24 75 640 92.8 235 33.9 76 82 710 103 . . . . . . -78 -108 1150 167 300 43.2 50 76 . . . . . . . . . . . . -196 -320 1520 221 280 40.9 45 66 1060 153 . . . . . . -253 -423 1860 270 420 60.6 27 54 1120 162 . . . . . . -269 -452 1720 250 400 58.2 30 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . 304L sheet, longitudinal orientation 24 75 660 95.9 295 42.8 56 . . . 730 106 . . . . . . -78 -108 980 142 250 36.0 43 . . . 1030 150 . . . . . . -196 -320 1460 212 275 39.6 37 . . . 1420 206 . . . . . . -253 -423 1750 254 305 44.5 33 . . . 1290 187 . . . . . . -269 -452 1590 230 405 58.5 29 . . . 1460 212 . . . . . . 304L sheet, transverse orientation -269 -452 1540 223 410 59.5 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304L bar, longitudinal orientation 24 75 660 95.5 405 58.9 78 81 . . . . . . 190 27.6 -78 -108 1060 153 435 62.8 70 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . -196 -320 1510 219 460 66.6 43 66 . . . . . . 205 29.7 -253 -423 1880 273 525 75.8 42 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . -269 -452 1660 241 545 79.4 34 56 . . . . . . 200 29.2 310 sheet, longitudinal orientation 24 75 570 83.0 240 35.0 50 . . . 645 93.9 . . . . . . -196 -320 1080 156 545 79.1 68 . . . 1070 155 . . . . . . -253 -423 1300 188 715 104 56 . . . 1250 182 . . . . . . -269 -452 1230 178 770 112 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 sheet, transverse orientation 24 75 600 86.8 240 34.8 46 . . . 630 91.6 . . . . . . -269 -452 1280 186 800 116 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 bar, longitudinal orientation 24 75 585 84.8 340 49.1 50 76 770 112 . . . . . . -78 -108 740 107 305 43.9 72 68 . . . . . . . . . . . . -196 -320 1090 158 520 75.5 68 50 . . . . . . 205 29.9 -253 -423 1390 202 855 124 44 48 1305 189 . . . . . . -269 -452 1300 189 715 104 50 41 . . . . . . 205 29.9 310S forging, transverse orientation 24 75 585 84.8 260 37.9 54 71 800 116 . . . . . . -196 -320 1100 159 605 87.6 72 52 1350 196 . . . . . . -269 -452 1300 189 815 118 64 45 1600 232 . . . . . . 316 sheet, longitudinal orientation 24 75 595 86.4 275 39.8 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -253 -423 1580 229 664 96.6 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 sheet, longitudinal orientation 24 75 620 89.6 225 32.4 55 . . . 625 90.4 180 26.0 -196 -320 1380 200 315 45.6 46 . . . 1520 220 205 29.5 -253 -423 1650 239 375 54.5 36 . . . 1460 212 210 30.7 321 bar, longitudinal orientation 24 75 675 97.6 430 62.2 55 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . -78 -108 1060 153 385 55.9 46 73 . . . . . . . . . . . . -196 -320 1540 223 450 65.4 38 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . -253 -423 1860 270 405 58.5 35 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 sheet, longitudinal orientation 24 75 650 94 255 37 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -196 -320 1365 198 420 61 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -253 -423 1610 234 435 63 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 bar 24 75 670 97.4 340 49.3 57 76 . . . . . . . . . . . . -78 -108 995 144 475 68.8 51 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . -196 -320 1470 214 430 62.2 43 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . -253 -423 1850 268 525 76.4 38 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . Source: Ref 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (a) Stress concentration factor, K t , is 5.2 for 304 and 304L sheet, 14 for 304 bar, 6.3 for 310 sheet, 6.4 for 310 bar; K t is 10 for 310S forging; K t is 3.5 for 321 sheet. Table 15 Typical tensile properties of cold-worked type 300 austenitic stainless steel sheet Temperature Tensile strength Yield strength Elongation, % Notch tensile strength (a) Young's modulus °C °F MPa ksi MPa ksi MPa ksi GPa 10 6 psi 301, hard, cold rolled (42-60% reduction), longitudinal orientation 24 75 1310 190 1200 174 18 1390 201 . . . . . . -78 -108 1560 226 1130 164 23 1460 212 . . . . . . -196 -320 2020 293 1380 200 19 1660 241 . . . . . . -253 -423 2110 306 1610 233 14 1830 265 . . . . . . 301, hard, cold rolled (42-60% reduction), transverse orientation 24 75 1310 190 1060 153 10 1430 207 . . . . . . -78 -108 1560 226 1070 155 28 1430 208 . . . . . . -196 -320 2060 299 1310 190 28 1670 243 . . . . . . -253 -423 1900 275 1570 227 8 1360 197 . . . . . . 301, extra hard, cold rolled (>60% reduction), longitudinal orientation 24 75 1500 217 1370 198 9 1600 232 175 25.6 -78 -108 1710 248 1400 203 22 1680 244 180 26.3 -196 -320 2220 322 1610 234 22 1940 282 180 26.2 -253 -423 2220 322 1810 262 13 1890 274 190 27.6 -269 -452 2140 310 1930 280 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 301, extra hard, cold rolled (>60% reduction), transverse orientation 24 75 1590 230 1280 186 8 1520 220 . . . . . . -78 -108 1770 257 1250 181 18 1590 230 . . . . . . -196 -320 2190 318 1560 226 18 1680 244 . . . . . . -253 -423 2180 316 1830 266 5 1340 194 . . . . . . 304, hard, cold rolled, longitudinal orientation 24 75 1320 191 1190 173 3 1460 212 180 25.9 -78 -108 1470 213 1300 188 10 1590 231 185 26.9 -196 -320 1900 276 1430 208 29 1910 277 200 29.1 -253 -423 2010 292 1560 226 2 2160 313 210 30.5 304, hard, cold rolled, transverse orientation 24 75 1440 209 1180 171 5 1200 174 195 28.0 -78 -108 1600 232 1330 193 7 1400 203 200 28.9 -196 -320 1870 271 1480 214 23 1690 245 205 30.0 -253 -423 2160 313 1560 226 1 1900 276 215 31.1 304L, 70% cold reduced, longitudinal orientation 24 75 1320 192 1080 156 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . -196 -320 1770 256 1530 222 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . -253 -423 1990 288 1770 256 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 304L, 70% cold reduced, transverse orientation 24 75 1440 209 1220 177 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . -196 -320 1890 274 1630 236 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . -253 -423 2230 324 1940 282 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 310, 75% cold reduced, longitudinal orientation 24 75 1180 171 1100 160 3 1360 197 175 25.4 -78 -108 1410 204 1290 187 4 1530 222 175 25.5 -196 -320 1720 249 1540 223 10 1900 276 180 26.4 -253 -423 2000 290 1790 259 10 2230 324 195 28.3 310, 75% cold reduced, transverse orientation 24 75 1370 199 1110 161 4 1370 199 195 28.1 -78 -108 1540 224 1290 187 8 1640 238 190 27.6 -196 -320 1880 272 1520 221 10 2050 297 195 28.2 -253 -423 2140 311 1790 260 9 2190 318 200 29.1 Source: Ref 6, 10, 13 (a) K t = 6.3. Table 