The Skeleton Biochemical, Genetic, and Molecular Interactions in Development and Homeostasis Edited by Edward J. Massaro John M. Rogers Edited by Edward J. Massaro John M. Rogers T HE S KELETON [...]... plakoglobin and E-cadherin and increased cellular adhesion J Cell Biol 12 3, 18 5 718 65 10 7 Hinck, L., Nelson, W J., and Papkoff, J (19 94) Wnt -1 modulates cell-cell adhesion in mammalian cells by stabilizing beta-catenin binding to the cell adhesion protein cadherin J Cell Biol 12 4, 7297 41 108 Zakany, J and Duboule, D (19 93) Correlation of expression of Wnt -1 in developing limbs with abnormalities in growth and. .. box factors TCF -1 and LEF -1 during murine embryogenesis Development 11 8, 439448 10 5 Kratochwil, K., Dull, M., Farinas, I., Galceran, J., and Grosschedl, R (19 96) Lef1 expression is activated by BMP-4 and regulates inductive tissue interactions in tooth and hair development Genes Dev 10 , 13 8 213 94 10 6 Bradley, R S., Cowin, P., and Brown, A M (19 93) Expression of Wnt -1 in PC12 cells results in modulation... properties, binds and acetylates TCF, causing decreased affinity for -catenin and inhibition of transcription from TCF-responsive promoters (10 3) LEF -1 and TCF -1 have been identified in developing mouse limb bud mesenchymal cells and in tail prevertebrae (10 4) and are induced by BMP-4 during murine tooth and hair development (10 5) Furthermore, the LEF- 1- catenin complex has recently been shown to bind the E-cadherin... domain binds / -catenin ( / -cat) directly, which in turn binds -catenin ( -cat) Subsequently, -cat binds the actin cytoskeleton directly or in conjunction with -actinin Other proteins also bind the cytoplasmic domain of N-cadherin, such as p120ctn and the nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) Both of these proteins bind the cytoplasmic domain and regulate cell adhesion Classic cadherins... import of beta-catenin Curr Biol 8, 18 119 0 10 0 Korinek, V., Barker, N., and Willert, K (19 98) Two members of the TCF family implicated in Wnt/beta-catenin signaling during embryogenesis in the mouse Mol Cell Biol 18 , 12 4 812 56 10 1 Fagatto, F and Gumbiner, B (19 94) Beta-catenin localization during Xenopus embryogenesis: accumulation at tissue and somite boundaries Development 12 0, 36673679 10 2 Novak, A.,... 350353 11 1 Gavin, B., McMahon, J., and McMahon, A (19 90) Expression of multiple novel Wnt -1 / int -1 - related genes during fetal and adult mouse development Genes Dev 4, 2 319 2332 11 2 Yang, Y and Niswander, L (19 95) Interaction between the signaling molecules WNT7a and SHH during vertebrate limb development: dorsal signals regulate anteroposterior patterning Cell 80, 939947 11 3 Riddle, R D., Ensini, M.,... isolated in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) (11 6 ,11 7), leads to induction of BMP-2 (11 6) Although the conserved nature of Wnt proteins implies that they act through similar pathways, Wnt-7A was recently found to exert its dorsoventral influence through a pathway other than the -catenin/LEF -1 complex, whereas Wnt-3A in the AER appears to use -catenin and LEF -1 in signaling (11 6) Our recent findings provide... 58, 15 26 91 Siegfried, E., Chou, T., and Perrimon, N (19 92) Wingless signaling acts through zeste-white 3, the Drosophila homologue of glycogen synthase kinase 3 to regulate engrailed and establish cell fate Cell 71, 11 6 711 79 92 Tomlinson, A., Strapps, W., and Heemskerk, J (19 97) Linking frizzled and Wnt signaling in Drospohila Development 12 4, 4 515 45 21 93 Cook, D., Fry, M., and Hughes, L (19 96) Wingless... reaches GSK-3 Various Wnts are found throughout the developing limb Wnt-3, -4 , -6 , and -7 B are expressed uniformly throughout the limb ectoderm, Wnt-5A is expressed throughout the distal mesenchyme (11 0, 11 1), and Wnt-7A, which is expressed in the dorsal ectoderm (11 0), appears to act as dorsalizing signal (11 0 ,11 2, 11 3) on the basis of the fact that mice lacking Wnt-7A develop ventralized paws (11 0) Both... patterning Nature 362, 546549 10 9 Torres, M., Yang-Snyder, J., Purcell, S., DeMarais, A., and McGrew, L (19 96) Activities of the Wnt -1 class of secreted signaling factors are antagonized by the Wnt-5A class and by a dominant negative cadherin in early Xenopus development J Cell Biol 13 3, 11 2 311 37 11 0 Parr, B A and McMahon, A P (19 95) Dorsalizing signal Wnt-7a required for normal polarity of D-V and A-P . Transactional Reporting Service is: [ 1- 5 882 9-2 1 5-0 /04 $25.00]. Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data E-ISBN: 1- 5 925 9-7 36-X The skeleton. Farrington, Minoru Omi, Rosalie Anderson, and Ken Muneoka 10 Retinoid Signaling and Skeletal Development 14 7 Andrea D. Weston and T. Michael Underhill CONTENTS xi xii Contents 11 Retinoids and Indian. Hoxd -1 1 -1 3 and transcription factors such as CFKH -1 , MFH -1 , and osf-2. Growth of condensations is regulated by BMPs, which activate a number of genes including Pax-2, Hoxa-2, and Hoxd -1 1 . Conversely,