444 Reporting orders and requests Finder 264A Decide which sentence is spoken by which person. Then report what was said. - - :c- , - : :- :- : . - - - , c."1n you all S ir down in Y Ollr seats, pleas e? Boss told employee. ) I want you to learn the new word s. Bus-dfi¥ef flsked PHSSCl'lgef5. 2 You ought to go nn a diet. Doctor told patient. J Don't be latc tomorrow morning. Ilotel guests asked poner. II Can you move your car out of the way, sir? Secunty guard asked travellers. 5 Could you take our IUgJ.;agc, plca"ie? Tf'achcr told c1a~s 6 You muslIl'( I~avc yOUl bags unattended . Traffic warden told motorist 2 3 4 5 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4'14 . Il epor llfli:: Ilnkrs <.'l ilt! re quests 225 445 Reporting statements, questions, and requests Finder 262- 264 Th e sentences below were all addressed to you yesterd ay . How wo uld you re port t he m? Use said, told, or asked. Debbie: J bought a cake . . . ~~~re. :".0 ! ( ~ . *. · ~ l. ~fJ ~ J ~ t:! . c. . a . k ~ : Waiter: Would you mind moving to another ruble? 7/'1;-, ~ j .t ~ r, ,!~ ~d . f .' ~ ~ o . , :-,,?,-:, c ,t t? .a· ! ~ 9. 'Ie: "" ta.1?''!-; . . Oliver: I'd lov ~ to do a parac hute jump. 2 Shop lISS lstr uH : Wha!'<; yo ur pos tcodc? . . . . . . , . . 3 Linda. Would yo u mimllookmg after my lu ggag e? 4 Polic eman : Docs anyone el se live in the house? 5 Sil rah: I can dnve a minibus . 6 I.andlord: Don't park yo ur car in the yar d. OK ? 7 T um ' Have you fini shed with the computer? 8 Ubratian: Co uld yo u tum the music off. please? 9 LOUIse: Where are you go i ng ? 10 Jack: I've b (."C n dropped from Ihe ba sketba ll team. 446 Reporting offers, warnings, etc De Cide which sente nce of indirect speech goes with which direct spee ch. ~ 'All right. I'll go' I 'No, I certainly didn 't go.' 2 'I'm rea ll y sorry I went.' : ~ 'Yo u really s hould go.' 4 'I'm jusl nOI go mg .' 5 ' Oon'l worry. J' 1l go .' 6 'Let 's go.' 7 'I really mu st go.' B ' Yo u shouldn't ha ve gone.' . ~ ). 3 I 4 2 5 6 7 8 a) I a dVI sed them to go b) I agret d 10 go. c} I apol og ized ·for going. d) I assu red them Ihat I would go. e) I criticized th em lor gomg. o I den i ed gOll1g . g) [ insis ted on going. h) I re fu sed to go . i) I suggesrcd going . 226 44 5 . Hcporting Sl(l lcmClll $, qllC <; 1l 01l~, and I 'C qllcsts ~ Finder 265 447 Reporting offers, warnings, etc Ii" Finder 265 Combine the clauses into a single sentence with the verb of reporting In the first clause . I might go ca mlling . My friends ha ve invited me . . . tr ~ f ~ ~~l . ~.~r ~ . ' 0": i ~~ . ~ ~ ff? . C{J- ~.lr"8 ' USII is going to fax the informallon. Shc'~ promised. 2 The weadwr forecast was awful, James warned me. 3' Gem ma won the com petition. We all congnnul.ned her. . . . . . . . . , 4 We Illight get a group ticket. Sumeone suggested it. 5 The money must be paid hy tomorrow, the oniee has reminded u s. n Prices will remain sTeady. That's what the government is forecasting. 7 The visJlors had to wail In Ih e ram . rhey were complaining about i(. 8 I'll probahly !oil Ihe exam again. That's what my tutor has advised. 448 Review of indirect speech look at the indirect speech and write the direct speech Lauren SOlid she was ft.'ding fine . Lauren: ~ ' !""'! f~'7 /! . ~ .~, ~.' Peter said he co uldn't get the door open. )Jeter: 2 jodie ask.ed me whether I was ready to go. Jodic: . . 3 Matthew said he lik es aU kinds of mUSlC Matthew : . . 4 Adam apologized for getting the mes~nge wrong. Adam: 5 Chloe says she forgOI her ti cket. Chloe: . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Alison luld me not til spoil the fun. Alison: 7 Your brmher shouldn't have asked Mark how mu ch mon ey he earns. Your brother: Finder 261-265 . . . . . . , 447. Hcpmting ollen;, w<lrmngs, etc 227 13 Emma said she would nng me the followmg week. Emma: 9 My friends wid me they'd just seen Madollna in the slre{'t My friends: . . . . . . . . . . . • 10 Tim refused to climb the l.tdder. Tim: . . . . . 