16 Typical tensile properties of stainless steels other than type 300 series steels Temperature Tensile strength Yield strength Notch tensile strength (a) Young's modulus °C °F MPa ksi MPa ksi Elongation, % Reduction, in area, % MPa ksi GPa 10 6 psi 202 sheet, annealed, longitudinal orientation 24 75 705 102 325 47.1 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -73 -100 1080 156 485 70.2 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -196 -320 1590 231 610 88.3 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -268 -450 1420 206 765 111 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 sheet, cold reduced 50%, longitudinal orientation 24 75 1080 156 965 140 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -196 -320 1970 286 1070 155 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -268 -450 1950 283 1240 180 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-6-9 plate, longitudinal orientation (b) 24 75 705 102 385 55.9 54 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . -78 -108 895 130 590 85.4 60 75 . . . . . . . . . . . . -196 -320 1510 219 970 141 41 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . -253 -423 1660 241 1220 177 16 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . -269 -452 1700 247 1350 196 22 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . Pyromet 538 plate, longitudinal orientation (c) 24 75 675 97.9 340 49.0 75 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . -196 -320 1370 199 800 116 76 73 . . . . . . . . . . . . -269 -452 1490 216 1010 147 52 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . Nitronic 40 plate, electroslag remelted; as-rolled 24 75 1010 146 840 122 35 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . -73 -100 1170 169 945 137 36 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . -196 -320 1830 266 1540 223 31 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . Nitronic 60 bar, annealed, longitudinal orientation 24 75 750 109 400 58.1 66 79 1080 157 165 24.0 -73 -100 1020 148 535 77.9 70 81 1480 215 165 24.2 -196 -320 1500 218 695 101 60 66 1900 275 170 24.8 -253 -423 1410 204 860 125 24 27 1870 271 170 24.8 416 bar, longitudinal orientation (d) 24 75 1400 203 1200 174 15 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . -78 -108 1500 218 1260 183 15 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . -196 -320 1800 261 1600 232 9 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . -253 -423 2020 293 2020 293 0.4 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . Source: Ref 6, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 (a) K t = 7 for Nitronic 60 bar. (b) Annealed 1 h at 1065 °C (1950 °F), water quenched. (c) Annealed 1 h at 1095 °C (2000 °F), water quenched. (d) Heat treatment: 1 h at 980 °C (1800 °F), oil quenched, tempered 4 h at 370 °C (700 °F), air cooled. Results of tensile tests on stainless steel weldments at subzero temperatures, given in Table 17, may be significant in selecting stainless steels for cryogenic applications. Results of ultrasonic determinations of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio for three stainless steels, shown in Fig. 10 and 11, serve to supplement the tensile data. Table 17 Typical tensile properties of stainless steel weldments Test temperature Yield strength Tensile strength Notch tensile strength (b) Alloy condition Welding process Filler Form Base metal orientation (a) °C °F MPa ksi MPa ksi Elonga- tion, % Reduction in area, % MPa ksi 24 75 . . . . . . 