19 several trailers) has also predominantly replaced the old stock routes in moving cattle around the territory and to market. Output of beef in the mid-1990s was more than 1.7 million tones, and of milk 7.3 million litres. Although only about 10 per cent of the total area of Australia is under crop or fodder production, this acreage is not great economic importance. Wheat crops occupy about 45 per cent of cultivated acreage, and fodder crops and other grains occupy 20 per cent. Wheat production is highly mechanized and the crop is grown in all states; the south-eastern and south-western regions of the country are responsible for the bulk of production. Annual production has decreased in recent years because of shifts into new, higher earning crops. Output was about 10.7 million tones in 1992, compared with more than 14 million tones in the early 1990s; about 70 per cent is exported. About 32.7 million tones of sugar cane were produced in 1994. Many types of fruit are grown, including apples, bananas, grapes, oranges, pears, pineapples, and papayas. The major wine-producing areas are in the Barossa Valley of South Australia, in Hunter Valley, New South Wales, and in parts of north-eastern, southern, and western Victoria. Special varieties of grapes are grown, especially in the Murray Valley, for the production of raisins. Irrigation is of importance to arable farmers in all but the highest rainfall areas. However, increased soil salinity is becoming a problem in several areas, threatening production. Experiments with bio-technologies are being carried out with the aim of reducing the impact of soil salinity and cutting the use of expensive water resources. B. Comprehension check. Are these statements true or false? 1.__Australian Agriculture employs half of workforce of the country. 2.__Crop-farming area accounts for 90 per cent of the farmed land of Australia. 3.__Australia is the world's leading country of wool export. 4.__Most cattle are raised in Queensland. 5.__Australia imports beef and milk. 6.__Nearly 45 per cent of farmed area is for wheat crops. 7.__Nowadays soil salinity is becoming a big problem in several areas in Australia. 8.__Australia is carrying out a lot of experiments with bio-technologies with the aim of reducing the impact of soil salinity. 9.__Irrigation is not important for the highest rainfall areas. II. Word formation. Find the words in the passage which have the same root. Example: produce -> production -> products ………………………………………………………………………………………. __________________ Time and tide wait for no man. 20 § UNIT 4 UNHEALTHY SOILS I. Word study. A. Match the words which have similar meaning. a. removal b. desert c. protect d. harvest e. yield f. marginal land g. plough h. expose i. evolution j. hoof k. contaminate l. leach n. deposit 1. bear produce or provide (a natural product) 2. poor soil which is not enough fertile for farming. 3. removing or being removed. 4. break up the surface of soil before planting. 5. barren land. 6. process of gradually developing 7. keep something safe from harm. 8. cutting and gathering of food crops. 9. horny part of the foot of a horse, an ox or a deer. 10. dangerous or disease-carrying substances. 11. uncover or being unprotected. 12. remain, cause to settle 13. wash away. B. Fill in the gaps with one of the words above, making any changes necessary. 1. What is the……………….of wheat per acre? 2. From the plough to the tractor is a long ……………….of farming methods. 3. Vast areas of land have become ……………….because of deforestation. 4. The meadow has been……………….up. 5. The vaccine was used to……………….the whole population against infection. 6. The soil was washed away by the flood, ………………. bare rock. 7. Farmers are very busy during………………. . 8. After having built the factory the water of the river was ………….by chemicals. 9. plant nutrients may be …………. into subsoil by heavy rain. 10. Natural salts are…………in the upper layers of the soil as the water evaporates. II. GRAMMAR. SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION English has four basic sentence constructions: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences. Each construction uses the same basic elements of sentence structure parts of speech, phrases, and clauses. A. Simple Sentence. The simple sentence is an independent clause with no subordinate clauses. It begins with a capital letter and closes with an end mark. Simple sentences can vary considerably in length. Example: - I bought four apples at the farmers' market. - I bought four apples, a basket of tomatoes, a bag of green beans, and three melons at the farmers' market. - The farmers' market is a classic example of producers selling directly to consumers and avoiding the attempts of agents to control the supply or to manipulate the price. B. Compound Sentence. The compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses but no subordinate clauses. The two independent clauses usually are joined by a comma followed by a conjunction (but, and, nor, yet). They may also be joined by a semicolon, a semicolon followed by a linking adverb (therefore, however, because, since), or a colon. * Conjunction: - I don't know where he went, and no one has seen him since this afternoon. * Semicolon: - Harold the first fought in Northern Ireland; his campaigns generally were successful. *Linking adverb: -Vivian wanted to stay another week in Ashville; however her parents refused to send her more money. 