57 III. Fill in the gaps with given words in the box. breakage ; substitute ; to meet ; activation ; growth sugars ; significant ; to move ; vital role ; which Function of potassium in plants Potassium is known to play a…(1)…in photosynthesis, the process by which the sun's energy in combination with water and carbon dioxide is converted into…(2)…and organic matter. It has also been shown that K plays a key role in the …(3)…of more than sixty enzyme systems in plants. Contrasted to other elements …(4)…are involved in the formation of the cell structure, K functions in the cell sap. Its high mobilitypermits it…(5)…quickly from cell to cell or from older plant tissue to newly developing tissue and storage organs. Inadequate K …(6)…the needs of all plant parts diminishes…(7)…and subjects crops to undesirable traits such as increased disease, stalk and stem…(8)…, and susceptibility to other stress conditions. Nitrogen (N) is usually the most universally deficient plant nutrient but one element cannot…(9)…for another. It has been said that N is the most important yield- increasing plant nutrient, but K is the most…(10)…in stabilizing yields. IV. TRANSLATION. Translate the passage into Vietnamese. __________  __________ Judge a man by his work 58 § UNIT 9 THE FUNCTIONS OF PLANTS I. Word study. 1. Find the words which have similar meaning. a. operate or work b. decrease c. eatable d. unchangeable state, quality e. pleasant smell f. great disaster g. variety h. strong unpleasant light - edible - diversity - reduction - catastrophes - stability - glare - aroma - epidemics 2. Match the words on the right with the definitions on the left. a. placing plants into groups according to similarities of structure, origin or flowers and fruit. b. row of trees that give protection from the wind. c. warm sunny place that is sheltered from the wind. d. wood prepared for use in building or carpentry. e. obtain juice by crushing or pressing. f. group of animals or plants within a genus. g. protective covering spread on soil surface to retain moisture. h. power to remain undamaged or unaffected. i. disease spreading quickly among many people, animals or trees in the same place for a time. - suntrap - mulch - epidemics - resistance - extract - species - classification - timber - windbreak 3. Fill in the gaps with the right form of the given words. a. Olive oil is………………from black olives. (extraction) b. Species diversity is fundamental to…………………environment. (stability) c. All plants growing in rainforests could have been……………….in the same group. (classification) d. All plants…………… by bees could have been allocated the same family. (pollination) e. It is better to grow four or five varieties of onions because in addition to ……………… continuous yields over a longer period, some varieties are more likely to survive disease epidemics or other……………… catastrophes. (provide ; environment) f. Aromatic oils can be extracted from the flowers and , of course, the tree itself will give ……………… to the environment. (stable) g. When you are planning the orchard you will need to………… …how the shape of the manure trees will……………… other trees planted nearby. (consideration / affection) II. GRAMMAR . Adverbial clause of concession Adverbial clauses of concession are introduced by: although; though; even though; even if; no matter; however; much as; while; whereas. . . . A. Example. However rich people are, they always seem anxious to make more money. Even though you don't like him you can still be polite. No matter what you do, don't touch this switch. Much as I 'd like to help, there isn't a lot I can do. We work 8 hours a day, whereas the British people work only 5 hours. B. Practice. 1. Fill in the gaps with one of the conjunctions above. a. ………………some villages are still set out in this way, governments and companies are changing the traditional landscape and way of life for these people. 59 b. ………………the annual rainfall is 1 cm per year, they manage to live well and stay healthy because their society maintains strict ecological laws. c. World climates have fairly predictable wind patterns………………these seem to be changing with global warming. d. ………………almonds prefer a mild Mediterranean climate they can still be grown in cool areas by planting near a warm, east-facing wall with good drainage and excellent wind protection. e. ………………K is not a constituent of any plant structures or compounds, it is essential in nearly all processes needed to sustain plant life. f. Permaculture can be applied in any ecosystems, ………………it is degraded. g. ……………… their fruiting characteristics may not be as desirable as other varieties, they will have a greater chance of establishing in the new environment. h. ………………you were not able to diagnose the disease, it would assist the veterinary surgeon if you could describe the symptoms. III. READING A. 1. Pre-reading task. Read the passage and find the answer to the following. a. Write out the types of plant. b. Write out the functions of plants. c. Write out a good plant species diversity for