ing with two product classes. On one hand, the industry offers recycles which have been produced without specific pre-sorting process. There is no denying to the fact that the properties of such products vary greatly. 1 The products from such recycling processes are definitely inferior. On the other hand, there are K. Heil and R. Pfaff 183 Figure 10. Manufacturer’s test certificate. use of defined proportions of recycled materials will be prescribed for the manu- facture of certain products. 4 However, as yet the recycling market is still operat- rials. As described before, this normally requires comprehensive sorting and up- grading processes. This approach normally yields a product which can be adjusted within a broad range to suit the specific customer requirements. For such products, suppliers can assume contractual obligations intheformofspeci- fications. This requires an after-sales service which provides the customer with extensive technical assistance. Such an after-sales service has to include activi- ties such as providing written information in the form of data sheets, test certifi- cates (Figure 10) and product information just as well as application-specific advisory services, processing instructions, and solving of customer problems. To answer to these needs, we have established a “Technical Marketing Service” which coordinates and provides all these activities. OUTLOOK Materials used today for the production of consumer goods and durables will appear on the recycling market tomorrow, provided they are routed for reuse. Polymers constitute a major source material for the production of commodities. Currently, concepts are being developed and first steps taken to facilitate and improve the separation of polymers from the product after its useful life has elapsed. This can be achieved by designing products for maximum ease of disas- sembly and identifying them clearly. Thepracticeofcombiningagreatvarietyof materials in a single appliance or assembly is doomed to find an end as it stands on the way of comprehensive product recycling. Accordingly, greater amounts of pure polymers will enter the recycling market in the future. In parallel, new pro- cesses will be developed and implemented to complement the existing recycling and processing capacity. It is also well conceivable that the advent of new mate- rials will create new customer requirements or open up new markets. Compre- hensive quality assurance applied at the right point and at the right time and taking into account the specific circumstances of the recycling application and the customer requirements will boost the image of secondary polymers and facil- itate their market introduction. 184 Quality Assurance in Plastics Recycling recyclers who put great efforts into producing high-purity secondary raw mate- REFERENCES 1. H. Dominghaus, Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen beim Kunststoff-Rycycling, Tagungsberichte DIF, Kempen, November, 1991. 2. EN2900ff, Qualitätsmanagement - und Qualitätssicherungsnormen, Qualitätssicherungssysteme, Mai, 1990. 3. J. Wortberg and J. Haussler, Moderne Konzepte der kontinuierlichen Prozessuberwachung. Qualität und Zuverlässigkeit 37 Jahrg.,2/72, Hanser, München. 4. Bundesminister F. Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit WA UU 3 530 111-2/6 Entwurf 15, August 1990, Zielfestlegung der Bundesregierung zur Vermeidung, Verringerung oder Verwertung von Abfallen aus der Kraftfahrzeugentsorgung. 5. H. Rinne and J. J. Mittag, Statische Methoden der Qualitatssicherung, Hanser, München, Wien, 1989. 6. N. Ehlert, Anforderungen an die Rohstoffhersteller aus der Sicht eines Spritzgiessverarbeiters Fachtagung, Würzburg, Dezember, 1990. 7. R. Pfaff, Material Recycling of Polypropylene from Automotive Batteries - Process and Equipment, II Int. Symp., Ed. van Linden, The Mineral, Metals & Materials Society 1990. K. Heil and R. Pfaff 185 Index A adhesion 91, 160, 161 air flotation 108 aluminium 1, 102, 113 amorphous phase 74 antioxidants 86 automation 104 B bacteriological contamination 24 ballistic test 148 battery recycling 173 battery scrap 171 biodegradation 11, 12 blend compatibility 27 bottles 2,18, 23, 99, 105 branches 68 butyl rubber 155 C calorific value 10 car industry 129, 130, 139 car interiors 131 carbon black 155 catalysts 8 cellulose 111, 113 chlorinated polyethylene 63, 68 cleaning 101 co-injection molding 17, 18, 