21 * Colon: - You must have heard the news: we're all getting bonuses this year! C. Complex Sentence. The complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. When a subordinate clause introduces the sentence, it is usually followed by a comma unless it is very short. - The library closes early in summer when the students are out of school. After the clear days of Indian summer, the autumn skies grow heavily and dark. Linda told us on the phone that they had had a flat tire last night and that the car wouldn't start this morning. - When you come in the front door, make sure you push it shut, because the lock doesn't always catch. D. Compound-complex Sentence. The compound-complex sentence is composed of two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. - John Lennon wrote many ballads, and he recorded them while he was in England. - The letter carrier, Who is always punctual, didn't come today; I wonder if she is ill. - He should telephone you as soon as he arrives; but if for some reason he doesn't call, tell me immediately. E. Practice: Which types of sentence do the followings belong to? Underline the subject and predicate. a. Wheat production is highly mechanized and the crop is grown in all states. b. Special varieties of grapes are grown, especially in the Murray Valley, for the production of raisins. c. Experiments with bio-technologies are being carried out with the aim of reducing the impact of soil salinity and cutting the use of expensive water resources. d. Cattle are raised in all of Australia‟s states and territories, but Queensland is the leading producer. e. As these raw materials are broken down they become humus. f. When mulches are made from organic materials, such as hay, grass clippings, straw, newspaper and old woolen, they will gradually add to the soil organic matter and nutrient bank as they break down. g. Artificial fertilizers need to be soluble compounds so that plants can absorb the nutrients. h. It is a red-brown soil which becomes very hard when it is dry. III. READING A. 1. Pre-reading task. a. What does an unhealthy soil mean? b. What makes soil unhealthy? UNHEALTHY SOILS There are a number of reasons for damaged soils, however the fundamental cause of soil decline is the removal of surface vegetation. With the exception of natural deserts, soil is always protected by vegetation. In an effort to harvest greater yields, more and more marginal land has been ploughed up, and of course, the natural vegetation removed. This has been disastrous for the soil which, after being dosed with chemicals, is then left exposed and unprotected from animal hoofs, wind, rain, cold and heat. In effect, thousands of years of evolution of soil interaction with plants, animals, air and water is reversed by modern agriculture. Excessive use of artificial fertilizers has also caused soil problems. A special case has taken place in Australia where huge amounts of phosphates were added to soils to grow European grasses and clovers. However about 90 % of the fertilizer was insoluble and lay in the soils unused and is now resulting in extremely acid soils and dying pastures. 22 Overdosing with fertilizer has also led to the contamination of surface and ground water. Excess fertilizers which are not used by crops are washed into rivers, lakes and streams in run-off. Excess fertilizer can also be leached through the soil into the water table. Soil salinity is another example of unhealthy soil. Basically, it is caused by rising water tables. As the water table rises towards the surface, naturally occurring salts are dissolved and concentrated in the upper soil layer. The concentration of salts is toxic to plants. This worldwide problem occurs in two ways: 1. Dry-land salting Deep-rooted trees and shrubs are removed and replaced with shallow-rooted pasture species which use less water. As more water moves through the soil the water table rises and natural salts are brought to the soil surface. Plants and crops die because they are unable to tolerate the high salt levels. Farmers call this the 'White Death'. Dry-land salting is a particular problem in areas where vegetation has been removed from recharge areas, i.e. hills and slopes. 