your garden. THE FUNCTIONS OF PLANTS The system of plant classification that we now use is based on similarities of flowers and fruit. However, a different classification system could have been used. For example, all plants pollinated by bees could have been allocated the same family, or all plants growing in rainforests could have been classified in the same group. This would change how we see plants functioning in their environment. Permaculture is interested in how plants function, and more specifically, their yields and potential uses. We all know, for example, that an orange tree is evergreen and bears edible fruit and aromatic leaves and flowers. So how would it function in a permaculture design? As well as providing fruit, it could be used as a windbreak, as part of a suntrap, or as a timber tree. The fruit can be eaten fresh, or can be used to make jam, preserves or juice. Aromatic oils can be extracted from the flowers and , of course, the tree itself will give stability to the environment. Plant Species Diversity We have seen how species diversity fundamental to stable environments. In permaculture systems a diverse range of plant species will serve many functions in your garden, including the following: soil improvement fire resistance shade mulch nutrient cycling variety of yields glare reduction windbreak nitrogen supply temperature modification In the event of major or minor disasters such as floods and droughts, or a partner going berserk with the slasher, some plants will survive if you plant a large enough diversity of species and cultivars (cultivated varieties). For example, it is better to grow four or five 60 varieties of onions because in addition to providing continuous yields over a longer period, some varieties are more likely to survive disease epidemics or other environmental catastrophes. One large problem is finding out the names and getting hold of varieties which will grow in your local area. These are not usually available from commercial outlets but older gardeners can often tell you about them and may be able to give you seeds or seedings. 2. Comprehension check.(pair-work) Answer the following questions. a. What do you base on to classify plants? b. How many basic functions of plants are there? What are they? c. What is a big problem in planting species diversity? d. How is species diversity fundamental to stable environments? e. What is the benefit from planting species diversity in the garden? f. What are permaculturists interested in when they design their garden? g. What should you do when you plant the manure trees? h. How can you find out the names and getting hold of varieties which are grown in your local area? i. Why do people want to plant only one type of fruit trees in their garden? Is that harmful or harmless? Why? 3. Writing and speaking.(group-work) Write summary on the followings: a. What are the functions of plants. b. What are the advantages of planting species diversity. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………… … PART B. I. READING B. 1. Pre-reading task. a. What does Guajule mean? b. Where does it grow? c. What do people plant it for? GUAYULE Rubber is very important in the modern world. We use it for tires for automobiles, buses, trucks, motorcycles, and airplanes. Natural rubber comes from trees. Most of the world's rubber comes from Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand in Southeast Asia. We also make rubber from petroleum. This kind of rubber becomes hot very fast. We can use it only for some kinds of tires. Now scientists can make rubber from guayule. This wild plant grows in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. It doesn't need very much rain. It can grow in desert soil. Guayule rubber is nearly the same as rubber from the rubber tree. Indians in Arizona plan to start guayule farms. They know a lot about farming in the desert. The farms will use poor desert land and give people jobs. The Indians think they can make a lot of money from guayule rubber. 61 Poor desert countries in Africa could grow guayule too. People could earn money on their own desert land. If they grow their own rubber, they will not have to buy it from other countries. 2. Checking questions. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones. a. There are three types of rubber. b. Scientists can make artificial rubber from petroleum. c. Artificial rubber is better than natural one. d. Natural rubber is used in many different industrial sectors. e. Natural rubber becomes hot very fast. f. Most of natural rubber is produced in the South-east Asian countries. g. Natural rubber is produced only from rubber trees. h. Guayule is a kind of tree from which we can make rubber. i. The Indians in Arizona have planted guayule in the desert. j. African people have planted guayule in Sahara desert and got a lot of money from it. II. Writing. 