Undergraduate Thesis Nguyen Quoc Manh – K51KHCTT Chapter I GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background Flower is a precious gift that nature presents to human. Each flower brings a particular beauty, a particular colour, flowers can be seen as a product, which not only brings special spiritual values but also brings high economic value. In recent year, the technology that using for flower production in France, Netherlands, and China has reached very high levels, in which the cultivar and technical cultivation are important factors to contribute to the improvement of quality of flower. In different flower species, rose is one of the most popular flowers in the world and consequently, also one of the most cultivated. The different cultivars of roses have been released and have exchanged between each countries in the situation of trade integration over the world. Rose is preferred by most colourful appearance, seductive scent, high productivity and market value. Rose is very rich in colour and flavour. Especially, rose is the perennial shrub that has high adaptability to natural conditions, climate. Besides aesthetic value, rose has both high values in the medical industry and in the manufacture of cosmetics (perfumes). Rose (Rosa sp) is one of the most popular and beautiful flowers which was imported and cultivated in Viet Nam a long time ago. The production areas have increased significantly in recent years and develop more and more in next few years. The major production areas are concentrated mainly on Me Linh, Tay Tuu (Hanoi), Sapa (Lao Cai), Da Lat (Lam Dong), Ho Chi Minh City and Hai Phong Viet Nam has approximately 15000ha for flower cultivation [3]. The 1 Undergraduate Thesis Nguyen Quoc Manh – K51KHCTT flowers of Vietnam has been gradually occupied a large share of the domestic market due to price and quality of products. Me Linh is one of the cultivated flower areas which has experience and tradition in our country. However, the actual situation of production and consumption in this region has much restriction. The fundamental cause of the above status is the using of old techniques for rose cultivation. Farmer donot apply high technology to success in flower production. Rose has not been grown in greenhouses and applied the advanced technologies in flower production. The different varieties of rose imported for a long time ago from different sources. The rose selected for production mainly by asexual propagation many times. Therefore, it hardly degrades by time. In addition, grower cannot be guided on planting, fertilizing and pest prevention and do not understand the law of supply and demand market. Moreover, in rose prouction, the increase of using water, herbicide, pesticide has resulted in environmental pollution. Harvest and preservation have negative impact on product quality, competitive and difficult to meet the requirement of customers. An experience show that the flower production wants to achieve high efficiency, the application of advanced technologies in production is essential. To achieve the highest quality of rose to meet the domestic demand and exports as well as to improve production efficiency and increase the income of grower is not an easy work. There have been many studies on the rose production in Me Linh, however, they were general research in which data was not updated, not clear and inaccurate compared to the real situation of production and consumption. The studies have not shown the advantages and disadvantage of rose cultivation. To contribute raising the productivity and quality of rose cultivation, the topic of “Survey on rose production in Me Linh commune, Me Linh district, Hanoi city” was carried out. 2 Undergraduate Thesis Nguyen Quoc Manh – K51KHCTT 1.2. Objective Base on the evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of rose production and delivery in Me Linh commune to give the solutions for the sustainable rose cultivation in this areas. 1.3. Requirement - Investigation the natural conditions and social economics conditions in Me Linh commune. - To determine the real situation of rose production and delivery in Me Linh commune. - To evaluate the effect of the natural conditions and social economical conditions to the rose production in Me Linh commune. - To evaluate the rose quality in Me Linh commune from August to December, 2010. 