2. Irrigation salinity Irrigation water which is surplus to the crops' needs causes the water table to rise. Natural salts are then deposited in the upper layers of the soil as the water evaporates. Soluble fertilizers, which are often added regularly to the irrigation water, further contribute to the concentration of salts in the upper soil layer. An accumulation of biocides (i.e. chemicals used to kill organisms, including fungicides, weedicides, miticides and insecticides) also causes soil decline. Many biocides have a very long life in the soil. This means they continue to exist unchanged in the soil because they cannot move into one of the cycles of matter. The shortest life for a biocide is a few hours; other can last up to 40 years. Bill Mollison recommends that people wishing to grow organic foods do not purchase land which has been used to grow bananas, sugar cane or deciduous fruit, as these crops will have been heavily doses with biocides. If your land has been used for such crops, a forest of long- term precious timbers may work as a 'cleansing crop'. Tree removal and salinity A. Before tree removal Crop growing well Recharce area Water table __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ discharce area 23 B. After tree removal Crop dying Water table salt __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Recharge area __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ __ _- __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ _salt __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ discharge area __ __ __ __ __ __ _- __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ - _ 2. Comprehension check. A. Say the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements. a.__One of the most fundamental reasons causing soil decline is the removal of surface vegetation. b.__Soil is protected by vegetation. c.__Unhealthy soil may be caused by excessive use of artificial fertilizers. d.__Soil salinity also causes unhealthy soil. e.__Natural salt is brought to soil surface by rising water table. f.__Biocides are also a reason which causes soil decline. g.__Some biocides exist unchanged in soil because they cannot move into the cycle of matter. h.__People should not buy the land in which bananas, sugar canes or deciduous fruit trees are grown. i.__To cleanse unhealthy soil in which it is better to grow a forest with long-term precious timbers. j.__There are five major reasons causing soil decline. B. Writing and speaking. a. What are the main reasons for damaging soils? b. What reason is the most common in many countries in the world? c. What reasons are popular in your area/country? d. How does soil salinity occur? e. What do farmers have to do to stop the soil decline? C. Decide which words the words in italic in the following sentences refer to. a. In an effort to harvest greater yields, more and more marginal land has been ploughed up, and of course, the natural vegetation removed. This has been disastrous for the soil which, after being dosed with chemicals, is then left exposed and unprotected from animal hoofs, wind, rain, cold and heat. In effect, thousands of years of evolution of soil interaction with plants, animals, air and water is reversed by modern agriculture. b. A special case has taken place in Australia where huge amounts of phosphates were added to soils to grow European grasses and clovers. c. Excess fertilizers which are not used by crops are washed into rivers, lakes and streams in run-off. d. Deep-rooted trees and shrubs are removed and replaced with shallow-rooted pasture species which use less water. 24 e. Dry-land salting is a particular problem in areas where vegetation has been removed from recharge areas, i.e. hills and slopes. f. Irrigation water which is surplus to the crops' needs causes the water table to rise. g. Soluble fertilizers, which are often added regularly to the irrigation water, further contribute to the concentration of salts in the upper soil layer. h. Many biocides have a very long life in the soil. This means they continue to exist unchanged in the soil because they cannot move into one of the cycles of matter. D. Translation. Find the difference between the words „as‟ in the following sentences, then translate them into Vietnamese. a. Bill Mollison recommends that people wishing to grow organic foods do not purchase land which has been used to grow bananas, sugar cane or deciduous fruit, as these crops will have been heavily doses with biocides. b. As more water moves through the soil the water table rises and natural salts are brought to the soil surface. c. Natural salts are then deposited in the upper layers of the soil as the water evaporates. d. As the water table rises towards the surface, naturally occurring salts are dissolved and concentrated in the upper soil layer PART B I. READING B. 1. Pre-reading task. a. What agricultural products of The United States are world-popular? b. What agricultural products does The United States export? c. How many percent of workers does the agriculture of The United States employ? d. How many percent of annual GDP does it account for? AGRICULTURE OF THE UNITED STATES The United States has been the world‟s leading industrial nation since early in the 20 th century. Farming only accounts for less than 2 per cent of annual GDP and employs less than 3 per cent of US workers, yet the nation leads the world in many aspects of agricultural production. Farmers not only produce enough to meet domestic needs, they also enable the United States to export more farm products per year than any other nation in the world. The total annual value of farm output increased from about $55 billion in 1970 to about $187 billion in 1992. Excluding inflation, the increase in the