1. Directions and descriptions: Statements which refer to the steps to be followed at various stages of growing particular crops may take the form of directions or descriptions. Study the following columns: Growing salad plants Directions Descriptions 1. Nursery beds - Sow the seeds first in nursery beds. - Disinfect the soil of the beds with boiling water. - Mix the seeds with a little disinfected sand. - Push the seeds into the soil, but not too deeply. - Firm the soil well with the tamper. - Water. 1. Nursery beds The seeds are first sown in nursery beds. The soil of these beds is disinfected with boiling water. The seeds are mixed with a little disinfected sand. They are pushed in the soil, but not too deeply. The soil is well firmed down with the tamper, and watered. 2. Exercise. Write descriptions based on the following sets of directions. Join sentences together where possible with and, but or so. Growing tomatoes Directions Descriptions a. Tilling - Prepare a deep soil which is friable and well drained. - Mix manure and fertilizers into the soil. - Apply potassic and phosphatic fertilizer. a. b. Nursery beds - Sow seeds in nursery beds - Disinfect the soil of the nursery beds with boiling water. - Sow the seeds in rows leaving 10cms between the rows. - Do not push the seeds into the soil, merely cover them with a little earth. - Water twice a day. - When the seedlings begin to grow remove surplus seedlings and weeds. b. 62 c. Transplanting - Prepare the soil of the tomato beds several weeks before transplanting. - Work manure into the soil. - Put stakes in the beds. - Plant the seedlings in rows 50cms apart with 40cms between seedlings. - Transplant tomato seedlings 5 to 6 weeks after sowing. - Water the soil of the nursery beds, remove the seedlings without damaging the roots. - Transplant the seedlings at once. - Dig a hole at the base of each stake, lean the seedlings a little sideways, cover the roots with earth. - Pack the earth down well around each seedling, and water them. c. d. Care for plants - Water the plants very often. - Cover the soil between the plants with cut herbage or leaves. - When cultivating remove weeds, snails and insects, take out and burn plants that are diseased or have been spoilt by insects. - Prune plants once or twice a month. - Keep only one or two main stems with their leaves and flowers. d. 3. Fill in the gaps with the words in the box. enrich ; which ; enough ; allows ; supply poultry ; invaded ; plants ; increased ; consider Feeding the Orchard After the groundcovers and the in-crop leguminous species have been established, let your…(1)…into the orchard (or you may like to keep a pig which will also help to maintain the orchard). The plants and animals will…(2)…all the fertilizer your trees need. However, you will still need to monitor the health of the orchard. If the land is …(3)…by bracken fern, then the nitrogen levels are too low. You can either grow a green manure crop and chop it into the soil, or enclose your animals so their stocking rate is higher and manure output is…(4)… . If you don't have…(5)…animals to keep the groundcover well controlled, regular slashing of the ground cover will provide organic mulch to…(6)…the soil. When you are planning the orchard you will need to…(7)…how the shape of the manure trees will affect other trees planted nearby. For example, pear trees have a fairly dense pyramidal canopy…(8)…may cast heavy shadows on smaller-growing…(9)… . In comparison, plums have an open canopy which…(10)… sunlight to filter through the leaves and branches. __________ Strike while the iron is hot 63 § UNIT 10 TREE SELECTION AND PLANTING I. Word study. 1. Match the words which have similar meaning. a. graft - desirable b. rootstock - change something slightly c. flavour - connect one piece of a living plant to another d. storage - harmful insect e. characteristic - plant onto which another is grafted f. hardy - secondary species g. peripheral species - keeping from being damaged h. modify - healthy i. pest - aromatic j. preferable - special feature k. thrive - produce new types of animal or plant. l. breed - ability to grow quickly 2. Fill in the gaps with given words. deciduous ; storage ; in front ; season ; evergreen flavour ; outside ; drop ; resistance ; inside ; shape a. You can try to find a cultivar which has a known……………….to fungal diseases and plant it in a place where it receives drying breezes. b. Good gardeners often plant the first deciduous trees………………(towards the sun) of those that ………………their leaves later in the ………………or which are evergreen. c. When planting trees the general rule is to plant………………trees in winter and…………….trees in summer. d. Trees with large adult size and ……… …. are planted behind smaller trees so that they do not block the light from the sun. e. Trees with fruit ripening………….………the leaf canopy will need less sun than trees with fruit ripening…………………the leaf canopy. f. Later you can add varieties that have special qualities such as early or late fruit, special………………… or colour, and good ………………… or processing characteristics. II. GRAMMAR. Passive voice A. Example. active structure  passive structure - My grandfather grew this tree 20 years ago. - This tree was grown 20 years ago (by my grandfather). - They are going to build a new school here. - A new school is going to be built here (by them). B. Practice. Rewrite the following sentences, using active or passive structure. 