1034 150 7 . . . . . . . . . -78 -108 . . . . . . 1489 216 13 . . . . . . . . . -196 -320 . . . . . . 2006 291 16 . . . . . . . . . Type 301, cold rolled 60%; tested as welded GTA None Sheet L -253 -423 . . . . . . 1675 243 6 . . . . . . . . . 24 75 380 55.1 530 76.8 4 . . . . . . . . . -78 -108 523 75.9 723 105 4 . . . . . . . . . Type 310, hard; tested as welded GTA 310 Sheet L -196 -320 752 109 1026 149 4 . . . . . . . . . 24 75 334 48.5 582 84.4 40 76 841 122 -196 -320 660 96.6 1066 155 46 67 1428 207 AISI, 310S, annealed SMA 310S Plate . . . -269 -452 829 120 1102 160 26 24 1672 242 21-6-9, annealed SMA Inconel 625 Plate Weld (c) -269 -452 878 127 1276 185 31 27 . . . . . . HAZ (c) -269 -452 1728 251 1873 272 21 33 . . . . . . Weld (c) -269 -452 951 138 1222 177 18 20 . . . . . . GTA Inconel 625 Plate HAZ (c) -269 -452 1740 252 1921 279 17 37 . . . . . . Weld (c) -269 -452 833 121 1087 158 19 27 . . . . . . GMA Inconel 625 Plate HAZ (c) -269 -452 1689 245 1866 271 15 27 24 75 414 60.0 725 105 51 74 1238 180 -196 -320 1009 146 1456 211 48 61 2119 307 GTA Pyromet 538 Plate . . . -269 -452 1240 180 1646 239 31 24 1841 267 24 75 413 59.9 729 106 53 75 1018 148 -196 -320 800 116 1045 152 6 37 1416 205 GMA IN-182 Plate . . . -269 -452 805 117 1086 158 6 40 1419 206 Source: Ref 6, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22 (a) L, longitudinal. (b) K t = 10. [...]... 3 5-6 0 3 2-5 5 -1 96, -2 69 -3 20, -4 52 1.1 × 1 0-1 0 6.1 × 1 0-1 2 3.7 2 5-8 0 2 3-7 3 Type 310S annealed plate T-L 2 0-2 8 0.1 10 0.1 -1 96, -2 69 -3 20, -4 52 1.4 × 1 0-1 0 7.9 × 1 0-1 2 3.75 2 4-7 1 2 2-6 5 Type 310S, SMA weld with E31 0-1 6 filler 10 0.1 -1 96, -2 69 -3 20, -4 52 7.8 × 1 0-1 3 5.0 × 1 0-1 4 5.15 2 7-6 6 2 5-6 0 Type 316 annealed plate T-L 2 0-2 8 0.1 24 to -2 69 75 to -4 52 2.1 × 1 0-1 0 1.2 × 1 0-1 1 3.8 1 9-1 6 1 7-1 4 2 1-6 -9 annealed... Alloy and condition ∆K:ksi °F Estimated range for ∆K m n(b) MPa m ksi in in Type 304 annealed plate T-L 2 0-2 8 0.1 24 to -2 69 75 to -4 52 2.7 × 1 0-9 1.4 × 1 0-1 0 3.0 2 2-8 0 2 0-7 3 Type 304L annealed plate T-L 2 0-2 8 0.1 24 75 2.0 × 1 0-1 0 1.2 × 1 0-1 1 4.0 2 2-5 4 2 0-4 9 -1 96, -2 69 -3 20, -4 52 3.4 × 1 0-1 1 2.0 × 1 0-1 2 4.0 2 6-8 0 2 4-7 3 24 75 3.5 × 1 0-1 1 2.1 × 1 0-1 2 4.4 2 4-3 5 2 2-3 2 24 75 4.7 × 1 0-9 2.4 × 1 0-1 0 3.0 3 5-6 0... plate T-L 2 0-2 8 0.1 24, -1 96 75, -3 20 1.9 × 1 0-1 0 1.1 × 1 0-1 1 3.7 2 5-8 0 2 3-7 3 -2 69 -4 52 3.6 × 1 0-1 1 2.2 × 1 0-1 2 4.4 2 5-7 0 2 3-6 4 Pyromet 538, SMA weld in annealed plate using Inconel 182 filler T-L T-L 10 10 Source: Ref 17, 26 (a) T, transverse; L, longitudinal (b) C and n are constants from da/dN = C (∆K)''; ∆K, stress intensity factor range 0.1 0.1 24 75 1.8 × 1 0-1 0 9.9 × 1 0-1 2 3.7 2 6-5 5 2 4-5 0 -1 96, -2 69... 538, GTA weld in annealed plate using 2 1-6 -9 filler -3 20, -4 52 7.6 × 1 0-1 4 5.47 × 1 0-1 5 6.36 2 4-4 4 2 2-4 0 24 to -2 69 75 to -4 52 2.5 × 1 0-1 2 1.6 × 1 0-1 3 5.13 2 5-5 5 2 3-5 0 Fig 12 Fatigue crack growth rate data for type 304 austenitic stainless steel (annealed) at room temperature and at subzero temperatures Source: Ref 27 6 Fatigue Strength The results of flexural and axial fatigue tests at 10 cycles on... 24.9 (14. 