11 The rc('epllOI1lSI asked us to wait for a moment. Receptionist. 12 The couple told immigration officers that they had gOI married the previous month Couple: . . . . . 449 Review of indirect speech ~ Finder 259-265 Decide which answer is correct . I pointed out ~(? . the manager that we had already paid the bill. a) at hJ by c) on d) to 1 Someone laid us sit on the stairs a) don't h) not c) not to d) 10 not 2 Martin said Ius hair was wet because , " a) he'd been sWimming b) he's been swimming c) he wam d) he swims 3 Did anyone. . . . what time we have to be there? a) ~ay b) speak c) talk d) t('ll 4 I was wondering. . . . , you've got a moment, please. a) how h) if c) that d) what 5 All the students , . . . . . knowing anything ahout the matter a) apologized h) demed c) promised d) refll!:>cd 6 I thought I gel away With my h('lsic RUSSian, but I was wrong. a) can bl could c) may d) will 7 A company spoke~person said that the accusations . . completely untrue a) Clre b) be c) should be dl were 8 No one has a) explamed . us why our applicallon has been unsuccessful. bl informed c) mentioned d) ~aid 228 1\4 9 . Hcv!ew of mliirccl soc('cb t I I 450 Review of indirect speech Finder 259 265 Complete the Indirect speech . Sm,.h. J need a good night's sl ee p. YCMcrday SilTa h told . . ~ . ' '>} 1f! . rec>Ae.4.a 1(!<~ l ':l,~ h t;' ~ ~ ~f - P. Mark: 00 you believe III God? M,lrk once asked me _ . 2 Tum: I ca me O UI or h() ~ fl l t a l only an hour "gu. When I saw Tom lasf weck, . _ . __ 3 -Kale' C.ould J ha ve Ill y key, pl ease? Ka\e 4 Li s,.: You' ll he !oorry. When l.Jsa fi rs t learned Ihal Oliver was invL >s ll l1g in the sc heme • . . . 5 Leanne: "th en will I be gelling my money? I.eanne wams _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 AI :II1' Hcy! Why s hould I do all ,he work? AI,In objec .lcd . . . . . 7 Simon: Please don ', laugh at me , [mily . Simon I !> askmg . . _ __ . . . . . - , , . . . . . . . . . . 8 Hick: II' s your turn n ex t, JC!o."it:a . Rit:k rcmindt '(j 9 J Junnah. I'm waiting rur Lucy I wanted to ' tak e Hanllnh for a cofTet' yC!.lerday, but she explained 10 C. harlolt~ : I ste ll , Paul. The secret address is hidden in . . . C hadotte (old . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . 451 Introduction to relative clauses II- Finder 266A Read this story and underline the relative clauses . There are seven of th em, not induding the example. Here 's a II ue S IOry which leaches us 10 ~la rd our secrets carerully. It" s abull! a man whose huuse fronl co llapsed nn e day. As a result, hiS secrets were embarrassingly revealed for a ll the wurklto see. Cohn Cu mpb e lJ, who hves In the Englbh Midlands, wasn't very plea sed when a lorry rolled down a hill lind c ra ~ hed illlo his house . The damage it did was spectacular. The front of the hO~l se COllilllsed, which was bad enough in itself Even worse, a lifc · si;- .c model of Elvis Pr es ley, which was standing in an upstairs bedmont , bt."'Came visi ble to passers· by. Cn lm said, 'It was something J bouKht on Impulse Then J hid him away in the s pare bedroom because I didn 't want anyone to ~ him. Now people arc laughing at me . In future "U always be the OIan who bought Elvis Presley.' 4 ~ 1J • Itt 'V lew of HlIhrec.:1 s peech 229 452 Ways of modifying a noun Combi ne the i nformat i on in the shortest way possible. hou se (it has a garden) . . £1 . ~.~ . t::' ; .t ~ ~ . .9 a , ! ~ ~~ some boys ( they arc playing football) ~ ~ ~ j :' .I?'