Table 11 Compositions of typical aluminum P/M alloy powders Composition, % Grade Cu Mg Si Al Lubricant 601AB 0.25 1.0 0.6 bal 1.5 201AB 4.4 0.5 0.8 bal 1.5 602AB . . . 0.6 0.4 bal 1.5 202AB 4.0 . . . . . . bal 1.5 MD-22 2.0 1.0 0.3 bal 1.5 MD-24 4.4 0.5 0.9 bal 1.5 MD-69 0.25 1.0 0.6 bal 1.5 Aluminum P/M Part Processing Basic design details for aluminum P/M parts involve the same manufacturing operations, equipment, and tooling that are used for iron, copper, and other metal-powder compositions. Detailed information on P/M design and processing can be found in Powder Metal Technologies and Applications, Volume 7 of ASM Handbook. Compacting. Aluminum P/M parts are compacted at low pressures and are adaptable to all types of compacting equipment. The pressure density curve, which compares the compacting characteristics of aluminum with other metal powders, indicates that aluminum is simpler to compact. Figure 11 shows the relative difference in compacting characteristics for aluminum and sponge iron or copper. Fig. 11 Relationship of green density and compacting pressure The lower compacting pressures required for aluminum permit wider use of existing presses. Depending on the press, a larger part often can be made by taking advantage of maximum press force. For example, a part with a 130 cm 2 (20 in. 2 ) surface area and 50 mm (2 in.) depth is formed readily on a 4450 kN (500 ton) press. The same part in iron would require a 5340 kN (600 ton) press. In addition, because aluminum responds better to compacting and moves more readily in the die, more complex shapes having more precise and finer detail can be produced. Sintering. Aluminum P/M parts can be sintered in a controlled, inert atmosphere or in vacuum. Sintering temperatures are based on alloy composition and generally range from 595 to 625 °C (1100 to 1160 °F). Sintering time varies from 10 to 30 min. Nitrogen, dissociated ammonia, hydrogen, argon, and vacuum have been used for sintering aluminum; however, nitrogen is preferred because it results in high as-sintered mechanical properties (Table 12). It is also economical in bulk quantities. If a protective atmosphere is used, a dew point of -40 °C (-40 °F) or below is recommended. This is equivalent to a moisture content of 120 mL/m 3 (120 ppm) maximum. Table 12 Typical properties of nitrogen-sintered aluminum P/M alloys Compacting pressure Green density Green strength Sintered density Tensile strength (a) Yield strength (a) Alloy Mpa tsi % g/cm 3 MPa psi % g/cm 3 Temper MPa ksi MPa ksi Elongation, % Hardness T1 110 16 48 7 6 55-60 HRH 601AB 96 7 85 2.29 3.1 450 91.1 2.45 T4 141 20.5 96 14 5 80-85 HRH T6 183 26.5 176 25.5 1 70-75 HRE T1 139 20.1 88 12.7 5 60-65 HRH T4 172 24.9 114 16.6 5 80-85 HRH 165 12 90 2.42 6.55 950 93.7 2.52 T6 232 33.6 224 32.5 2 75-80 HRE T1 145 21 94 13.7 6 65-70 HRH T4 176 25.6 117 17 6 85-90 HRH 345 25 95 2.55 10.4 1500 96.0 2.58 T6 238 34.5 230 33.4 2 80-85 HRE T1 121 17.5 59 8.5 9 55-60 HRH T4 121 17.5 62 9 7 65-70 HRH 165 12 90 2.42 6.55 950 93.0 2.55 T6 179 26 169 24.5 2 55-60 HRE T1 131 19 62 9 9 55-60 HRH T4 134 19.5 65 9.5 10 70-75 HRH 602AB 345 25 95 2.55 10.4 1500 96.0 2.58 T6 186 27 172 25 3 65-70 HRH T1 169 24.5 145 24 2 60-65 HRE T4 210 30.5 179 26 3 70-75 HRE 201AB 