4) 28.7 (16.6) 460 (0.11) 570 70 0-1 000 148 0-1 530 (27002790) 414 S 4140 0 7.8 (0.28) 200 (29.0) 10.4 (5.8) 11.0 (6.1) 12.1 (6.7) 24.9 (14. 4) 28.7 (16.6) 460 (0.11) 700 142 5-1 480 (26002700) 416 S41600 7.8 (0.28) 200 (29.0) 9.9 (5.5) 11.0 (6.1) 11.6 (6.4) 24.9 (14. 4) 28.7 (16.6) 460 (0.11) 570 70 0-1 000 148 0-1 530 (27002790) 420 S42000 7.8 (0.28) 200 (29.0) 10.3 (5.7) 10.8 (6.0) 11.7 (6.5) 24.9 (14. 4)... Christian, Mechanical Properties of High-Strength 301 Stainless Steel Sheet at 70, 320, and -4 23 F in Base Metal and Welded Joint Configuration, in Low-Temperature Properties of HighStrength Aircraft and Missile Materials, STP 287, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1961 23 H.M Ledbetter, W.F Weston, and E.R Naimon, Low-Temperature Elastic Properties of Four Austenitic Stainless Steels, J Appl Phys.,... 140 0-1 450 (25502650) 304L S30403 8.0 (0.29) 1.02 140 0-1 450 (25502650) 302Cu S30430 8.0 (0.29) 193 (28.0) 17.2 (9.6) 17.8 (9.9) 11.2 (6.5) 21.5 (12.4) 500 (0.12) 720 1.02 140 0-1 450 (25502650) 304N S30451 8.0 (0.29) 196 (28.5) 500 (0.12) 720 1.02 140 0-1 450 (25502650) 305 S30500 8.0 (0.29) 193 (28.0) 17.2 (9.6) 17.8 (9.9) 18.4 (10.2) 16.2 (9.4) 21.5 (12.4) 500 (0.12) 720 1.02 140 0-1 450... and R.P Reed, The Effect of Experimental Variables Including the Martensitic Transformation on the Low-Temperature Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels, Trans ASM, Vol 55, Sept 1962, p 39 9-4 19 13 J.F Watson and J.L Christian, Low Temperature Properties of Cold-Rolled AISI Types 301, 302, 304ELC, and 310 Stainless Steel Sheet, in Low-Temperature Properties of High-Strength Aircraft and. .. (5.8) 10.8 (6.0) 11.2 (6.2) 20.9 (12.1) 24.4 (14. 1) 500 (0.12) 670 40 0-7 00 142 5-1 510 (26002750) PH 1 3-8 Mo S13800 7.8 (0.28) 203 (29.4) 10.6 (5.9) 11.2 (6.2) 11.9 (6.6) 14. 0 (8.1) 22.0 (12.7) 460 (0.11) 1020 140 0-1 440 (25602625) 1 5-5 PH S15500 7.8 (0.28) 196 (28.5) 10.8 (6.0) 11.4 (6.3) 17.8 (10.3) 23.0 (13.1) 420 (0.10) 770 95 140 0-1 440 (25602625) 1 7-4 PH S17400 7.8 (0.28) 196 (28.5) 10.8 (6.0)... Testing and Materials, 1961, p 17 0-1 93 14 J.H Bolton, L.L Godby, and B.L Taft, Materials for Use at Liquid Hydrogen Temperature, in LowTemperature Properties of High-Strength Aircraft and Missile Materials, STP 287, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1961, p 10 8-1 20 15 H.L Martin et al., "Effects of Low Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Structural Metals," NASA SP- 5012 (01) , Office . 10 -1 1 2.0 × 10 -1 2 4.0 2 6-8 0 2 4-7 3 24 75 3.5 × 10 -1 1 2.1 × 10 -1 2 4.4 2 4-3 5 2 2-3 2 24 75 4.7 × 10 -9 2.4 × 10 -1 0 3.0 3 5-6 0 3 2-5 5 T-L 2 0-2 8 0.1 -1 96, -2 69 -3 20, -4 52 1.1 × 10 -1 0 . -1 96, -2 69 -3 20, -4 52 7.8 × 10 -1 3 5.0 × 10 -1 4 5.15 2 7-6 6 2 5-6 0 Type 316 annealed plate T-L 2 0-2 8 0.1 24 to -2 69 75 to -4 52 2.1 × 10 -1 0 1.2 × 10 -1 1 3.8 1 9-1 6 1 7-1 4 24, -1 96 75, -3 20. T-L 2 0-2 8 0.1 24 to -2 69 75 to -4 52 2.7 × 10 -9 1.4 × 10 -1 0 3.0 2 2-8 0 2 0-7 3 24 75 2.0 × 10 -1 0 1.2 × 10 -1 1 4.0 2 2-5 4 2 0-4 9 Type 304L annealed plate T-L 2 0-2 8 0.1 -1 96, -2 69 -3 20, -4 52