BASIC HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT William C. Blackman, Jr. Third Edition © 2001 by CRC Press LLC BASIC HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT William C. Blackman, Jr. Third Edition LEWIS PUBLISHERS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. 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Basic hazardous waste management / William C. Blackman, Jr 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-533-9 (alk. paper) 1. Hazardous wastes—United States—Management. I. Title. TD1040 .B53 2001 363.72 ′ 87—dc21 2001020391 CIP Preface As the demand for a clean, safe environment grows, so also grows the public demand for protection from the health hazards and environmental horrors of hazardous waste mismanagement. Entrepreneurs of industry and commerce provide daily evidence of the general awakening to the need for reduction or elimination of hazardous waste sources and better management of the wastes that are generated. However, the ever- present drive for new product advantage, competition, budget and capital restraints, and the activities of those who have not yet accepted their environmental responsi- bilities continue to threaten our environmental well-being. Meanwhile the “not in my backyard” (NIMBY) syndrome has reached the point that almost no site is acceptable as a hazardous waste treatment or disposal facility. This clash of imper- atives must be dealt with. We, as a people, cannot permit further episodes of uncontrolled release of hazardous materials/waste to threaten us. We, as a first-world society, cannot tolerate the continuing aftermath of our history of uncontrolled hazardous waste disposal. However, we, as a viable, self-supporting nation, cannot afford to force industry and commerce to their collective knees in the name of environmental purity. The national conscience, as expressed in the form of research, technological advances, legislative craft, regulatory issue, fiscal support, and public participation, has brought forth great improvement in our hazardous waste management practice. However, most of the easy achievements have been realized. As we embark upon the Third Millennium, the priorities and demands placed upon environmental man- agers are ever more complex, urgent, and broad in scope. For example, exposure standards for toxic or hazardous chemicals are progressively made more restrictive, but pressures increase for less expensive and intrusive cleanup procedures for sites contaminated with these chemicals. Regulatory agencies seek to eliminate the use of particularly objectionable materials, while the industries traditionally forming the U.S. industrial and labor base, seeking less restrictive operating conditions, flee to neighboring and third-world countries. New generations of hazardous waste man- agers must acquire a broad-scope understanding of competing interests in scientific, technological, engineering, administrative, political, public health, and environmen- tal issues and the innovations that must be conceived and implemented in order to reconcile these imperatives. Our traditional approach to the education of future environmental technologists and managers has guided the undergraduate through a basic skill curriculum, then to be followed by a graduate program in engineering or a science. This text is intended to provide an introductory framework which can be the foundation for a program of study in traditional as well as modern hazardous waste management or a component of a related program. It is in an overview format, with many references to more detailed materials, to assist the student or instructor in expansion upon © 2001 by CRC Press LLC specific topics or to flesh out complex issues. The instructor is encouraged to expand upon issues or topics to meet the perceived needs of students, regions, or industries. Topics for discussion or review are provided at the end of each chapter. ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT The first eleven chapters deal with the topics, impacts, technologies, problems, and issues associated with “conventional” hazardous wastes and the management prac- tices and statutory and regulatory controls which have evolved around them. Chapters 12 through 14 introduce the closely related medical/infectious waste, underground storage tank, and radioactive waste management technologies and practices. Chapter 15 introduces the hazardous waste worker health and safety issues and regulatory structures that have become a major focal point and concern for managers and supervisors of hazardous waste facilities and sites. Objectives are stated as the first element of each chapter. Insofar as is possible or appropriate, the chapters are structured to first outline the issue, subject, or technology, then to describe generic practice, and to then conclude with a summary of the statutory and/or regulatory approach. Historical perspective is provided where appropriate to locale, industry, or other emphasis. The reader who is unfamiliar with the Federal Register (FR) and/or the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) should examine these two entries in the Glossary before proceeding with the regulatory material covered in the book. © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Acknowledgments My reviewers have shared generously of their valuable time and expertise to provide insightful and constructive suggestions. I am particularly indebted to Dr. Nicholas R. Hild of the Department of Manufacturing and Industrial Technology, Arizona State University, for his thoughtful and constructive input in reviewing the three editions in their entirety. Reviewers of portions of the first edition were Ms. Pamela R. Jenkins, R.N., of the Environmental Resource Center, Fayetteville, NC — the chapter on medical and infectious waste management; Mr. Arthur C. Gehr, Esq., partner in the firm Snell and Wilmer, Phoenix, AZ — the radioactive waste man- agement chapter; and Ms. Lisa Lund, then Manager, Underground Storage Tank Compliance Section, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, and later Dep- uty Director, Office of Underground Storage Tank Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency — the underground storage tank management chapter. Mr. Harold L. Berkowitz, chemical engineer, consultant, and faculty associate of the Department of Manufacturing and Industrial Technology, Arizona State University, provided extensive input and improvements to the new chapter on hazardous waste worker health and safety. The valuable assistance of all of the reviewers is deeply appreci- ated. Many of their respective contributions are retained in the third edition. Without the editing and word-processing skills as well as the extraordinary patience of Ms. Cindy Zisner, M.S., and the graphic skills of Mr. Steve Scott, these months of work on the new edition would have been much less pleasant. Ms. Zisner is a private practitioner in Tempe, AZ. Mr. Scott practices in Pasadena, CA. Mr. Jay Carr of the Dallas Morning News also made a valued contribution in the graphic presentation of the Yucca Mountain Repository. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of the many contributors of photographic materials. The illustrations for which no acknowledgment is made are either my own or have been provided to me on earlier occasions. I can only apologize for lack of adequate memory regarding the sources of the earlier contributions. © 2001 by CRC Press LLC The Author William C. Blackman, Jr. is an Environmental Engineer and Professor Emeritus of the Center for Environmental Studies, Arizona State University. Professor Blackman was previously a career engineer and manager assigned to enforcement programs of the U.S. Environmental Pro- tection Agency and predecessor agencies. As Technical Coordinator and Deputy Director of the EPA National Enforcement Investigations Center, he planned and directed early hazardous waste site investigations and par- ticipated in the development of the site investigation tech- niques and site health and safety procedures which have become standard practice. In 1985 he was appointed Assistant Director, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, where he managed state and federal RCRA and Superfund programs. He joined the ASU faculty in 1989, teaching undergraduate and graduate courses in hazardous waste management and control of toxic air pollutants. He developed and presented a program of seminars on hazardous waste management, underground storage tank management, emergency planning, and regulation of hazardous materials transportation. He directed ASU participation in the California-Arizona Consortium, presenting OSHA health and safety training for hazardous waste workers and underground storage tank workers. He continues to research and lecture in these programs. Professor Blackman received his B.S. in Civil Engineering and M.S. in Sanitary Engineering from the