110 8 85 2.36 4.2 600 91.0 2.53 T6 248 36 248 36 0 80-85 HRE T1 201 29.2 170 24.6 3 70-75 HRE T4 245 35.6 205 29.8 3.5 75-80 HRE 180 13 90 2.50 8.3 1200 92.9 2.58 T6 323 46.8 322 46.7 0.5 85-90 HRE T1 209 30.3 181 26.2 3 70-75 HRE T4 262 38 214 31 5 80-85 HRE 413 30 95 2.64 13.8 2000 97.0 2.70 T6 332 48.1 327 47.5 2 90-95 HRE T1 160 23.2 75 10.9 10 55-60 HRH T4 194 28.2 119 17.2 8 70-75 HRH 202AB Compacts 180 13 90 2.49 5.4 780 92.4 2.56 T6 227 33 147 21.3 7.3 45-50 HRE T2 238 33.9 216 31.4 2.3 80 HRE T4 236 34.3 148 21.5 8 70 HRE T6 274 39.8 173 25.1 8.7 85 HRE Cold- formed parts (19% strain) 180 13 90 2.49 5.4 780 92.4 2.56 T8 280 40.6 250 36.2 3 87 HRE (a) Tensile properties determined using powder metal flat tension bar (MPIF standard 10-63), sintered 15 min at 620 °C (1150 °F) in nitrogen Aluminum preforms can be sintered in batch furnaces or continuous radiant tube mesh or cast belt furnaces. Optimum dimensional control is best attained by maintaining furnace temperature at ±2.8 °C (±5 °F). Typical heating cycles for aluminum parts sintered in various furnaces are illustrated in Fig. 12. Fig. 12 Typical heating cycles for aluminum P/M parts sintered in (a) A batch furnace. (b) A continuous furnace. (c) A vacuum furnace Mechanical properties are directly affected by thermal treatment. All compositions respond to solution heat treating, quenching, and aging in the same manner as conventional heat-treatable alloys. More detailed information on sintering of aluminum can be found in the article "Production Sintering Practices" in Powder Metal Technologies and Applications, Volume 7 of the ASM Handbook. Re-Pressing. The density of sintered compacts may be increased by re-pressing. When re-pressing is performed primarily to improve the dimensional accuracy of a compact, it usually is termed "sizing" when performed to improve configuration, it is termed "coining." Re-pressing may be followed by resintering, which relieves stress due to cold work in re-pressing and may further consolidate the compact. By pressing and sintering only, parts of over 80% theoretical density can be produced. By re-pressing, with or without resintering, parts of 90% theoretical density or more can be produced. The density attainable is limited by the size and shape of the compact. Forging of aluminum is a well-established technology. Wrought aluminum alloys have been forged into a variety of forms, from small gears to large aircraft structures, for many years (see the article "Forging of Aluminum Alloys" in Forming and Forging, Volume 14 of ASM Handbook, formerly 9th Edition Metals Handbook). Aluminum lends itself to the forging of P/M preforms to produce structural parts. In forging of aluminum preforms, the sintered aluminum part is coated with a graphite lubricant to permit proper metal flow during forging. The part is either hot or cold forged; hot forging at 300 to 450 °C (575 to 850 °F) is recommended for parts requiring critical die fill. Forging pressure usually does not exceed 345 MPa (50 ksi). Forging normally is performed in a confined die so that no flash is produced and only densification and lateral flow result from the forging step. Scrap loss is less than 10% compared to conventional forging, which approaches 50%. Forged