19, 21 coextrusion 37 collection system 100 combustion 10 compatibility 40, 90 compatibilizer 40, 62, 70, 71, 76 compatibilizing 166 composites 7, 153 compression molding 32 containers 17 crushing 174 crystallinity 68, 76, 148 crystallization 48, 49, 50 D dashboard 134, 135 density 45, 63 detectors 102, 104, 105 direct re-use 2, 3, 4 disposal 144 door panel 136, 137 drying system 20 DSC 65 E elastic modulus 30, 35, 36, 51, 89, 95, 125 electrostatic separation 103 elongation 30, 35, 36, 50, 68, 70, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 96, 119, 121, 125, 126 ESCA 162 esterification 4 EVA 63, 68 extrusion index 187 31, 32, 33, 35, 42, 84, 124, 127 F fiber 1, 2, 114 fillers 55, 76, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 125, 153 film 1, 2, 3, 10, 12, 27, 28, 30, 36, 37, 60, 62 filmbase 3 flexural modulus 53, 54 floor coverings 134, 135, 136 flotation 42, 62, 104 flow index 148, 157 foam sheets 132 fogging 133 fracture 78 fuel tanks 146 functionalization 28 G gel content 32 glass 1 glass fiber 126 glycolysis 6, 7 greenhouse 27 grinding 107, 125, 154, 155, 175 H homodomains 47 hydrolysis 6, 8, 9, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120 I impact energy 157 impact resistance 53 impact strength 32, 35, 36, 54, 71, 86, 89, 91, 93, 94, 96, 125 impurities 178 incineration 2, 10 industrial scrap 39 injection molding 18, 69, 116, 124 interfacial adhesion 47 IR 64 L lamellae 68 landfills 1, 2, 10, 11, 12, 17 lead 173, 174 lubricants 86 M macroseparation 104 melt index 63 methanolysis 6, 8 microgels 4 microseparation 103 Molau test 29, 32, 33 molecular separation 103 molecular weight 63 monomer recovery 2, 7, 8 monomers 11 morphology 42, 45, 91 N Nielsen model 52 NIR 105 O oil spills 153 P packaging 60 paper 111, 112, 114, 115, 120 parking area 128 particle size 29, 114, 155, 158, 159 peel adhesion 3 2, 36, 37 phase segregation 48 photodegradation 11 photooxidation 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 35, 36 pigments 77 pilar trim 137 playground surfaces 153 Poisson’s ratio 53 polyamide 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 35, 37, 113 polyethylene 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 48, 50, 54, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 74, 76, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89, 90, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 111, 113, 124, 126, 146, 156 polyethyleneterephthalate 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 17, 18, 20, 22, 21, 26, 27, 84, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105, 113, 124 polymer degradation 4, 27, 65, 85, 86, 125, 145 polypropylene 27, 40, 41, 43, 47, 48, 54, 111, 113, 120, 124, 131, 171, 174 polystyrene 1, 27, 40, 41, 43, 47, 54, 113, 116, 124 polyvinylchloride 1, 17, 27, 40, 84, 87, 99, 100, 188 index 101, 103, 104, 105, 113, 116, 125, 128, 145 process control 179 Q quality assurance 176, 182 quality loop 177 R re-use after modification 2, 6 reactive coupling 164 rear shelf 137 rheology 42, 43, 66 rigidit 55 road surfaces 153 roofing materials 153 rotary screen 102 S SBR 155 SBS 126 scrap value 142, 143, 144 selection 101 SEM 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 42, 45, 46, 53, 55, 64, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 91, 162 separation 61, 100, 102, 106, 174 shear rate 44 shrinkage 48 silver 3, 4 stretch-blow-molding 21, 22 synthetic leather 132 T talc 125, 126 tensile modulus 50, 52 tensile strength 30, 32, 35, 36, 42, 50, 67, 68, 88, 89, 90, 92, 94, 95, 126 test certificate 183 tiles 127 tires 153 triboelectrical charge 103 turbidity 29 U urban wastes 39, 40, 60, 62 UV resistance 133 V vacuum filtration 114 viscosity 19, 44 W washing equipment 108 water absorption 18, 19 X X-ray 5 Y yielding stress 50 index 189 . Manufacturer’s test certificate. use of defined proportions of recycled materials will be prescribed for the manu- facture of certain products. 4 However, as yet the recycling market is still operat- rials maximum ease of disas- sembly and identifying them clearly. Thepracticeofcombiningagreatvarietyof materials in a single appliance or assembly is doomed to find an end as it stands on the way of comprehensive. circumstances of the recycling application and the customer requirements will boost the image of secondary polymers and facil- itate their market introduction. 184 Quality Assurance in Plastics Recycling recyclers