3 Undergraduate Thesis Nguyen Quoc Manh – K51KHCTT Chapter II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Flower and ornamental plant production and consumption in the world Flowering plants have been cultivated for a long time and enjoy everywhere on the beautiful planet. However, floral industries actually started in the late 1800s in England, where flowers were cultivated on a large scale in the immense fields. The present day floral industry is a dynamic, global fast- growing industry, which has achieved significant growth rates during the past few decades. In the 1950´s, the global flower trade was less than US$3 billion. By 1992, it had grown to US$100 billion. In recent years, the floral industry has grown six percent annually, while the global trade volume in 2003 was US$101.84 billion [18]. Before the 1990s, the flower and ornamental plants in the world were mainly produced and consumed in Europe, America and Japan. Typically, the Netherlands, from the mid-1970s, the production and distribution of cut flowers has seen explosive growth. In 1991, there were 33,000 ha of flowering plants in which more than 50% are equipped with greenhouses, total exports reached 4.6 billion dollars per year. Great Britain is also regarded as a flower production sector and large market in the world with sales about 1.2 billion dollars per year [18]. The table below shows information about the global trade volume of flower and ornamental plant. 4 Undergraduate Thesis Nguyen Quoc Manh – K51KHCTT Table 2.1: Flower and ornamental plant consumer market in the world in 2009 Countries Value ( billion dollars) Percent (%) Germany 22 22 United States 15 15 France 10 10 UK 10 10 Netherlands 9 9 Japan 6 6 Italy 5 5 Switzerland 5 5 (Source: Nguyen Quoc Vong, Hoa Da Lat – hien trang, thach thuc va co hoi tham gia thi truong quoc te, Hoi thao hoa Da Lat 2010) Figure 2.1 Flower and ornamental plant consumer market in the world in 2009 (According to table 2.1) As can be seen from the table 2.1 and figure 2.1, the major international consumer markets are mainly in Europe, America and Japan. The import market of flower and ornamental plants are distributed with the following rates: 5 Undergraduate Thesis Nguyen Quoc Manh – K51KHCTT Germany is the largest market in the world with 22 billion USD, accounting for 22%, United States with 15 billion USD(15%), France and Britain with 10 billion USD(10%), Netherlands with 9 billion USD(9%), Japan with 6 billion USD(6%), Italy and Switzerland with 5 billion USD (5%). Overall, the situation of flower and ornamental plants production in the world has many changes. The traditional growers, such as Dutch, French, and Gemany have become the importer and the consumer market. Instead, the developing countries, where labour is cheap and land is not high in values such as China, Malaysia, South Africa, Israel, India, Colombia, Kenya, Ethiopia and Ecuador became the producer and exporter.The African nations also are pushing industry to develop flowers and ornamental plant mainly exported to European markets. South Africa, Kenya and Zimbabwe are the main suppliers of which Kenya's largest market share, achieving a turnover of nearly $ 700 million per year [11]. South American countries like Colombia; Ecuador has become the flower exporter in the world. The country mainly exports flowers to the U.S. market. In 2006, America imported 79% of flower and ornamental plants in which Colombia is the largest supplier accounting for 59%, turnover of $ 1 billion per year [11]. Countries in Asia are also rising strongly last engaged in ambitious flower and ornamental plant market in the world. In 1991 the export of Singapore reached $ 13 million, now has gained over $ 20 million per year. In 1991 Thailand reached $ 80 million, now has to export sales over $ 200 million per year. In Malaysia, the government has planned 300 ha in the state and assigned Zohor orchid societies organized into the Centres ornamental flower production for export. Taiwan's flower industry is growing rapidly at a rate of 15-20%, 6 Undergraduate Thesis Nguyen Quoc Manh – K51KHCTT Taiwan now has an area of 10,172 ha was planted flowers reach annual revenue of 239 million [2]. China has in recent years become one of the largest flower producing and consuming countries in the world. By the end of 2001, China had more than 20,000 flower-growing enterprises and over 2,000 flower wholesale markets, with 1.45 million people working for this booming trade. In that year alone, Chinese flower industry had sales totalling 3.8 billion fresh flowers and 810 million potted flowers. In recent years, much progress has been made in the selection of flower seed varieties and nursing of flowers. [18]. Today the agricultural model of high technology in Zhuhai, Guangdong, Shenzhen has fully supply of agricultural products and vegetables to the region, exports to Hong Kong and the world. Special agricultural zones Kunming is world- production centre specializing in flowers and ornamental plants for domestic and foreign markets. Kunming produces about 600 million cut flowers per year, worth 350 million U.S. dollars. Kunming has built up an auction system in Dounan flowers thanks to the cooperation with the Netherlands - is a leading domestic manufacturer and exporter of flowers. Holland produce 59% cut flowers and 50% potted flower provide the world market. In the 21st century, China is moving