aluminum P/M parts have densities of over 99.5% of theoretical density. Strengths are higher than nonforged P/M parts, and in many ways, are similar to conventional forging. Fatigue endurance limit is doubled over that of nonforged P/M parts. Alloys 601AB, 602AB, 201AB, and 202AB are designed for forgings. Alloy 202AB is especially well suited for cold forging. All of the aluminum powder alloys respond to strain hardening and precipitation hardening, providing a wide range of properties. For example, hot forging of alloy 601AB-T4 at 425 °C (800 °F) followed by heat treatment gives ultimate tensile strengths of 221 to 262 MPa (32 to 38 ksi), and a yield strength of 138 MPa (20 ksi), with 6 to 16% elongation in 25 mm (1 in.). Heat treated to the T6 condition, 601 AB has ultimate tensile strengths of 303 to 345 MPa (44 to 50 ksi). Yield strength is 303 to 317 MPa (44 to 46 ksi), with up to 8% elongation. Forming pressure and percentage of reduction during forging influence final properties. Ultimate tensile strengths of 358 to 400 MPa (52 to 58 ksi), and yield strengths of 255 to 262 MPa (37 to 38 ksi), with 8 to 18% elongation, are possible with 201AB heat treated to the T4 condition. When heat treated to the T6 condition, the tensile strength of 201AB increases from 393 to 434 MPa (57 to 63 ksi). Yield strength for this condition is 386 to 414 MPa (56 to 60 ksi), and elongation ranges from 0.5 to 8%. Properties of cold-formed aluminum P/M alloys are increased by a combination of strain-hardened densification and improved interparticle bonding. Alloy 601AB achieves 257 MPa (37.3 ksi) tensile strength and 241 MPa (34.9 ksi) yield strength after forming to 28% upset. Properties for the T4 and T6 conditions do not change notably between 3 and 28% upset. Alloy 602AB has moderate properties with good elongation. Strain hardening (28% upset) results in 221 MPa (32 ksi) tensile and 203 MPa (29.4 ksi) yield strength. The T6 temper parts achieve 255 MPa (37 ksi) tensile strength and 227 MPa (33 ksi) yield strength. Highest cold-formed properties are achieved by 201AB. In the as-formed condition, yield strength increases from 209 MPa (30.3 ksi) for 92.5% density, to 281 MPa (40.7 ksi) for 96.8% density. Alloy 202AB is best suited for cold forming. Treating to the T2 condition, or as-cold formed, increases the yield strength significantly. In the T8 condition, 202AB develops 280 MPa (40.6 ksi) tensile strength and 250 MPa (36.2 ksi) yield strength, with 3% elongation at the 19% upset level. Properties of Sintered Parts Mechanical Properties. Sintered aluminum P/M parts can be produced with strength that equals or exceeds that of iron or copper P/M parts. Tensile strengths range from 110 to 345 MPa (16 to 50 ksi), depending on composition, density, sintering practice, heat treatment, and repressing procedures. Table 12 lists typical properties of four nitrogen-sintered P/M alloys. Properties of heat-treated, pressed, and sintered grades are provided in Table 13. Table 13 Typical heat-treated properties of nitrogen-sintered aluminum P/M alloys Grades Heat-treated variables and properties MD-22 MD-24 MD-69 MD-76 Solution treatment Temperature, °C (°F) 520 (970) 500 (930) 520 (970) 475 (890) Time, min 30 60 30 60 Atmosphere