~ ~Y ;-s :f~ ~ ~ II Finder 2668 ~ the man ( he won the com pel ilion) . yle . ~ ~ ~J:c? ~ . t ~lt!; .c ~ ~ .t ~ t !~ the shop (it is on the corner) . . 2 a car ( it is rl~d ) . . . . . . . . 3 the woman (s he mis sed her train) 4 u book (it was published last mo nth ) . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . 5 il wumun (she was w1.lIting for someone) • 6 n l:hulr ( It i ~ comFortabl e) . . . . 7 the people (they h ave h Ci lrd the slOry before) 8 a man ( h. h ., • gun) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . •.• . . • . • .•. • 9 iI face (it is recognized everywhere) . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . 453 The use of commas with relative clauses III" Finder 2660 Decide If there are any commas missing from these sentences If the sentence is correct, put a tick ( ) after It . If there are commas missing, put them In , ~ Students who get below-average exam results do not huve the he~1 prospects . .I • Only abo ut 70 people hve un I.undy Island J. which Ik'!<. off tht coast uf O(. 'Vo n. I . I'm having a visit from my favourite <lunt who live s in I.ondon. 2 rhi s is the room that we've just dcconttcd. 3 The p l 'O plc who invested in the company have all lost their money. 4 The match will be played at Lord's which is the home of English cricket. 5 Accidents that happen at night usually involve fewer people. 6 Marian Evans who wrOle under the name of Geo r ge Elio t wa s a great novelist 7 The new co llege which cost £80 milhon to build opens this week. a People who live in gla~s houses shouldn't throw stones. 230 452. Way s of rnO(ilfYLl1~ a nOllJ1 454 Types of relative clause Finder 267 A- E Read the story and say what type each relative clause IS : Identifying . classifYing. for emphasis, addmg, or connective If you're one of tho se people ( ) who might find accidents amusing . th ell thb is the stor y for you II happened so mewh ere in Engl and, and ll's abou t a motorist ( II- ) who was approaching a level crossing . (A le vel crossing IS il barrier (1) Ihal prc\ l cnts traffic from driving across the railway line when a train Is coming.) As he appro.u :hl!d the crossing . th e motorist s uddenl y ~ aw in front of him a girl on a horse and an old mall with" dOR lie had 10 brake qUlle su dd en ly. There was a motor-bIke be hind the eM, and the nlOior-cy di sl, (21 who wasn't paying attention , crashed Inln the back of the car. This fnghtened the horse, (3) which reured up and threw its rider into a hedge , The old man , (4) who was a helpful sort of person, decided to come to th e res cue by cil!c hmg the hor : c , But fitst he tied his dog 10 the level crossing harrier, ( 5) which was the nearest suitable thing . The tr am (6) which everyone had been cxpecling then passed t hrough the crossing, and The barrier (7) thm the dog had been lied to b egan to ri se, It WiI :" this (8) that really made things interesting . The old rniln rushed hack \0 rele;'~c the dog. (9) which promptly bilthe motor, cyclist, ( 10 ) who was still lying on the ground . This sc.ene, (II ) which certainly has its funny side. was nominated th e most hiZ-arT{' accident of the y ear hy the insuran ce company (12) which handled (he horse rider 's claim . . C:',!- ~.!.I ~ ~i ~ . i~t ~ <"l~ ; :' l jt~ 1 . I 2 3 4 ~. 6 . 7 II 455 Relative clauses without commas 9 10 II 12 Finder 268A- B Look at each conversation and then write the information in a sentence with a relative clause. Use who or that . Martin: Well. we met that man, 'Hl)'\\lay. EmIly: What mall '? Martin: You know who I me an. \-Ie works at the pOSI office . . , ~t;l.I :~i0 a, rI!"l, ~"':l i !;J. ~~ .t~_ .'"'!' ~-: I:J~ ! vor ~ -? ~~ ,t~, P,O.':' "!