farm output was two per cent annually. The small subsistence farm run by a farmer primarily to meet personal needs has virtually disappeared from the American scene; most agricultural products are grown on large commercial farms for shipment to urban and industrial markets. The number of farms in the United States decreased from more than 5.6 million in 1950 to about 2.1 million in 1993. At the same time, average farm size increased 86 hectares to 191 hectares. In the early 1990s livestock and livestock products accounted for 50.5 per cent of the value of all farm marketing, and crops for remainder. California led all states in the yearly value of farm receipts; it was followed by Texas, Lowa, Nebraska, Illinois, Minnesota, and Kansas. Beef cattle rank as the most valuable product of the nation‟s farms, accounting for almost one quarter of total annual farm receipts. Many are raised on large ranches in south-western states. Dairy products represent about 12 per cent of the yearly value of farm marketings and are the second most valuable item coming from American farms. Other major livestock and livestock products include pigs, chickens, eggs, turkey, and sheep and lambs. Leading agricultural crops are corn, vegetables, soya beans, fruits and nuts, wheat, cotton, and tobacco. Illinois, Lowa, Nebraska, and Indiana together produce more than half of the annual corn crop, while Kansas usually leads all states in fearly wheat production. For more 25 than a century and a half, cotton was the predominant cash crop in the South. Today, however, it is no longer important in some of the traditional cotton-growing areas east of the Mississippi River and is now concentrated in relatively flat areas amenable to large-scale mechanization, such as the lower Mississippi Valley, the plains of Texas, and the Valleys of California and Arizona. Tobacco remains an important cash crop. The leading tobacco- producing states are North Carolina and Kentucky. Other leading crops include peanuts, peaches, tomatoes, and apples. More than 60 per cent of the oranges and about 50 per cent of the tomatoes are produced in Florida; some 90 per cent of the grapes are raised in California; and about 50 per cent of the commercial apples come from orchards in Washington State. 2. Word study. A. - Find the words with the opposite meaning. – Find the words with the same meaning. a. produce - increase b. plains - consume c. decrease - mountains d. domestic - develop e. decline - less powerful f. predominant - foreign g. employ - manual h. mechanical - unemployment 1. products - account for 2. raise - sector 3. represent - raising animals 4. amenable - grow 5. plant - goods 6. aspect - suitable 7. livestock - cash crops 8. commercial crops - breed B. Complete the following sentences with one of the word above. a. The number of farms in the United States from 5.6 million in 1950 to 2.1 million in 1992 but average farm size from 86 hectares to 191 hectares. b. Starvation and criminal are the of wars. c. The fishing industry about 55 per cent of British fish supplies and involves both deep-sea fishing and fish-farming. d. New plantings in 1994 totaled 17,300 hectares of which private owners almost 92 per cent (15,900 hectares). e. The United States leads the world in many … of agricultural production. f. US farmers not only produce enough to meet needs but also enable to US to export more farm … per year than any other nation in the world. C. Write complete the following sentences. a. Grain consists of ………………………. . b. Vegetables consist of ………………………. . c. Livestock products include ………………………. . d. Fruit crops include …………………….…. . e. Farming products include ………………………. . f. World leading crops…………………………………………………………………… II. Checking your grammar. A. Give some examples, using the comparison structures below. a. S - V (not) + as/so + adj. + as . 1. 2. short adj.+ er + than . b. S - V + more / less + long adj. + than . 3. 4. 26 short adj.+ est . c. S - V + the + most + long adj. (of all) 5. 6. B. Writing & Speaking 1. Making comparison the farms in America with the farms in your country. 2. Write the answers to the following questions. a. Where do you think the following crops grow best in your country? Why? (rice ; coffee ; tea ; rubber ; citrus fruit ; coconut palm; tomato; carrot; melon) b. Do you think big farms are better or worse in your country? Why? c. Where do you think livestock is raised best in your country? Why? 3. Make comparison with the total annual value of farm outputs of US Agriculture, using the diagram below. ? $187 billion ? $55 billion 1970 1982 1992 2002 => The total annual value of farm output increased from about $55 billion in 1970 to about $187 billion in 1992 . How much did it increase in the following years? - In 1982: ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………. - In 2002: ……………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ____________ No man can serve two masters. 27 § UNIT 5 REPAIRING AND IMPROVING DAMAGED SOILS I. Word study. 