University of Missouri at Columbia, his MPA (Environmental Management) from the University of Southern California at Los Angeles, and his DPA (Environmental Management and Public Policy) from the University of Colorado at Denver. He is a Registered Professional Engineer and a U.S. Army Reserve Sanitary Engineer Colonel. He has published a number of papers on water quality and pollution control, and on hazardous waste site investigations and safety procedures. © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Table of Contents Chapter 1 The Hazardous Waste Perspective Objectives Introduction Dawning of the Problem Early Hazardous Waste Management “Take It Out Back and Dump It” “Treatment” and Other Assorted Techniques Numbers and Impacts Early Efforts — What Worked/Didn’t Work Legislation/Litigation Political Administrative Technical International Aspects Topics for Review or Discussion References Chapter 2 Definition of Hazardous Waste Objectives Introduction The Chemist The Life Scientist/Health Professional The Environmentalist The Legislator/Lawyer/Administrator/Diplomat Implementing the RCRA Definition of “Hazardous Waste” Hazardous Waste Characteristics Listed Hazardous Wastes The “Mixture” and “Derived-From” Rules Hazardous Waste Identification Rule Development The “Contained-In Policy” Topics for Review or Discussion References Chapter 3 Pathways, Fates, and Disposition of Hazardous Waste Releases Objectives Introduction © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Releases of Chemicals to the Environment Releases to the Atmosphere Releases to Surface Waters Releases to Land Movement, Fates, and Disposition Behavior of Waste Constituents Released to the Atmosphere Movement of Hazardous Waste Constituents in Surface Waters Pathways of Hazardous Waste Constituents Reaching Groundwater Chemical Transformations Topics for Review or Discussion References Chapter 4 Toxicology and the Standard-Setting Processes Objectives Introduction Public Health Impacts Toxicity Hazard Toxic Actions Risk Assessment and Standards Other Hazards Regulatory Application of Health Standards and Criteria Technology-Based Standards Risk-Based Standards RCRA Standards Standards Implementing the Land Disposal Restrictions Topics for Review or Discussion References Chapter 5 Hazardous Waste Sources/Generators Objectives Introduction The Generator Defined The Three Classifications of Generators Wastes Generated Regulatory Requirements EPA ID Number Pretransport Regulations Accumulation of Waste The Manifest Biennial Reporting Requirements Records Retention Exports and Imports of Hazardous Wastes © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Generator Responsibilities for Restricted Waste Management Generator Requirements Topics for Review or Discussion References Appendix A: Examples of Hazardous Wastes Produced by Basic Industries Appendix B: DOT Eight-Step Procedure for Preparation of Hazardous Material Shipments Chapter 6 Transportation of Hazardous Wastes Objectives Introduction Modes and Scope of Hazardous Waste Transportation Highway Shipment of Hazardous Wastes Railway Shipment of Hazardous Wastes Accidents/Incidents Involving Hazardous Waste Shipments Regulatory Structures Department of Transportation Regulations Transportation Incidents Involving Hazardous Wastes RCRA Regulations for Hazardous Waste Transporters EPA ID Number The Manifest Handling Hazardous Waste Discharges Import/Export Activity Topics for Review or Discussion References Chapter 7 Treatment and Disposal Methods and Processes Objectives Introduction Administrative and Nontechnical Requirements Subpart A — Facilities That Are Subject to the Regulations Subpart B — General Facility Standards Subpart C — Preparedness and Prevention Subpart D — Contingency Plan and Emergency Procedures Subpart E — Manifest System, Record Keeping, and Reporting General Technical Standards for Interim Status and Permitted Facilities Part 265, Subpart F — Groundwater Monitoring Part 264, Subpart F — Releases from Solid Waste Management Units Subpart G — Closure, Post-Closure Subpart H — Financial Requirements © 2001 by CRC Press LLC [...]... 