestation…(12)…in isolation. 5. Translation. Translate the passage into Vietnamese. ________________ Every medal has its reverse 84 § UNIT 13 INSECTS I. Word study. 1. Match the word with its definition. a. larva b. nymph c. suck d. hatch e. cotton bolls f. stalk borer g. piercing h. aphids i. fluid j. pupa k. stem l. enclose m. maturity n. arthropods o. exoskeleton p. exceed q. metamorphosis - insect in the first stage of its life after coming out of the egg. - insect in the stage of development between a larva and an adult - a young insect emerges from an egg. - very small insect that sucks the juice from plants. - any liquid substance. - draw a liquid or air into the mouth. - be greater or more numerous. - going into or through with sharp-pointed instrument. - change of form by natural growth. - adult stage. - main central part of a plant.(not a tree) - solid external skeleton. - put a wall, fence round something. - insect with hard outer body and joined legs (limbs). - a young insect - insect mouth like a bore which makes hole in stem of a plant. - cotton seed-case. 2. Fill in the gaps with words above. a. Insects are classified as …………… which have……………… and segmented bodies which are …………… by a hard and rigid …………… or external skeleton. b. Insect undergo changes in form as they increase in size and……………. c. In the case of aphids the adult female…………… eggs on a leaf which becomes the food store for the ……………, i.e. the young insects. d. The nymphs feed by …………… the leaf with their mouthparts and …………… the fluid from the leaf. e. When the number of …………… on a plant exceeds the number, some of them grow wings and fly to new plants. f. In a second type of metamorphosis, complete metamorphosis, the insect develops through four stages: egg, ……………, …………… and adult. g. In insects showing complete metamorphosis the eggs …………… into larvae. h. The cotton stainer kills cotton…………… and the…………… makes holes in the…………… of maize plants and eats the …………… and cobs. i. During the…… …stage the insect changes in form from the larva to the adult insect. II. READING A. 1. pre-reading task. Answer the following before reading the passage. a. Are there harmless insect? Are there useful insect? Why are they useful? b. How many legs does an insect have? 2. Write the names of insect you know under the two headings. Harmful insect - grass hopper - ………………………… - ………………………… - ………………………… - ………………………… Harmless insect - lizards - ……………………………. - ……………………………. - ……………………………. - ……………………………. 85 - ………………………… - …………………………… HOW INSECTS DEVELOP Insects are classified as arthropods, i.e. they have joined legs. They have segmented bodies which are enclosed by a hard and rigid exoskeleton or external skeleton. Insect undergo changes in form as they increase in size and maturity. These changes are described as metamorphosis, occurs in many important tropical pests, e.g. nymph and adult. In the case of aphids the adult female lays eggs on a leaf which becomes the food store for the nymphs, i.e. the young insects. The nymphs feed by piercing the leaf with their mouthparts and sucking the fluid from the leaf. When the number of aphids on a plant exceeds the number that can be supported by the plant, some of them grow wings and fly to new plants. Thus, if they are not controlled they can easily destroy a crop. The nymph reaches maturity in about a week. In a second type of metamorphosis, complete metamorphosis, the insect develops through four stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Like insects showing incomplete metamorphosis, the adult female lays eggs on a suitable host. However, in insects showing complete metamorphosis, e.g. flies and beetles, the eggs hatch into larvae. The larval stage is a feeding stage and is remarkably different from the adult in appearance, usually in habitat, and in food consumed. Many larvae cause serious damage to crops. For example, the cotton stainer kills cotton bolls and the stalk borer makes holes in the stems of maize plants and eats the leaches and cobs. When the larvae are fully fed they form a cocoon and the pupal stage begins. During the pupal stage the insect changes in form from the larva to the adult insect. 3. Comprehension check. A. Answer the following questions. a. How are insect classified? b. How do insect change in form? c. How do insect develop? d. Why are insect harmful to crops? e. How do people control insect? f. What methods do farmers often use to protect their crops from insect? B. Look at this chart which gives the information in the passage in note form. The left-hand side of the chart has been completed. Complete the right-hand side by referring to the passage. locusts cháu cháúu aphids rãûp væìng a. b. Incomplete metamorphos is INSECT c. Eggs d. Nymphs Feed on fluids In plants f. e. adults Feed on fluids g. [...]