1. Soils can be repaired and rebuilt. 2. Farmers use different methods to improve unhealthy soils. 3. gardeners often plant rye grass, lupines or barley in winter and wheat, lucerne and buckwheat in summer. 4. The green manure crop can be slashed two or three times while it is growing and then chopped into the soil before it flowers and seeds. 5. Plants can absorb nutrients in the form of soluble compounds. 6. Three most important elements fertilizers add to the soils are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. 7. Farmers add fertilizers to their soils to replace nutrients which previous crops have used. 64 8. People can extract aromatic oils from some kinds of flower. 9. Fertilizers supply large quantities of plant nutrients. 10. Dry-land salting is a particular problem in areas where people have removed the vegetation from recharge areas. C. Put the right form of the verb in bracket in to the blanks. 1. You should select cultivars that……………………. (know) to be especially resistant to diseases and pests. 2. when the soil and microclimate have……………………. (modify) by the trees you have planted, you can add more peripheral species to take advantage of such factors as non- average seasons or atmospheric warming. 3. Some fruits, like citrus, plums and peaches, have been…………………(breed) to thrive over a wide range of soil and climates. 4. The first deciduous trees to drop their leaves………………… (place) in front (towards the sun) of those that drop their leaves later in the season. 5. Orange trees could…………………. (use) as a windbreak, as part of a suntrap, or as a timber tree. 6. In Europe and Asia forests ………………….(plant) by rulers, church leaders and farmers - for the people. 7. As well as providing fruit, orange could………………….(use) as a windbreak, as part of a suntrap, or as a timber tree. 8. Orange fruit can ………………….(eat) fresh, or can………………….(use) to make jam, preserves or juice. 9. Aromatic oils can………………….(extract) from the flowers. 10. The function of K in the plant are so numerous and complex that to the present day many of them are still not fully…………………(understand). III. READING A. 1. Pre-reading questions. a. Have you ever planted a tree? b. When did you do that? c. Is the tree alive and growing well? d. What do you think when you want to plan an orchard? e. What steps do you follow when you plant a tree? TREE SELECTION AND PLANTING It is best start off with hardy locally-proven species which are known to grow well in your area. Although their fruiting characteristics may not be as desirable as other varieties, they will have a greater chance of establishing in the new environment. Later you can add varieties that have special qualities such as early or late fruit, special flavour or colour, and good storage or processing characteristics. Finally, in later years, when the soil and microclimate have been modified by the trees you have planted, you can add more peripheral species to take advantage of such factors as non-average seasons or atmospheric warming. If possible, use grafted species as they will bear more heavily and the rootstock will be hardier under your conditions. If you know the species, geographical origin you may be able to modify your microclimate to suit. For example, although almonds prefer a mild Mediterranean climate they can still be grown in cool areas by planting near a warm, east-facing wall with good drainage and excellent wind protection. It is preferable to select cultivars that are known to be especially resistant to diseases and tests - this will greatly reduce the need for sprays. For example, if you grow grapes in an area with hot, wet summers you can expect the plants to suffer from fungal diseases every year. 65 Instead, you could try to find a cultivar which has a known resistance to fungal diseases and plant it in a place where it receives drying breezes. Some fruits, like citrus, plums and peaches, have been bred to thrive over a wide range of soil and climates. Other trees are more specialized in their requirements, e.g. tea and coffee grow best at high altitudes; coconuts will only fruit in warm coastal regions. The following table shows the climatic origins of a range of cultivated fruit trees and the most desirable placement of these trees along a slope. In many cases, the fruits in one climate group can be grown in the climate listed in the adjacent column - in particular, many desert (hot, dry) species can be grown in mediterranean climates. (Note that each species in the table has several to hundreds cultivars and varieties.) After you have decided on the best position for the trees according to the slope characteristics, e.g. warmer, cooler, deeper soil, etc., you can then check the following list: - Leaf drop: The first deciduous trees to drop their leaves are placed in front (towards the sun) of those that drop their leaves later in the season, or which are evergreen. - Adult size and shape: Small trees are planted in front of larger trees so they are not blocked from the sun. - Fruit ripening: Trees with fruit ripening outside the leaf canopy (such as oranges) will need more sun than trees with fruit ripening inside the leaf canopy (grapes). 