- ,a /free: , tI> Alice' I like th e jackct. Simon: What jacket do you mean? Alice: Your new jacket. You wore it yes terda y . . . ~ I J c: ~ !l ~ ~ , t~ J 0~~ t:-t; ~~t . ~; ~ . ~ ,~ ~ J~-5t;e; "- . d:a~J:, 1 Tom: Sarah: Tom: J know the girl. What girl? That girl over there. She appeare d on television. 454 • TV ll es of rcidlive clause 231 2 Lou ise: Rick: l .ou ISC. I like tho~(' people. v 'hat people? The people we're talking ahout. You've lIwitcd t h. cm (() the pan y 3 Leanne: I wish I s lJiI ha ll the camera. Jame ~. \ <\< nat cam('la arc you taJkmg about? lea nne. My camera You broke It, r eme mb er? 4 Adam: Mark: A dam : I saw them ca rry off ttlat player. Oh, why did they do ttlat? He was injured, of course. 5 Kate· I'm going to complain about that hurglar alarm. Nicola' Was II ringing? Kate: It wouldn't stop ringmg. 6 Paul: I.aur a: Paul' The company st ill hasn't received the le uer . What leiter? My lener In the co mpany. I poMed it on ·[ursday. 7 Steve: I couldn't understand that woman? Hann ah. What woman IS th,ll? Steve' You know. You were interviewing her. 8 Usa' I was reading about the bri dge. Kanm' The hrid ge? Li sa: Yes, it collapsed in a hurricane. 456 Prepositions in relative clauses without commas Finder 2680 Rewri te the ~entences an d make them more SUitable for a piece of formal Writing Religion is a subl el. t that people hold very firm opilllons on . . . ~ ~ " 3'~ ! .5. a ~t~~-;c:t. ~ ~~I~h ~P! t?; tK:'0. "':~"'1 ftr:-~ P P!n. '~: No one cares about the starving peop le that the aid is mtended [or N cr . ~ . c:c: r-: €:,s. c:t?0- t ."t. ~hr~ ~tp·r~'.~ ~ . op!e: for: ~ ~ ~ t Il<?- .t1; i~ l. i7 !r:t~~ . ~ l : . The photographs show the flu or that man y of the vic tims were trapped 011. 2 The Sales Manager is a yo ung wo man we have gle.u confid ence in. 3 We entered rhe territory that so many battles have been foug ht over. 232 4:''' . Prt ! pn S itJOn s 11\ tclatl V(' d.lu se:! W Ith o ut COtl1 I1l Jt> . , 4 Nedrby are the ROllian baths that the city of Bath gCb ils nHm e from 5 Wa~hlngt()n is lhe I11lJJl Amcricdns owe their ind e pend ence 10 457 Leaving out the relative pronoun Rewrite the sentences using a relative clause without a pronoun. ~ You look some' photos , and the y were great . . . :J ~ r.J lD.tp~ !P .I i(~ /tJe e .j ": e : ~t . ~ I've been wailing for a train. bUI it's been can celled . . . !~ t,,:, ~i ~ ' .l:~ €; ~~~ . ~ i ~,~ it?": flu.:; ~ ~0.c:q r:c- .e Jl ~p. : . , 1 We stayed at a hOIeI. and it was perfect 2 We were w<Hching a programme, and it wa~ really interesting. 3 J'm weanng these shoes, and they're the latest fashion 4 We were looking ilt some Jewellery, but it was rather expensive 5 You wt're playing some music , and it sounded very fam i llar . 6 I wa s telling you about a dub, and it 's called the Palace, I've remembered. 458 Leaving out the relative pronoun Finder 268E Finder 268 Some of these sentences are correct, and some have a relative pronoun missing If a sentence is correct, put a tIck (,/) If it is Incorrect. put the pronoun in the fight place . The pills 1 tooK have had no effect ut ull. ,/ tha.t ,. Somcliung J. happened yeste rda y has been worrying me . People smoke are endangering their health. 2 None of the people I talked to could givc me any useful information 3 There was a bad accJ(ient dosed the mutorway. 4 No onc has said an y thmg would pen.lIade me to change my mmd 5 I'v e been having a look at that website you menuoned 6 The police wouldJl't tell LIS the so u rce of th e information on Ihey \ -v crc actil'lg 457 . L cavlllg O UI The rclalTve pronoun 233 7 I'm heginning to think thi !'