away from production to consume market therefore should be a big market in Asia. [12] In Asia, Japan is a country that has the largest market in flowers and ornamental plants consumption, worth about $ 6 billion. This market has to import about 545 million USD (2006) and steady growth 5-7% per year [11]. Japan imported lilies, tulips from Holland, chrysanthemum from China, Taiwan, proteas and wax flower from Australia, New Zealand and orchids from Thailand and Singapore. The proportion of flower and ornamental plants export to Japan 7 Undergraduate Thesis Nguyen Quoc Manh – K51KHCTT in 2007 as follows: Netherlands 27.0%, China 9.7%, Taiwan 9.0%, Malaysia 8.8% Thailand 7.3 %, Colombia 6.3% and Vietnam 1.4 % [2] 2.2. Flower and ornamental plant production and consumption in Vietnam The flower and ornamental plant production area in the country is estimated about 15,000 hectares mainly in the north (Hanoi, Lao Cai, Son La, Hung Yen, Hai Phong), suburbs of Ho Chi Minh City (Cu Chi, Hoc Mon district) and Lam Dong (Da Lat city). Production of flowers and ornamental plant achieve high income, approximately the average profit is about 70-130 million VND per ha, so there are many places in the country are expanding the flower and ornamental plant area on the potential land [3]. The table and chart below indicate the flower and ornamental plant cultivation area in Viet Nam from 2001 to 2010. Table 2.2: Flower and ornamental plant area in Viet Nam from 2001 to 2010 Year Area (ha) 2001 8002 2002 8520 2003 8960 2004 9500 2005 13000 2006 13400 2007 14000 2008 14300 2009 15000 2010 16000 (Source: Fruits and Vegetables Research Institute, 2010) 8 Undergraduate Thesis Nguyen Quoc Manh – K51KHCTT Figure 2.2 Flower and ornamental plant area in Viet Nam It is clear from the table and figure that the flower and ornamental plant cultivation area in Viet Nam increase continuously over a 10 years period. The production area of flower and ornamental plant rise from 8000 ha in 2001 to 16000 ha in 2010. Between 2004 and 2005, there was dramatic increase from 9000 ha in 2004 to nearly 13000 ha in 2005. In the period from 2005 to 2010, the production area develops at a lower rate and keeps sustainability. Flower production area of Lam Dong mainly is concentrated in the Da Lat city, Duc Trong district, Lac Duong district, a small part in Don Duong and some other localities, such as Di Linh, Bao Loc. In 2009, the flower production area of this area estimated at 3500 ha; produce over 1 billion stems of flowers [16]. The flowers are cultivated in Da Lat - Lam Dong is more diversified than other region and they have high quality. For example, Lily, Lisianthus, Cymbidium bring high effective economy, therefore it is marketing strongly for domestic consumption and exporter. Da Lat city have nearly 40% production area and 50% of the productivity. Enterprises with foreign investment capital have 150 ha production area, accounting for 12% of the area and about 18% of 9 Undergraduate Thesis Nguyen Quoc Manh – K51KHCTT productivity, mainly focus on high-quality flowers; the remaining area focuses mainly on household, limited domestic firms and farms [16]. The flower produce from household, domestic firms in Lam Dong mainly sold to custumer in the domestic market like Nha Trang, Da Nang, the Southeast Province, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi city. Ho Chi Minh City is the largest market for flowers consumption in Lam Dong. A number of private households, private enterprises are also beginning to find markets for export, but at low levels. Flower and ornamental plant mainly exported to Japan, Korea, Belgium, Thailand, Holland, Australia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, and Cambodia The exported product are mainly concentrated in enterprises with foreignal investment and domestic firms have ability to exploit market well such as Da Lat Hasfarm, Bonnie Farm, Viet Nam Thanh Cong, Hoa Lan Lam Thang, Hien Hoa, Sakimco, Rung Hoa but still modest compared to potential. The export volume of these companies reached only about 80 to 100 million stems accounted for 90% of the exported flowers of the whole province. Kinds of flowers for export are mainly roses, chrysanthemums, carnations, immortal flower, Salem Many businesses grow flowers in the direction of high tech has achieved a turnover of one ha about 2 to 2.5 billion VND per year. Export value in 2005 reached 8.31 million USD, in 2006 was 8.94 million USD, in 2007 was 9.0 million USD, in 2008 was 9.64 million USD and in 2009 estimated at 13.0 million USD [15]. In the south of Vietnam, the provinces including Ho Chi Minh City (mainly in the Hoc Mon, Binh Chanh, Go Vap, Thu Duc districts ) and along the Mekong River Delta provinces such as Tien Giang, Dong Thap Province are the sources provide flower and ornamental plant significantly. However, this area is primarily produced some tropical flowers such as chrysanthemums dragon nail , galdious, apricot blossom, lily The amount of traditional cut 10 [...]