TRANSLATION Presented by Nguyen Van Tuan, MA 2010-2011 Department of English Hue College of Foreign Languages Da Lat, which is surrounded by the great/imposing hills and mountains, takes up/covers/is situated in a large area on the Lam Vien Plateau The economic development of Vietnam has to be viewed in the context of long periods of wars It is the context of long periods of wars that has caused loss of people’s lives and damage to property, public facilities and resources Despite the great improvement in the woman status, other things must be done to improve women’s health, nutrition and education The television network is being established throughout the country Apart from the relatively modern and long-standing television stations in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, 25 provincial stations were set up in 1988 These relay the important transmissions of the central TV stations and broadcast their own programmes Nowadays, the world has been facing a number of serious problems in spite of the fact that there have been dramatic progresses in science, technology and knowledge One of the problems is the population explosion/boom in the developing countries The population is growing in geometric progression while the production of goods is growing in arithmetic progression Charles Dickens, who belongs to the school of critical realism in the 19th century, is one of the greatest novelists in the world What we value in his works is the criticism about evils and the contrast between the wealth and poverty in the English bourgeois society of his time/at that time The world he describes is that of the middle and lower classes in London The Vietnam’s Women Union is represented in the National Assembly and its president is entitled to attend the regular meeting of The Council of Ministers where she can express the Women Union’s view-points and propose the regulations related to the Union The Vietnamese families have been affected by the agricultural civilization Due to the opendoor policy, the industrial civilization has exerted a daily and hourly effect on the life of Vietnamese families To reduce the costs while increasing accessibility of education for disabled children, the government has launched a program of education and community integration 10 In recent years, to restore public order, Hanoi removed a number of unofficial marketplaces into designated areas But out of the four marketplaces targeted, only Dong Tam market was moved from the Dong Da residential quarter to the Dai La area 11 Besides the investment from the State budget, all the schools had to look for other financial sources to buy teaching aids However, these sources made up only 13% and 21% of the state budget for secondary schools and universities respectively 12 The state budget revenues have approximately achieved the level originally set Regular expenditure has been ensured, while irregular spending in support of the areas hit/caused by/suffering from storms, floods and droughts has been made The budget deficit has been kept at a permissible level of 3.6% of GDP in 1998, down from 4.2% in 1997 13 The comprehensive plan for the management of Phong Nha Ke Bang National Park is regarded as a prerequisite for the sustainable conservation of heritage values that includes biodiversity, ecological processes and scenic, cultural and historical values 14 The effects of a stroke vary greatly depending on what part of the brain has been deprived of oxygen If blood flow is cut off from an area of the brain that controls speech, the stroke will result in the inability to express oneself through speech or writing If the stroke damages the brain area that controls motor skills, a patient may have trouble walking 15 The irreversible loss of biodiversity has a serious impact on the ability of maintaining species, including humans to survive Humans depend on species diversity and healthy ecosystems providing food, clean water and air and fertile soil for agriculture In addition, humans benefit greatly from different medicines 16 Despite many difficulties resulting from/caused by severe weather, the agricultural production in our province has made a number of positive changes, playing a vital role in the economy, ensuring the food security, creating the stable income and life of the majority of the local peasants The orientation of transforming the agriculture structure has brought remarkable achievements 17 When the problem of worldwide population growth is mentioned, attention is almost always paid to fertility rates Yet another side of the population problem causing growing concerns is the movement across the national borders of millions of people in search of a better life They have nourished a dream of moving to greener pastures 16 Despite many difficulties resulting from severe weather, the agricultural production in our province has made a number of positive changes, playing a vital role in the economy, ensuring the food security, creating the stable income and life of the majority of the local peasants The orientation of transforming the agriculture structure has brought remarkable achievements 17 When the problem of worldwide population growth is mentioned, attention is