> CD I heard about doesn't eXJ S I. 8 Immigrants arc m jobs could n ot be filled frnrn the ex isting wor kf orce, 9 lie was the l eader in the population pla l.:Ct I all thci r hopt 'S, 10 It's no use pa ss lll~ II la w nobody takes any notkc of. 59 Relative clauses with commas Finder 269 Read thi s paragraph about Nelson Mandela Fifty yCar-s ago Smuh Mricam. lived und er the apurthcid ~y s t crn . Th(' hest juhs went 10 white people, and the worst juhs were done by hl a c: k workers. Mandela was a lawyer. fie IUlned the Mrican Nationnl Congres s. Things got even worse at Sharpcvillc in 1 9fJO when police tired Into a crowd of hlack people, Mandela played his P;lTI in the struggle f ur equal rights. li e was found guilty of suhotage. lie stayed in prison for many l ong years. In fa ct Mandel bt.'Cmnc the most famous pris une r in the world. He was fin a ll y rel eased in 1990. Soon he was President of the ne w So uth Mm :n. But although he had suffered for SO long, he did n ot want to lake hiS reveltce on [he while minorit y. Now improve the te xt by add ing more details . Find th e best pl ace for the follow i ng tnformat ion and rewnte the text putt i ng in relatIve clauses with (o mma s. • White pe uplc li ved III mce homes with gardens and swimming·pou ls. • Many of the black workers h ad to li ve <Ipart from their fa mi li ('s. • The Mrican Natiom ll Cungress was I cad mg the fi ght aGainst apa rthcid. • The hlack pe oplc werc protesting Jl cilcefull y. • The fru :t that Mandelil played hi s pim in the stmggle led tn h i~ imprisonmcnt. • Il c WIlS scnt to prison fo r life for !>ubo wgc . • Ml.lndela's 70th bi rt hday wa s ccl ebww d with a co neen in tondon • By 1!· )9tJ he had spent 27 yellrs in pris on. • He would have had every reason to hate the whilc minority. · . fif~J !F.q.'7~ ~9q ~tj1 Jl-{r j c;.q~.I(V~?l. w )C!~ '7 't1Je:. (lpa(t/Je:.lcl 1lj;' ~e,.r-:": r~ ~ . ~~t.j(*~ ~{'I~ ,t9 !U,it j t.e; pP o!?, e. , ~ I it? 1.' ,<e.C~ I .". r:i.:;-"i'- fl9~~ fV .i 1:h,9(1 !~ .cle'"l S ot"(l. ~j~I')j~f'<>O'S,a.ry'"~ !-~I<!'.: ~ ~~J,~ . . , . . · . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . · . . . . .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . , , . . ,. 4:if'! . Hei:1tIVC cla u ses with cO l11 mas [...]... 26 6-2 75 Each of these sentences IS Incorrect Write the correct sentence !fhe-mft~tt-bBy fr1>ft't"'drtwfflittgo -8 11-Bwarti gat T/l'; !-. r;q f1 ~)~I? ~~~4.a ~ -( , -. o "! 0~~1~ ~~ ~-: o.lUf.1:~l: " I There ~re-rushittg ebottt:~ pe6J1le 2 'lA\ere't!j Ihtll fI'Illgtt1.il1l'! ttt I wftS IHoking? · , · .• · 6 The-~8F tee wet t6 g&6ttt-that-we!Ye hM-letely... 6 Whm '" 16A- 8 7 Wh tch 16A- 8 8 Vvhich '" 16A- 8 9 Wh;1I 16C 10 Who '" Where should /lew houst$ be b uilt? '" '''A-B, 7 Docs the Pru1lt:~ MllliMer s pe:Lk f.rcll c h? '" 14A- 8 B What has the government dedded to do? II> 14A- 8, lSA 9 When will the fac tory dose down? '" 14A- B 15A 10 Why a re Ihe workers prOl es lilL~l '" 14A-8, 15A 30 1 \¥hal 16A- B 2 Whic h 16A-8 3 Which '" 16A-8 4 What 16C... hook 6 Wll ll 't ha ve to painl to 71A- B 698 -C or the Imernet raciJtl1cs 698 7 made a srgnific;mt (;()nrnburion 10 698 -C 8 133 1 has tol' lI Iwve 10 retake 2 lhdn'l ha ve to 1341 got"72C 2,/ to 72A will h- 288 9 YOLI mUStn 't do thut I >- 29A 57 28B • 290 No, t hey UfCn'I " 24A C 2 J can' t (cycle), really... for supporL J am extremely grateful job IS to arrange my appointments paintings are worth millions marriage 16 (}iftne-ended-in- +99 ~L _ ' 7!Je ~t;.~Q ';5 e~lo;lY:"'f ~ !.:!> . was said. - - :c- , - : :- :- : . - - - , c."1n you all S ir down in Y Ollr seats, pleas e? Boss told employee. ) I want you to learn the new word s. Bus-dfi¥ef flsked. marriage 16 (}iftne-ended-in- +99 . ~L _ ' 7!Je ~t;.~Q ' ;5 e~lo;lY:"'f . ~ ! .:!> <;. /~l. I ~/~' ;- J.l<;Il!, ? ~.I~'< ;-~ r:r:-I ~~~ , tp qjq.' . ~. (lpa(t/Je:.lcl 1lj;' ~e,.r-:": r~ ~ . ~~t.j(*~ ~{'I~ ,t9 !U,it j t.e; pP o!?, e. , ~ I it? 1.' ,<e.C~ I .". r:i.: ;-& quot;i&apos ;- fl9~~ fV .i 1:h ,9( 1 !~ .cle'"l S