Air Air Air Air Quench medium H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O Aging Temperature, °C (°F) 150 (300) 150 (300) 150 (300) 125 (257) Time, h 18 18 18 18 Atmosphere Air Air Air Air Heat treated (T 6 ) properties (a) Transverse-rupture strength, MPa (ksi) 550 (80) 495 (72) 435 (63) 435 (63) Tensile strength, MPa (ksi) 260 (38) 240 (35) 205 (30) 310 (45) Elongation, % 3 3 2 2 Rockwell hardness, HRE 74 72 71 80 Electrical conductivity, %IACS 36 32 39 25 (a) T 6 , solution heat treated, quenched, and artificially age hardened Impact tests are used to provide a measure of toughness of powder metal materials, which are somewhat less ductile than similar wrought compositions. Annealed specimens develop the highest impact strength, whereas fully heat-treated parts have the lowest impact values. Alloy 201AB generally exhibits higher impact resistance than alloy 601AB at the same percent density, and impact strength of 201AB increases with increasing density. A desirable combination of strength and impact resistance is attained in the T4 temper for both alloys. In the T4 temper, 95% density 201AB develops strength and impact properties exceeding those for as-sintered 99Fe-1C alloy, a P/M material frequently employed in applications requiring tensile strengths under 345 MPa (50 ksi). Fatigue is an important design consideration for P/M parts subject to dynamic stresses. Fatigue strengths of pressed and sintered P/M parts may be expected to be about half those of the wrought alloys of corresponding compositions (see comparisons of two P/M alloys with two wrought alloys in Fig. 13). These fatigue-strength levels are suitable for many applications. Fig. 13 Fatigue curves for (a) P/M 601AB. (b) P/M 201AB Electrical and Thermal Conductivity. Aluminum has higher electrical and thermal conductivities than most other metals. Table 14 compares the conductivities of sintered aluminum alloys with wrought aluminum, brass, bronze, and iron. Table 14 Electrical and thermal conductivity of sintered aluminum alloys, wrought aluminum, brass, bronze, and iron Material Temper Electrical conductivity (a) at 20 °C (68 °F), %IACS Thermal conductivity (b) at 20 °C (68 °F), cgs units 601AB T4 38 0.36 T6 41 0.38 T61 44 0.41 T4 32 0.30 T6 35 0.32 201AB T61 38 0.36 T4 44 0.41 T6 47 0.44 602AB T61 49 0.45 T4 40 0.37 6061 wrought aluminum T6 43 0.40 Hard 27 0.28 Brass (35% Zn) Annealed 27 0.28 Hard 15 0.17 Bronze (5% Sn) Annealed 15 0.17 Iron (wrought plate) Hot rolled 16 0.18 (a) Determined with FM-103 Magnatester. (b) Converted from electrical conductivity values Machinability. Secondary finishing operations such as drilling, milling, turning, or grinding can be performed easily on aluminum P/M parts. Aluminum P/M alloys provide excellent chip characteristics; compared to wrought aluminum alloys, P/M chips are much smaller and are broken more easily with little or no stringer buildup, as can be seen in Fig. 14. This results in improved tool service life and higher machinability ratings. Applications for Sintered Parts Aluminum P/M parts are used in an increasing number of applications. The business machine market currently uses the greatest variety of aluminum P/M parts. Other markets that indicate growth potential include