... absorb the advanced techniques in production leads to productivity and low quality At the same time, new varieties in production, quality of flowers may be more unsatisfactory commercial high The rose cultivation areas in Viet Nam are concentrated on Hanoi city about 120 0ha mostly in Tu Liem, Me Linh, Dong Anh, Tay Ho , Ho Chi Minh city with 87 0ha, Da Lat with 560 ha, Hai Phong with 270 ha More roses... dozen ha to several thousand ha like Bac Ninh, Bac Giang, Hung Yen, Hai Duong, Lao Cai, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh province [3], [7] 14 Undergraduate Thesis Nguyen Quoc Manh – K51KHCTT Chapter III MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Materials, Location and time 3.1.1 Materials The study was carried out on the rose prouction in Me Linh commune 3.1.2 Location Location: Me Linh commune, Me Linh district, Ha Noi 3.1.3 Time... cucumber reached 200-250 tons /ha/ year, the rose cultivation also reached 200-300 stem/ m2 [11] In Hanoi, the flowers are mainly produced in Tu Liem, Tay Tuu, Me Linh, Dong Anh, Thanh Tri area calculate for about 1,500 ha (2009) The flower and ornamental plant production area in Tu Liem have 500 hectares, in which Tay Tuu commune has 330 ha (accounting for 66% of the flower cultivation area of whole district... 3.3 Methods The study was carried out on the rose prouction in Me Linh commune, Me Linh district, Ha Noi The investigation interview directly 45 households 15 Undergraduate Thesis Nguyen Quoc Manh – K51KHCTT that produce rose in three villages Ha Loi, Lieu Tri, Me Linh Me Linh commune have only 3 villages, 90% of households cultivate rose and produce more than 90% of the flowers productivity of Me Linh... Evaluate rose quality at harvest time in Me Linhcommune from August to December 2010 The indicators that evaluate rose quality as following: - The diameter of stem (mm): measures at the cutting side of flower - The diameter of bud (cm): measures the bud of flower - The length of stem (cm): measures from the cutting side to the top of floral bud - The diameter of flower (cm): mesures at time of the largest... flower species in Me Linh commune in 2009 From the tables 4.4 and the figure 4.4 represent, the proportion of flower varieties was cultivated in Me Linh commune in 2009 It can be seen that rose had highest cultivation area with 340 ha (accounting for 95% of total flower production area) Chrysanthemum was next with 8 ha cultivation area approximately 2% of total flower cultivation area in Me Linh commune... 2009 At the same level, Lily, Easter lily and other flowers had the lowest cultivation area, 3 ha, 4 ha and 5 ha respectively (accounting for only 1% of total flower cultivation area) In overall, rose plays an important role in the structure of cultivated plant in Me Linh commune to help farmer increasing their income Therefore, the research focus only in investigation of rose cultivation in Me Linh commune... quality, advantages and disadvantages of rose production and delivery (Data collected from 45 investigated household in Me Linh commune.) We use investigated sociological method, investigated sampling method, interview directly famer By observation and interview directly farmers with references through the local leader, we designed investigated form that attach in the bottom of this study 3.3.3 Evaluate... household for cultivated rose go up to 294sao (1sao= 360m 2) in which the household land area has 237sao and they rent 57sao of cultivated area for rose production from other communes Ha Loi village have the highest rose cultivation area with 126sao Lieu Tri and Ap Ha village have smaller cultivated area with 101sao and 67sao respectively It can be seen that grower cultivated mainly red cultivars with an... including 360 ha of flowers production (account for 60% total natural land area), 99.9 ha of vegetable cultivation ( account for 16% total natural land area) In non-agricultural land area (137. 4ha) is mainly for water surface area, land for transportation, construction, historical cultural land and land for habitant Currently, Me Linh commune has some places where have become sightseeing area such as Hai Ba . 5 (Source: Nguyen Quoc Vong, Hoa Da Lat – hien trang, thach thuc va co hoi tham gia thi truong quoc te, Hoi thao hoa Da Lat 2010) Figure 2.1 Flower and ornamental plant consumer market in the world. foreignal investment and domestic firms have ability to exploit market well such as Da Lat Hasfarm, Bonnie Farm, Viet Nam Thanh Cong, Hoa Lan Lam Thang, Hien Hoa, Sakimco, Rung Hoa but still modest. Linh commune, Me Linh district, Hanoi city” was carried out. 2 Undergraduate Thesis Nguyen Quoc Manh – K51KHCTT 1.2. Objective Base on the evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of rose production