2. Comprehension check. A. Are the following sentences true or false according to the passage? a.__All local species are proven to be grown well in the local environment. b.__The grafted species often grow better than other varieties because they bear more heavily and are hardier under local conditions. c.__Some fruits may grow well over a wide range of soils and climates. d.__All industrial species of crop may grow best at high altitudes. e.__The local species are often resistant to diseases and pests better than the other new varieties. f.__There are three important factors for you to decide the place where you will plant your various trees. g.__You shouldn't plant the grafted species in your garden because it can't bear the local conditions where you live. h.__Farmers often plant evergreen trees in winter and deciduous trees in summer. i.__Trees with fruit ripening outside the leaf canopy will need more sun than trees with fruit ripening inside the leaf canopy. j.__Grape belongs to the tree spiecies with fruit ripening outside the leaf canopy. B. Look at the table of fruit trees and Write your answer to the following questions. Mediterranean Hot / Dry Hot / Wet Cool / Wet - Olives - Grapes - Mulberries - Almonds - Cape gooseberry - Melons - Apricots - Figs - Dates - Pumpkins - Rose apple - Banana - Pineapple - Mangosteen - Mango - Apples - Cherries - Pears - Brambles - Berries Questions: 1. Why can't apples grow in hot-dry region? 2. Why aren't mangoes grown in the North of Vietnam? 3. Can olives grow in Vietnam? Why? 4. Where are pears, pine-apples and grapes grown in Vietnam? 5. What fruit is your area famous for? 6. What fruit trees would you plant in your garden if you have one? 7. Which area in our country are apricots appropriate to? 66 8. What climate is mango suitable to? 9. What fruit in your area is famous for? 10. Are pineapples grown in coastal areas? Why? C. Read the passage, and put the verbs in brackets into the present passive. Olive oil is one of Spain‟s most important products. Olives (grow) all along the Mediterranean coast, from Catalunya down to Andalucia. Olives (use) mainly for making olive oil, although some (sell) for eating. You may have eaten both green and black olives. The only difference between them is that the green ones (pick) in September when the olive is unripe; the black ones (pick) a couple of months later, when the olive is fully ripe. Black olives (use) to make oil. When olives (pick), two large sheets of plastic (place) under the tree on each side of the trunk so that all the olives will fall on the plastic. Then the olives (pull) off the branches with a sort of wooden hand on the end of along wooden pole or the branches (knock) with a pole until the olives fall to the ground. Then the olives (take) to the factory where they (clean) . After that, they (crush) into a paste and finally the oil (extract). The price farmers get for olive oil (fix) by the government, and it is very low. For one of their olive trees, they get about 5 kilos of oil and they get 100 to 150 pesetas a kilo, depending on the quality. So they get about 750 pesetas from each tree. PART B I. READING B 1. Pre-reading questions. a. Ask your partner to find out what life cycle means. b. What appears first, plant or seed? The Life Cycle of a Plant The life cycle of a typical annual plant can be divided into several stages. The first stage is germination. Seeds remain dormant, or in a resting state, if they are kept cool and dry. When the amount of moisture and the temperature level are right, the seeds germinate and start growing. Certain conditions are necessary for this to happen. An essential condition is that the seeds must be alive. Sometimes seeds are dried at a temperature which is too high. This has two effects : the water content in the seeds is reduced too much, and certain essential proteins are destroyed. As a result, the seeds die. Other conditions for germination concern the amount of moisture in the soil. If dry seeds are planted in a dry soil, they will not germinate until it rains. On the other hand, if there is too much water in the soil, the seeds will not germinate either. This is because wet soils remain cold for a longer period of time than drier, well-drained soils. If the soil is too cold, germination will not occur. An additional reason for seeds not germinating is that badly drained soils may lack sufficient oxygen. Dormant seeds require very little oxygen in order to stay alive, but when they start to germinate they require more. 2. Are the following statements true or false, according to the passage? a. Before a seed germinates it is in a dormant state. b. When the temperature level is right a seed will germinate. c. If seeds are dried at too high a temperature they will die. d. If a soil is too dry seeds will not germinate. e. The temperature of wet soils is lower than that of well-drained soils. f. Dormant seeds cannot stay alive in a badly drained soil. g. Dormant seeds require more oxygen in order to stay alive. h. When seeds start to germinate they require very little oxygen. [...]