automotive components, aerospace components, power tools, appliances, and structural parts. Due to their mechanical and physical properties, aluminum P/M alloys provide engineers with flexibility in material selection and design. These factors, coupled with the economic advantages of this technology, should continue to expand the market for aluminum P/M parts. A variety of pressed and sintered aluminum P/M parts are shown in Fig. 15. Fig. 15 Typical pressed and sintered aluminum P/M parts made from alloy 601AB. Top: gear rack used on a disc drive. Bottom: link flexure used on a print tip for a typewriter. Right: header/cavity block used on a high-voltage vacuum capacitor. Courtesy of D. Burton, Perry Tool & Research Company Introduction to Copper and Copper Alloys Derek E. Tyler, Olin Corporation, and William T. Black, Copper Development Association Inc. Introduction COPPER and copper alloys constitute one of the major groups of commercial metals. They are widely used because of their excellent electrical and thermal conductivities, outstanding resistance to corrosion, ease of fabrication, and good strength and fatigue resistance. They are generally nonmagnetic. They can be readily soldered and brazed, and many coppers and copper alloys can be welded by various gas, arc, and resistance methods. For decorative parts, standard alloys having specific colors are readily available. Copper alloys can be polished and buffed to almost any desired texture and luster. They can be plated, coated with organic substances, or chemically colored to further extend the variety of available finishes. Pure copper is used extensively for cables and wires, electrical contacts, and a wide variety of other parts that are required to pass electrical current. Coppers and certain brasses, bronzes, and cupronickels are used extensively for automobile radiators, heat exchangers, home heating systems, panels for absorbing solar energy, and various other applications Fig. 14 Machining chips from a wrought aluminum alloy (right) and from a P/M aluminum alloy (left) requiring rapid conduction of heat across or along a metal section. Because of their outstanding ability to resist corrosion, coppers, brasses, some bronzes, and cupronickels are used for pipes, valves, and fittings in systems carrying potable water, process water, or other aqueous fluids. In all classes of copper alloys, certain alloy compositions for wrought products have counterparts among the cast alloys; this enables the designer to make an initial alloy selection before deciding on the manufacturing process. Most wrought alloys are available in various cold-worked conditions, and the room-temperature strengths and fatigue resistances of these alloys depend on the amount of cold work as well as the alloy content. Typical applications of cold-worked wrought alloys (cold-worked tempers) include springs, fasteners, hardware, small gears, cams, electrical contacts, and components. Certain types of parts, most notably plumbing fittings and valves, are produced by hot forging simply because no other fabrication process can produce the required shapes and properties as economically. Copper alloys containing 1 to 6% Pb are free-machining grades. These alloys are widely used for machined