almost always paid to fertility rates Yet another side of the population problem causing growing concerns is the movement across the national borders of millions of people in search of a better life They have nourished a dream of moving to greener pastures IV Figurative senses of Lexical Items Figurative senses are based on associative relations with primary senses Figurative senses cannot usually be translated with a literal form of the word IV.1 Metonymy: figurative sense involving association • Based on a spatial relationship The kettle is boiling; He has a good head; The response from the floor was positive (Kettle # water; head # brain; floor # people) • Based on temporal relationship We have waited for this day with anticipation # (Independence Day) Your hour has come # (The time to take your exam has arrived) • Based on a logical association I listened to Bach (the music he composed); I read Nguyen Du (his poems) IV.2 Synecdoche: part-whole relationship I will not let him come under my roof # Roof  house Only hardy souls showed up for work (persons) There are a lot of lonely hearts there (persons) Translating metonymy and synecdoche • Sense nonfiguratively translated (the floorthe people in the audience) • Retaining original word, adding the sense (The world was mad  the people of the world.) • Substituting a figurative expression (The expansion of the agriculture aims at feeding more mouths providing food for more people) IV Figurative senses of Lexical Items IV.3 Euphemism: used to avoid offensive expression in the area of sex, death, the supernatural • Sex in many languages euphemistically translated (to know, to touch, to come together) • Many languages having many ways of saying DIE (pass away, gone to • New baby talked of in negative words (ugly, dog ), avoiding the name sleep ) of God, the Jews use heaven Euphemisms will often need to be translated by a comparable euphemism in the receptor language  Euphemisms will be translated with an appropriate and acceptable expression of the receptor language whether euphemistic or direct IV.4 Hyperbole: Exaggeration is used for effect, and is not to be understood as if it were a literal description  I am starving # I am very hungry./ I am frozen to death # I am very cold • • Such exaggeration in the source language text may be understood as untruths if they are literally translated Much care must be taken to be sure that the direct effect is retained in the receptor language but that the correct meaning is also retained I am boiling mad # Tơi tức điên/Mình tức hộc máu ln! V PROPOSITIONS V.1 Proposition: a grouping of concepts into a unit which communicate  It is a semantic unit consisting of concepts (central and other concepts related to the central concept) JOHN, PETER, HIT (HIT: central event concept, JOHN and PETER: other concepts)  What a proposition communicates depends on the relationship of the other concepts agent: John activity: HIT affected: Peter agent: Peter activity: HIT affected: John  One proposition may be encoded in many ways in a language John hit Peter/Peter was hit by John/The hitting of Peter by John  Which grammatical form is used in the translation depends on the relation that the proposition has to other propositions  Two kinds of proposition: Event Proposition (Central concept: EVENT) State Proposition (Central concept: THING or ATTRIBUTE) EVENT including actions, processes, and experiences THING including animate beings and inanimate entities ATTRIBUTE including quality and quantity An Event proposition: Action: John ate the food; Experience: Mary knew little; Process: The ice melted A State proposition: Car ownership Me  The car is mine John description big  John is big V PROPOSITIONS V.2 Identifying the event propositions • Beginning by classifying the concepts represented by lexical items E T E A The destruction of the city was planned well • Re-expressing the grammatical sentence in propositions with the events (Someone) destroyed the city; (Someone) planned well • Steps for rewriting as event propositions: Look for the forms expressing EVENT concepts in the text Express each of these concepts with a finite verb Identify the PARTICIPANTS Rewrite as a proposition with the EVENT expressed as a finite verb and the PARTICIPANTS made explicit Study the relations between propositions, express the relations, reorder the propositions TEXT: John rejected Peter’s offer Step 1: The EVENTS are reject and offer Step 2: The PARTICIPANTS are John and Peter Step 3: John rejected Peter offered (to something) Step 4: The order would be changed Peter offered before John rejected  Using the steps, the translator can analyze the text, making it semantically clear  It is necessary to the analysis before an adequate equivalent can be found VI CASE ROLES WITHIN EVENT PROPOSITIONS VI.1 Case roles defined The agent is the THING which does the action John ran fast./ The dog ate the meat The causer is the THING which instigates the EVENT rather than actually doing it Peter made Mary cry./ The pole strengthened the building The affected is the THING that undergoes the EVENT or is affected by the EVENT The tree fell on the house./ The water evaporated The beneficiary is the THING that