... the answers to these questions We cannot solve the problem of locusts until we find the answers to these questions B Every few years locusts come flying out of the desert They travel on the wind from 15 to 150 kilometers a day A locus is small It weights only about 60 grams However, locusts are a terrible problem because one is never alone There can be 100 million of them in two square kilometers Each... within a muscle n intravenous injection 14 process of treating an illness o gestation 15 inject medicine within a vein p regain 16 put something correct repeatedly q treatment 17 mass of cells forming the body of an animal or plant 2 Fill in the gaps with given words in the box 1 dairy / beef 2 supply / supplement 5 treat / treatment 2 retards / retardation 4 tissues / issues 6 gesture / gestation a... ignore 3 alert ; crucial ; abnormal 5 symptoms ; system ; synthesis 2 disorder ; disease ; disaster 4 medicinal ; medical ; medication 6 discovery ; recovery ; cover 1 The doctor……………measles 2 What is the best…………….for this condition? 3 Although he is over eighty his mind is still remarkably.…………… 4 Everyone began shouting at once and the meeting broke up in…………… 5 Experience will teach you which diseases...  The rotten apple injures its neighbours 94 § UNIT 15 I Word study NATURAL FORESTS A Find the words which have similar meaning 1 backbone a a small part or a piece broken off 2 pressure b stone used for sharpening the cutting edges of tools 3 hone c make something longer or larger 4 fragments d belong to cypress-tree and pine-tree 5 coniferous e being used to something 6 extend f unpolluted,... mammals, birds and…………… 3 Forests may be established in the areas such as: creeks, gullies, farm …………, ridges and places with ……………greater than 15 , and roadside………… 4 Your garden is the natural forests that are the……………and security for the whole landscape 5 Like your food forest and structural forest, this assembly (sæû làõp gheïp) of trees and their organisms provides…………… and protection, and maintains... B I Word study A Match the words which have similar meaning a prevent 1 inject with a vaccine b inoculate 2 ability to resist infection disease c cure 3 avoid d endemic 4 infectious disease e immunity 5 cause others to have a disease f calves 6 an infectious lung disease g colostrum 7 make definite more firmly h infect 8 not harm by something dangerous, or infectious disease i brucellosis 9 number of... 14 very young cattle B Fill in the gaps with words in the box 1 infectious ; infected ; infection 2 nutrients ; immunity ; diseases 3 cancer ; brucellosis ; cholera 4 tissues ; blood sample ; muscles 5 free of ; inoculate ; prevent 6 abortion ; herd ; calves a This vaccine will give cows…………….against tuberculosis for many years b .………….is an infectious disease which causes abortion in cattle and fever... OF ILLNESS 1 Match the word with the appropriate definition a crucial 1 watch or follow something b observe 2 small drop c disorder 3 manner d recovery 4 attentive and quick to think or act e diagnose 5 essential f symptom 6 confused state or lack of order g abnormal 7 medicine, medicinal substance h behaviour 8 different i alert 9 change in the body that indicates an illness j droplet 10 become healthy... formulate 1 cows produce milk b dairy cattle 2 thing added to something else to improve or complete it c mature 3 create something in a precise form d lactating cow 4 unable to have children e pregnant 5 ask for advice f supplement 6 slow the development g infertility 7 take medicine by mouth h retard 8 cows having a baby in the womb i consult 9 cows kept to produce milk j oral dosing 10 fully grown... back If a cow shows any of the above signs, she should be examined more closely The first step should be to take her body temperature Normal temperature is 38,8 to 39°C A cow showing a temperature of 39 ,5 °C is definitely ill If the temperature reaches 40°C, immediate steps should be taken It is a good idea to always keep medication at hand which will reduce fever Your veterinary surgeon will be able . yields, e.g. mulch, poles and firewood. At maturity your structural forest will consist of 250 to 50 0 high value trees per acre and will support grazing animals. 2. Comprehension check.(pair-work). 4. dwelling 5. ecosystem 6. emphasis 7. empower 8. ethic of caring 9. habitat 10. harmonious 11. incorporate 12. integration 13. interrelationship 14. methodology 15. perennial 16 questions. B. Every few years locusts come flying out of the desert. They travel on the wind from 15 to 150 kilometers a day. A locus is small. It weights only about 60 grams. However, locusts are