parts, especially those produced in screw machines. Although fewer alloys are produced now than in the 1930s, new alloys continue to be developed and introduced, in particular to meet the challenging requirements of the electronics industry. Information on the use of copper alloys for lead frames, conductors, and other electronic components can be found in Packaging, Volume 1 of the Electronic Materials Handbook published by ASM INTERNATIONAL. Properties and applications of wrought copper alloys are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Similar data for cast copper alloys are presented in Table 3. More detailed information on the properties and applications of both wrought and cast copper alloys is presented in the articles that follow in this Section. Table 1 Properties of wrought copper and copper alloys Mechanical properties (b) Tensile strength Yield strength Alloy number (and name) Nominal composition, % Commercial forms (a) MPa ksi MPa ksi Elongation in 50 mm (2 in.), % (b) Machinability rating, % (c) C10100 (oxygen-free electronic copper) 99.99 Cu F, R, W, T, P, S 221- 455 32-66 69- 365 10- 53 55-4 20 C10200 (oxygen-free copper) 99.95 Cu F, R, W, T, P, S 221- 455 32-66 69- 365 10- 53 55-4 20 C10300 (oxygen-free extra- low-phosphorus copper) 99.95 Cu, 0.003 P F, R, T, P, S 221- 379 32-55 69- 345 10- 50 50-6 20 C10400, C10500, C10700 (oxygen-free silver-bearing copper) 99.95 Cu (d) F, R, W, S 221- 455 32-66 69- 365 10- 53 55-4 20 C10800 (oxygen-free low- phosphorus copper) 99.95 Cu, 0.009 P F, R, T, P 221- 379 32-55 69- 345 10- 50 50-4 20 C11000 (electrolytic tough pitch copper) 99.90 Cu, 0.04 O F, R, W, T, P, S 221- 455 32-66 69- 365 10- 53 55-4 20 [...]... 1282 45 -2 20 C35000 brass) (medium-leaded 510 (medium-leaded (extra-high-leaded (architectural C41500 91 Cu, 1.8 Sn, 7.2 Zn F 317558 46 -81 117517 1775 44 -2 30 C42200 87.5 Cu, 1.1 Sn, 11 .4 Zn F 296607 43 -88 103517 1575 46 -2 30 C42500 88.5 Cu, 2.0 Sn, 9.5 Zn F 3106 34 45-92 1 245 24 1876 49 -2 30 C43000 87.0 Cu, 2.2 Sn, 10.8 Zn F 317 648 46 - 94 1 245 03 1873 55-3 30 C4 340 0 85.0 Cu, 0.7 Sn, 14. 3 Zn F 310607 45 -88... 317- 46 - 74 97- 14- 65-8 60 C22600 87.5%) (commercial (jewelry bronze, (cartridge C26800, C27000 brass) 34. 5 Zn C 340 00 brass) 41 4 60 65.0 Cu, 1.0 Pb, 34. 0 Zn F, R, W, S 3 246 07 47 -88 10 341 4 1560 60-7 70 C 342 00 (high-leaded brass) 64. 5 Cu, 2.0 Pb, 33.5 Zn F, R 338586 49 -85 11 742 7 1762 52-5 90 C 349 00 62.2 Cu, 0.35 Pb, 37 .45 Zn R, W 36 546 9 53-68 110379 1655 72-18 50 62.5 Cu, 1.1 Pb, 36 .4 Zn F, R 310655 45 -95... 54- 80 13 841 4 2060 40 -6 70 C37700 (forging brass)(k) 59.0 Cu, 2.0 Pb, 39.0 Zn R, S 359 52 138 20 45 80 C38500 bronze)(k) 57.0 Cu, 3.0 Pb, 40 .0 Zn R, S 41 4 60 138 20 30 90 C40500 95 Cu, 1 Sn, 4 Zn F 269538 39-78 8 348 3 1270 49 -3 20 C40800 95 Cu, 2 Sn, 3 Zn F 290 545 42 -79 90517 1375 43 -3 20 C41100 91 Cu, 0.5 Sn, 8.5 Zn F, W 269731 39106 7 649 6 1172 13-2 20 C41300 90.0 Cu, 1.0 Sn, 9.0 Zn F, R, W 2837 24 41105... 7 642 7 1162 46 -3 30 C23000 (red brass, 85%) 85.0 Cu, 15.0 Zn F, W, T, P 2697 24 39105 6 943 4 1063 55-3 30 C 240 00 (low brass, 80%) 80.0 Cu, 20.0 Zn F, W 290862 42 125 8 344 8 1265 55-3 30 C26000 70%) brass, 70.0 Cu, 30.0 Zn F, R, W, T 303896 44 130 7 644 8 1165 66-3 30 (yellow 65.0 Cu, 35.0 Zn F, R, W 317883 46 128 9 742 7 146 2 65-3 30 C28000 (Muntz metal) 60.0 Cu, 40 .0 Zn F, R, T 372510 54- 74 145 379 2155 52-10 40 ... 