1. Find the words which have similar meaning. a. animal manure b. bacterium c. compost d. cover crops e. desiccation f. erosion g. excrete surplus h. green manure i. insulate j. legumes k. moderate l. nodules m. organic content n. organic mulch o. pea flower p. permaculture q. retention r. slash s. weed barrier t. dung u. characteristic - distinctive feature of something - permanent cultivation - a fence with grass. - crops used for covering soil surface. - holding something in position. - manure made from green trees - fix some different types of manure. - dung with urine of animals. - cut - plant species which have bacterium in their roots. - organic things used for mulching soil surface. - release the amount left ever after having used. - the flower of peas (edible fruit) - amount of organic matter. - small pieces in the legume root. - protect from something by keeping away. - make something dry. - microscopic organisms - animal excrement. - process destroying soil gradually. - make something less violent. 2. Fill in the gaps with words above. a. The methods used to repair soil will vary according to the climate and site ; however, in all cases is the very best soil improver. b. Green manuring, mulch-covering and fertilizing are the ways which increase the …………… and nutrient status of soils. c. The…………… crop can be …………… two or three times while it is growing and then chopped into the soil before it flowers and seeds. d. There are plants which have a …………… living in their roots. e. Bacteria supply the plant with nitrogen in forms the plant can use and…………… nitrogen into the soil around the root zone. f. You can check the bacterium's presence by digging up a piece of root - it should have small white…………… on it. g. The root systems open up the soil to air and water and protect the surface from erosion and…………… . h. Pumpkins and potatoes are particularly good…………… . i. …………… are peas, beans, broad beans, acacias, and all plants with a …………… . j. A…………… is a protective covering of the soil surface which moderates summer and winter temperatures by…………… the soil from extreme heat and cold. k. A mulch also prevents …………… , assists …………… of soil moisture, and acts as a…………… . l. chickens and pigs have a strong manure which should be…………… before it is applied to gardens. m. Manure from cows and horses is weaker unless the animals have been stabled and urine is mixed with the…………… . n. Animals carry out many functions; one of which is to supply plant nutrients in the form of…………… . 28 II. READING A. A. Pre-reading questions. a. What techniques do farmers in your areas often use to repair and improve their damaged soils? List them out. REPAIRING AND IMPROVING DAMAGED SOILS Soil can be quite rapidly repaired and rebuilt. In permaculture, soil repair is fundamental to productivity and health. The methods used to repair soil will vary according to the climate and site characteristics; however, in all cases organic matter is the very best soil improver. The following techniques describe ways of increasing the organic content and nutrient status of soils. 1. Green manuring This technique involves specifically planting a crop to cut and return to the soil as high quality organic matter. Often gardeners do this in winter, using plant species such as rye grass, lupines or barley. In summer they plant wheat, lucerne or buckwheat. The green manure crop can be slashed two or three times while it is growing and then chopped into the soil before it flowers and seeds. This technique improves soil texture and structure, as well as providing fertilizer. 2. Legumes There are plants which have a bacterium, Rhizobium species, living in their roots. The bacteria supply the plant with nitrogen in forms the plant can use and excrete surplus nitrogen into the soil around the root zone. In return, the bacteria receive energy from the plant. All legumes are 'nitrogen-fixing' providing the correct bacterium which is present in the soil. You can check the bacterium's presence by digging up a piece of root - it should have small white nodules on it. Split the nodule open, if it is pink inside then the plant is nitrogen- fixing. Legumes are peas, beans, broad beans, acacias, and all plants with a pea flower. 3. Cover crops These are very like green manure crops. They carry out the same functions (improve soil structure and texture); in addition they provide edible products. Cover crops are especially good for hard, compacted soils. The root systems open up the soil to air and water and protect the surface from erosion and desiccation. Pumpkins and potatoes are particularly good cover crops. 4. Organic mulch A mulch is a protective covering of the soil surface. It moderates summer and winter temperatures by insulating the soil from extreme heat and cold. It also prevents erosion, assists retention of soil moisture, and acts as a weed barrier. When mulches are made from organic materials, such as hay, grass clippings, straw, newspaper and old woolen underfelt, they will gradually add to the soil organic matter and nutrient bank as they break down. 5. Animal manure In permaculture, animals are very important part of the system. They carry out many functions; one of which is to supply plant nutrients in the form of manures. On the whole, animals which eat meat such as chickens and pigs have a strong manure (the manure contains more nitrogen) which should be composted before it is applied to gardens. Manure from cows and horses is weaker unless the animals have been stabled and urine (nitrogen) is mixed with the dung. B. Comprehension check. 