is advantaged or disadvantaged by the EVENT Mary sold the car for a friend./John gave the flowers to Mary The accompaniment is the THING which participates in close association with the agent, causer, or affected in an EVENT John went to the park with his dog./ I had dinner with my son The resultant is that which is produced by an EVENT Mary sang a song./ The soldiers fought a battle./ They played a game The instrument is the THING used to carry out an EVENT Mary wrote with a pencil./The workmen widened the road with a bulldozer The location is the THING which identifies the spacial placement of an EVENT Jane ran from home./ Peter walked through the park The goal is the THING towards which the action is directed John prayed to God./ Peter laughed at John 10 The time identifies the temporal replacement of the EVENT John went to college three weeks ago./ Tomorrow the sun will shine VI CASE ROLES WITHIN EVENT PROPOSITIONS 11 The manner is the qualification of the EVENT The man ran quickly./ The baby became sleepy gradually 12 The measure is the quantification of the EVENT They widened the road by twenty feet./ Jane prays frequently Look for the forms expressing EVENT concepts in the text Express each of these concepts with a finite verb V.2 Skewing between event propositions and grammatical forms Identify the PARTICIPANTS Rewrite as a proposition with the EVENT expressed as a finite verb and the PARTICIPANTS made explicit Study the relations between propositions, express the relations, reorder the propositions TEXT: John rejected Peter’s offer Step 1: The EVENTS are reject and offer Step 2: The PARTICIPANTS are John and Peter Step 3: John rejected Peter offered (to something) Step 4: The order would be changed Peter offered before John rejected  Using the steps, the translator can analyze the text, making it semantically clear  It is necessary to the analysis before an adequate equivalent can be found VI CASE ROLES WITHIN EVENT PROPOSITIONS There is skewing between event propositions and grammatical forms Peter ate the banana The banana was eaten by Peter The eating of the banana by Peter Peter’s eating of banana The banana Peter ate   The preposition may be encoded in different forms and which form is chosen will depend on the context in which the proposition is encoded There are complex concepts within the proposition That house That white house That big white house which is down the street  The manner of how a complex concept is translated must be considered carefully so as not to distort the meaning of the proposition I went into the forest The forest was in the Cutiji area The Sarari River was near the forest I hunted animals in the forest  I went hunting in the forest of the Cutiji area near the Sarari River VII Relations within State Propositions  A State Proposition consists of two main parts (TOPIC and COMMENT) and the relations between them TOPIC RELATION COMMENT Dog naming That car ownership That table Fido substance I wood FORM The dog’s name is Fido The dog is called Fido That car is mine That car belongs to me That wooden table That table is made of wood  Any given state proposition may be encoded in several forms John’s house # John has a house.# John owns a house.# The house John owns  The translator should first identify the TOPIC, RELATION and COMMENT in the source text to understand the meaning clearly and then find the best way to express that meaning with natural receptor language forms which fits the context The water jug # The jug containing water # The jug of water # The jug with water in it # The jug which contains water # The jug contains water # The jug has water in it  Which of the forms is chosen depends the context in which the proposition is being used in relation to other propositions VII Relations within State Propositions  A State Proposition consists of two main parts (TOPIC and COMMENT) and the relations between them TOPIC RELATION COMMENT Dog naming Fido That car ownership I That table substance wood FORM The dog’s name is Fido The dog is called Fido That car is mine That car belongs to me That wooden table That table is made of wood  Any given state proposition may be encoded in several forms John’s house # John has a house.# John owns a house.# The house John owns  The translator should first identify the TOPIC, RELATION and COMMENT in the source text to understand the meaning clearly and then find the best way to express that meaning with natural receptor language forms which fits the context The water jug # The jug containing water # The jug of water # The jug with water in it # The jug which contains water # The jug contains water # The jug has water in it  Which of the forms is chosen depends the context in which the proposition is being used in relation to other propositions VII Relations within State Propositions  There are multiple functions of grammatical relation markers She is AT the store (LOCATION) She came AT 10 o’clock (TIME) She shot the arrows AT the target (GOAL)  Grammatical relation markers may be used in figurative ways He has two people OVER him in the office (superior authority)  There are complex concepts in state propositions The man who owns the car is in the house made of brick The