272 19 86 19 89 19 91 1993 19 95 19 97 220.5 19 8 306b 258b 214 b 40.7c Census of treatment, storage, and disposal facilities Chemical industry survey EPA 530-S-9 4-0 39 EPA 530-S-9 4-0 39 EPA 530-S-9 7-0 22 EPA 530-S-9 7-0 22 EPA 530-S-9 9-0 36 a b c CMA EPA EPA EPA EPA EPA Range EPA attributes this increase to newly regulated wastes Not a directly comparable number EPA excluded wastewaters in the 19 97 inventory Hazardous. .. Data), EPA 530-S-9 4-0 39; U.S EPA, The National Biennial RCRA Hazardous Waste Report (Based on 19 95 Data), Executive Summary, EPA 530-S-9 7-0 22; U.S EPA, The National Biennial RCRA Hazardous Waste Report (Based on 19 97 Data), Executive Summary, EPA 530-S-9 9-0 36 10 U.S EPA, Toxics Release Inventory Public Data Release, EPA 745-R-9 6-0 02; U.S EPA Toxics Release Inventory 19 87 19 94, EPA 749-C-9 6-0 03; U.S EPA,... EPA, Toxics Release Inventory 19 87 19 95, EPA 749C-9 7-0 03; U.S EPA, 19 87 19 96 Toxics Release Inventory Reporting and the 19 97 Public Data Release, EPA 749-C-9 9-0 03 11 Established and Published by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) © 20 01 by CRC Press LLC L1533_frame_C 01 Page 19 Tuesday, May 1, 20 01 12:23 PM wastewaters that are regulated under the CWA .12 Then in 19 98, EPA added industries represented... distinction between the two © 20 01 by CRC Press LLC L1533_frame_C 01 Page 18 Tuesday, May 1, 20 01 12:23 PM TABLE 1. 1 Estimated Quantities of Hazardous Waste Generated in the U.S Source Million Tons Comment a 19 81 EPA National Survey 19 81 Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) 19 83 Congressional Budget Office (CBO) 19 84 Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) 19 85 EPA National Survey 247 (13 5–402) 255–275a 266 (223–308)a... waste contained 3 4 See: Bevill Amendment in Glossary See: Dump Leaching and Heap Leaching in Glossary © 20 01 by CRC Press LLC L1533_frame_C 01 Page 15 Tuesday, May 1, 20 01 12:23 PM FIGURE 1. 15 Surface stream ruined by inflow from heap leaching operation FIGURE 1. 16 “Yellow-Boy” blanket on streambed ruined by heap leaching operation © 20 01 by CRC Press LLC L1533_frame_C 01 Page 16 Tuesday, May 1, 20 01. .. to Hazardous Waste Sites References Glossary © 20 01 by CRC Press LLC L1533_frame_C 01 Page 1 Tuesday, May 1, 20 01 12:23 PM 1 The Hazardous Waste Perspective OBJECTIVES At completion of this chapter, the student should: • Have gained a perspective on the evolution of hazardous waste problems and approaches to management in the U.S and other industrialized nations • Understand the kinds of hazardous waste. .. drums of hazardous waste; filled discarded tank trailers with hazardous waste and parked them on the site; and when aboveground space was filled, underground storage tanks and trenches were filled with wastes FIGURE 1. 3 Land disposal of hazardous waste (Courtesy of MAX Environmental Inc., Pittsburgh, VA.) © 20 01 by CRC Press LLC L1533_frame_C 01 Page 5 Tuesday, May 1, 20 01 12:23 PM FIGURE 1. 4 Hazardous waste. .. shellfish contamination, mismanagement of hazardous waste was clearly exacting a price in human health The mechanisms were not well understood (and some continue to be so), but there could be no doubt of the connection between exposure and disease 5 6 33 USC § 13 11( b) (1) The Clean Water Act, 33 USC § 13 14(g) (1) © 20 01 by CRC Press LLC L1533_frame_C 01 Page 17 Tuesday, May 1, 20 01 12:23 PM incidence Increased... Inc (ESOI).) © 20 01 by CRC Press LLC L1533_frame_C 01 Page 4 Tuesday, May 1, 20 01 12:23 PM FIGURE 1. 2 Abandoned hazardous waste site (Courtesy of Envirosafe Services of Ohio, Inc (ESOI).) The ABM-Wade Site The ABM-Wade site in Chester, Pennsylvania, was typical of dozens of sites throughout the industrialized areas of the nation During the mid -1 9 70s the operator accepted hazardous wastes; filled the... a neighboring 300-acre site from 19 64 to 19 72 for shallow burial of 300,000 55-gal drums of pesticide production residues Residents complained of a wide variety of ailments including liver and urinary tract problems, dizziness, nausea, and rashes (Council on Environmental Quality 19 79, p 17 9) © 20 01 by CRC Press LLC L1533_frame_C 01 Page 7 Tuesday, May 1, 20 01 12:23 PM FIGURE 1. 8 ABM-Wade site (Chester, . of “generic” hazardous waste man- agement and to then relate that understanding to the basic federal waste management 1 L1533_frame_C 01 Page 1 Tuesday, May 1, 20 01 12:23 PM © 20 01 by CRC Press. time (Figure 1. 4). FIGURE 1. 1 Abandoned hazardous waste site. (Courtesy of Envirosafe Services of Ohio, Inc. (ESOI).) L1533_frame_C 01 Page 3 Tuesday, May 1, 20 01 12:23 PM © 20 01 by CRC Press. waste management / William C. Blackman, Jr 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1- 5 667 0-5 3 3-9 (alk. paper) 1. Hazardous wastes—United States Management. I. Title. TD1040