1. How can soil be repaired and rebuilt? 2. What methods are used to repair and improve damaged soil? 3. What techniques are used to increase soil organic matter and nutrient status? [...]... soils C medium textured soils D B & C 34 20 How freely gases move into or out of soil depends some extent on ……….… of the soil A the pH B the organic matter C the texture and structure D the temperature 21 Humus is a fine, sticky, sweet-smelling nutrient-rich substance which slowly releases plant and animal micronutrients A absorbs B provides C becomes D gives 22 If the soil is silky, it will when... open D open / compact 23 If the soil is silky, it will soil nutrients on the surface of clay particles A wash B leach C release D hold 24 The PH is a measure of solubility of………….… A soil temperature B nutrients C water D soil texture 25 If the soil , it will drain slowly and hold water for a longer time A is silky B has a fine texture C has small particles D all are correct 26 If there is oxygen... oxygen the soil will smell rotten A little B a lot of C inadequate D A or C 27 Reducing evaporation from the soil surface can be achieved by A surface mulching B watering too much C constructing swales D A & C 28 Soil texture is the………….… of different particle sizes in the soil A proportion B amount C quality D quantity 29 Soils are different from each other because they have the different.………….…... matter in a food garden A have B to have C having D A or C II SECTION2: (Reading comprehension) (25 marks) Reading 1: Fill in the gaps with given words in the box presence; of; easily; mineral; main; more; correct; if; degree; acidity; nutrient; while All plants are affected by the (1) of acidity or alkalinity of the soil The less the (2) supply, the more acid the soil becomes Because (3) salts are... matter to their soil C Write questions for the underline words in the following sentences 1 The United States has been the world‟s leading industrial nation since early in the 20 th century 2 Farming only accounts for less than 2 per cent of annual GDP and employs less than 3 per cent of US workers 3 Farmers not only produce enough to meet domestic needs, but also enable the United States to export more... layer 9 The bacteria supply the plant with nitrogen in forms the plant can use and excrete surplus nitrogen into the soil around the root zone Exercise 2 Write complete the following sentences 1 If the weather is good the farmers in the area………………………… 2 The soil is badly damaged because……………………………………… 3 The farmer has added some lime to their soil…………………………… 4 Farmers often cover their soils…………………………………………... meaning 1 soil particle - dry grass 2 coarse texture - small piece of soil 3 gravel - a relatively small type of stone 4 gritty soil - a type of insect with hard wings 5 beetle - in contract 6 clipping - stem of the rice after harvesting 7 straw - fertile mould 8 hay - cutting 9 humus - food waste 10 conversely - a soil with grits 11 food craps - a soil with large sands 2 Fill in the gaps with given words... quantities of organic matter  Good wine needs no bush 33 TEST 1 (Unit 1 – Unit5) (score: 100 marks) I SECTION 1: (Grammar and Vocabulary) (45 marks) A Vocabulary Choose the best answer among A,B,C,D 1 Clay soils have minute particles, giving the soil a smooth feel and a texture A gritty B silky C fine D B or C 2 A coarse-textured soil can retain………….… A air B water C nutrients D B or C 3... lime is calcium, an important plant food The (8) of lime helps to make essential elements of plant food more (9) available to plants Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium are (10) easily available in a well-limed soil than in an acid soil Reading 2 Choose the correct answer The forests of the tropics produce a magnificent growth of trees, but commercial lumbering is inhibited by problems that increase... …………………………………………… 2 If the soil is silky it …………………………………………… 3 If a soil is almost pure clay it…………………………………… 4 If a soil is almost pure sand it ………………………………………… 5 If a soil has good air-water balance with plenty of organic material it ………………… B Combine the following pairs to make a complete sentence, expressing purpose 1 The farmer has added some lime to their soil He wanted to make it more alkaline 2 Farmers . ? $55 billion 1970 19 82 19 92 20 02 => The total annual value of farm output increased from about $55 billion in 1970 to about $187 billion in 19 92 . How much did it increase. How much did it increase in the following years? - In 19 82: ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………. - In 20 02: ……………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… . provides C. becomes D. gives 22 . If the soil is silky, it will when dry and when wet. A. swell / shrink B. shrink / swell C. compact / open D. open / compact 23 . If the soil is silky, it will