man is in the house (location) The man owns the car (ownership) The house is made of brick (substance) VIII Skewing between Propositional Structure and Clause Structure VIII.1 Passive constructions  Passive construction differs from language to language • • •   English passive  affected/resultant/ beneficative Thai passive  unpleasantness Vietnamese  pleasantness (duoc)/ unpleasantness (bi) Many non-Indo-European languages have no passive passive construction * Languages in Papua New Guinea John was taken to prison / They/People took John to prison The translator must recognize the difference between PASSIVE and ACTIVE, the usages in source and target languages and not expect to translate literally passive for passive and active for active Người ta nói viết nhiều Huế  So much has been written and said about Hue A: What has happened to all the money you got after the will was settled and the business was sold? B: The usual things- False friends, fast-living style and bad investment VIII Skewing between Propositional Structure and Clause Structure VIII.2 Abstract nouns  Nouns represent THING, EVENT or ATTRIBUTE  Love is patient  People who love are patient He persuaded her by kindness  He persuaded her by being kind to her./by being a kind person Quickness is necessary  It is necessary that people act quickly The translator need to recognize and are able to analyze abstract nouns Fear fell on the people Death no longer has power over him  He will never die again  Without knowing the broader context, the translator should think of many possibilities “Judgment has come.” could be translated as follows The time has come when the king will judge the people./the chief is judging the captured enemies  It is impossible to translate abstract nouns with equivalent clauses without knowing who the participants are VIII Skewing between Propositional Structure and Clause Structure VIII.3 Genitive constructions     Genitive form used to encode many different semantic structures The city’s destruction # The city has been destroyed The man’s picture # The picture belongs to the man./The picture depicts the man Genitive constructions for State Propositions The goodness of the queen  The queen is good A crown of gold  The crown is made of gold A cup of cold water  The cup contains water Genitive constructions for Event Propositions The error of John  John erred The fear of the soldiers  (People) feared the soldiers/.The soldiers feared (SO) The obedience of the children  The children obeyed SO Genitive constructions for implicit event The song of Peter  The song which Peter wrote/sang The violence of the crowd  The crowd was acting violently VIII Skewing between Propositional Structure and Clause Structure VIII.3 Genitive constructions   Two abstract nouns in genitive  containing two propositions The forgiveness of sins  SO will forgive that; SO has sinned Fear of death  SO fears that he will die English Genitive construction for an implied event needed to be explicit John’s well  the well which John dug Their temple  the temple which they built/where they worship The doctor’s patient  the patient whom the doctor treats  Genitive construction can be ambiguous and hard to interpret  Translator should take special care to identify the meaning of the source text represented in passive, genitive structures, and abstract nouns when they occur in one sentence The shooting of the hunter  SO shot the hunter./The hunter shot at something The concern the leader was revealed by his gift to his people  SO leads the people./He was concerned for the people./He revealed this to the people./He gave (things) to the people IX Skewing of illocutionary Force and Grammatical Form IX.1 Secondary functions of interrogative   Two abstract nouns in genitive  containing two propositions The forgiveness of sins  SO will forgive that; SO has sinned Fear of death  SO fears that he will die English Genitive construction for an implied event needed to be explicit John’s well  the well which John dug Their temple  the temple which they built/where they worship The doctor’s patient  the patient whom the doctor treats  Genitive construction can be ambiguous and hard to interpret  Translator should take special care to identify the meaning of the source text represented in passive, genitive structures, and abstract nouns when they occur in one sentence The shooting of the hunter  SO shot the hunter./The hunter shot at something The concern the leader was revealed by his gift to his people  SO leads the people./He was concerned for the people./He revealed this to the people./He gave (things) to the people ... Dai La area 11 Besides the investment from the State budget, all the schools had to look for other financial sources to buy teaching aids However, these sources made up only 13 % and 21 % of the... Organization fears is that the H5N1 virus will change into form which can pass easily between people and kill millions in a global pandemic 25 Almost 10 0 delegates from 11 countries worldwide gathered... been made The budget deficit has been kept at a permissible level of 3.6% of GDP in 19 98, down from 4 .2% in 19 97 13 The comprehensive plan for the management of Phong Nha Ke Bang National Park is