... B acting C action D active 40 There are many animals living in the soil, from microscopic organisms to beetles A ranging B range C to ranging D ranged 41 There are plants which have a bacterium, Rhizobium species, in their roots A lives B lived C live D living 42 When the soil has a rough feel, its texture is said A being B to be silky C being gritty D to be gritty 43 Worldwide, different climates... affected by precipitation, radiation and wind ……… on the huge continental landmasses and ocean currents A acting B acted C action D active 44 You can design ecosystems which modify failures of crops and animals ….… by climatic extremes A caused B cause C causes D causing 45 Many biocides continue to exist in the soil because they cannot move into one of the cycles of matter A unchange B changing C unchanged... 4 Fill in the gaps with given words in the box lift ; hole ; seasonal ; backfill compost ; rains ; coming ; deciduous ; climates ; hole Planting Fruit Trees When planting trees the general rule is to plant…(1)…trees in winter and evergreen trees in summer Plant with the opening…(2)…rains - in Mediterranean climates these are the opening autumn…(3)… In warm, wet… (4) …plant trees in... never above the graft Then slowly fill the hole water until there are no more bubbles…(10)…from the water _ _ Stuff today and starve tomorrow 68 TEST 2 (Unit 6 – Unit10) (score: 100 marks) I SECTION 1: (Grammar and Vocabulary) (45 marks) A Vocabulary Choose the best answer among A,B,C,D 1 It is suitable for cultivation in a soil A fine-textured soil B medium-textured soil C coarse-textured... aromatic oils from some kinds of flower 4 Farmers use different methods to improve unhealthy soils 5 He will build a high wall surrounding his garden C Write conditional sentences 1 Pests can easily destroy a crop They are not controlled 2 Seeds are dried at too high a temperature The seeds die 3 The soil is better Farmers cover their soil with organic matter 72 4 You understand your microclimate very... there and prevent leaching of valuable plant nutrients A so that B so as to C in order to D in order that 33 the soil is gritty, it will have few soil fungal diseases A If B When C While D A or B 34 Soil with good air-water balance and plenty of organic material will have millions of micro-organisms faster nutrient breakdown and cycling A assisted B assisting C assist D B or C 35 The animals themselves... is anything which was once , including food scraps, grass clippings, hay, straw, leaves, sawdust, and even fur coats, jute bags and old cotton curtains A living B nonliving C animal D none is correct 4 When the soil particles are mainly sand and coarse gravel, the soil will soil nutrients A leach out B release out C wash away D A & C 5 When water moves through the soil, it may bring………….…into water... C very poisonous D very toxic 13 Organic mulches will gradually add to the soil organic matter and nutrient bank as they break down A carry down B become fertility C break into small pieces D B or C 14 Plants are unable to grow through laterite and water cannot penetrate it A go through B erode C wash D none is correct 15 Soil can promote the active growth of trees A support B reduce C delay D encourage... hold above ; growing ; to get ; main ; root ; single The basic parts of a plant are the (1) system, which is below the ground, and the shoot system (2) The root of a plant has two (3) functions it (4) , or absorbs, water and minerals from the soil through from the root hairs, which are (5) cells near the tip of each root The other main function of the root is (6) , or anchor, the plant firmly... fresh water B 10% of the salt water C 90% of the fresh water D 90% of the salt water 3 How does the author purpose to transport the ice? A By pulling it B By chopping it C By piping it D By melting it 4 According to the passage, the purpose of the fabric container is to A protect the ice B diminish the speed of melting C cause the ice to float D pump out the sea water 5 The word “nudged” is closest . acted C. action D. active 44 . You can design ecosystems which modify failures of crops and animals ….…. by climatic extremes. A. caused B. cause C. causes D. causing 45 . Many biocides continue. acting C. action D. active 40 . There are many animals living in the soil, from microscopic organisms to beetles. A. ranging B. range C. to ranging D. ranged 41 . There are plants which have. A. lives B. lived C. live D. living 42 . When the soil has a rough feel, its texture is said . A. being B. to be silky C. being gritty D. to be gritty 43 . Worldwide, different climates are