1575 49 -3 30 C43500 81.0 Cu, 0.9 Sn, 18.1 Zn F, T 317552 46 -80 11 046 9 1668 46 -7 30 C 443 00, C 444 00, C 445 00 (inhibited admiralty) 71.0 Cu, 28.0 Zn, 1.0 Sn F, W, T 331379 48 -55 1 241 52 1822 65-60 30 C4 640 0 to C46700 (naval brass) 60.0 Cu, 39.25 Zn, 0.75 Sn F, R, T, S 379607 55-88 17 245 5 2566 50-17 30 C48200 (naval medium-leaded) brass, 60.5 Cu, 0.7 Pb, 0.8 Sn, 38.0 Zn F, R, S 386517 56-75 172365 2553 43 -15... P, S 48 3586 70-85 20 740 0 3058 42 -35 30 C6 140 0 (aluminum bronze, D) 91.0 Cu, 7.0 Al, 2.0 Fe F, R, W, T, P, S 5 246 14 76-89 22 841 4 3360 45 -32 20 C61500 90.0 Cu, 8.0 Al, 2.0 Ni F 48 31000 70 145 152965 22 140 55-1 30 C61800 89.0 Cu, 1.0 Fe, 10.0 Al R 552586 80-85 269293 3 942 .5 28-23 40 C61900 86.5 Cu, 4. 0 Fe, 9.5 Al F 6 341 048 92152 3381000 49 145 30-1 C62300 87.0 Cu, 3.0 Fe, 10.0 Al F, R 517676 75-98 241 359... 372786 541 14 36 -4 C 642 00 91.2 Cu, 7.0 Al F, R 517703 75102 241 469 3568 32-22 60 C65100 (low-silicon bronze, B) 98.5 Cu, 1.5 Si R, W, T 276655 40 -95 10 347 6 1569 55-11 30 C6 540 0 95 .44 Cu, 3 Si, 1.5 Sn, 0.06 Cr F 276793 40 115 130 744 20108 40 -3 20 97.0 Cu, 3.0 Si F, R, W, T 3861000 56 145 145 483 2170 63-3 30 C66700 (manganese brass) 70.0 Cu, 28.8 Zn, 1.2 Mn F, W 315689 45 .8100 83638 1292.5 60-2 30 C6 740 0 58.5... Sn F, R 48 36 34 70-92 2 343 79 345 5 28-20 25 C67500 (manganese bronze, A) 58.5 Cu, 1 .4 Fe, 39.0 Zn, 1.0 Sn, 0.1 Mn R, S 44 8579 65- 84 20 741 4 3060 33-19 30 C68700 (aluminum bronze, arsenical) 77.5 Cu, 20.5 Zn, 2.0 Al, 0.1 As T 41 4 60 186 27 55 30 C68800 73.5 Cu, 22.7 Zn, 3 .4 Al, 0 .40 Cu F 565889 82129 379786 551 14 36-2 C69000 73.3 Cu, 3 .4 Al, 0.6 Ni, 22.7 Zn F 49 6896 72130 345 807 50117 40 -2 C6 940 0 (silicon... 40 -2 20 C1 940 0 97.5 Cu, 2 .4 Fe, 0.13 Zn, 0.03 P F 3105 24 45-76 165503 247 3 32-2 20 C19500 97.0 Cu, 1.5 Fe, 0.6 Sn, 0.10 P, 0.80 Co F 552669 80-97 44 8655 6595 15-2 20 C19700 99 Cu, 0.6 Fe, 0.2 P, 0.05 Mg F 344 517 50-75 165503 247 3 32-2 20 C21000 (gilding, 95%) 95.0 Cu, 5.0 Zn F, W 2 344 41 34- 64 6 940 0 1058 45 -4 20 C22000 bronze, 90%) 90.0 Cu, 10.0 Zn F, R, W, T 25 549 6 37-72 6 942 7 1062 50-3 20 87.5 Cu,... 8.0 Sn, trace P F, R, W 379965 55 140 165552 248 0 70-2 20 C5 240 0 (phosphor bronze, 10% D) 90.0 Cu, 10.0 Sn, trace P F, R, W 45 510 14 66 147 193 28 70-3 20 (Annealed) C 544 00 (free-cutting phosphor bronze) 88.0 Cu, 4. 0 Pb, 4. 0 Zn, 4. 0 Sn F, R 303517 44 -75 13 143 4 1963 50-16 80 C60800 (aluminum bronze, 5%) 95.0 Cu, 5.0 Al T 41 4 60 186 27 55 20 C61000 92.0 Cu, 8.0 Al R, W 48 3552 70-80 207379 3055 65-25 20 . units 601AB T4 38 0.36 T6 41 0.38 T61 44 0 .41 T4 32 0.30 T6 35 0.32 201AB T61 38 0.36 T4 44 0 .41 T6 47 0 .44 602AB T61 49 0 .45 T4 40 0.37 6061 wrought aluminum T6 43 0 .40 Hard 27. 11 .4 Zn F 296- 607 43 -88 103- 517 15- 75 46 -2 30 C42500 88.5 Cu, 2.0 Sn, 9.5 Zn F 310- 6 34 45 -92 1 24- 5 24 18- 76 49 -2 30 C43000 87.0 Cu, 2.2 Sn, 10.8 Zn F 317- 648 46 - 94 . 110- 46 9 16- 68 46 -7 30 C 443 00, C 444 00, C 445 00 (inhibited admiralty) 71.0 Cu, 28.0 Zn, 1.0 Sn F, W, T 331- 379 48 -55 1 24- 152 18- 22 65-60 30 C4 640 0 to C46700 (naval brass) 60.0