245 glossary renewable  something that can be replaced or regrown, such as trees, or a source of energy that never runs out, such as solar energy, wind energy, or geothermal energy. resources  the raw materials from the Earth that are used by humans to make useful things. satellite  any small object that orbits a larger one. Artificial satellites carry instruments for scientific study and communication. Imagery taken from satellites is used to monitor aspects of global warm- ing such as glacier retreat, ice cap melting, desertification, erosion, hurricane damage, and flooding. Sea-surface temperatures and measurements are also obtained from man-made satellites in orbit around the Earth. sequestration  carbon storage in terrestrial or marine reservoirs. Biological sequestration includes direct removal of CO 2 from the atmosphere through land-use change, afforestation, reforestation, carbon storage in landfills, and practices that enhance soil carbon in agriculture. simulation  a computer model of a process that is based on actual facts. The model attempts to mimic, or replicate, actual physical processes. sinks  any process, activity, or mechanism that removes a greenhouse gas or aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas or aerosol from the atmosphere. spatial resolution (model)  the level of detail a model has, referring to how far apart the x/y points in the grid are spaced. The closer the spacing, the more data in the model, making it more detailed and discerning. sustainable development  the concept of sustainable development was introduced in the World Conservation Strategy (UICN 1980) and had its roots in the concept of a sustainable society and in the man- agement of renewable resources. temperate  an area that has a mild climate and different seasons. thermal  something that relates to heat. tropical  a region that is hot and often wet (humid). These areas are located around the Earth’s equator. 246 Climate management troposphere  the bottom layer of the atmosphere, rising from sea level up to an average of about 7.5 miles (12 km). weather  the conditions of the atmosphere at a particular time and place. Weather includes such measurements as temperature, precipi- tation, air pressure, and wind speed and direction. further resourCes books Christianson, Gale. Greenhouse: The 200-Year Story of Global Warm- ing. New York: Walker, 1999. Looks at the enhanced greenhouse effect worldwide after the industrial revolution and outlines the consequences to the environment. Dow, Kirstin, and Thomas E. Downing. The Atlas of Climate Change: Mapping the World’s Greatest Challenge. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2006. This publication offers maps and geographic statistics and information on climate change, global warming, eco- nomics, and other related scientific topics worldwide. Friedman, Katherine. What If the Polar Ice Caps Melted? Danbury, Conn.: Children’s Press, 2002. Focuses on environmental problems related to the Earth’s atmosphere, including global warming, chang- ing weather patterns, and their effects on ecosystems. Gelbspan, Ross. The Heat Is On: The High Stakes Battle over Earth’s Threatened Climate. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley, 1997. This work offers a look at the controversy environmentalists often face when they deal with fossil fuel companies. Harrison, Patrick “GB,” Gail “Bunny” McLeod, and Patrick G. Harrison. Who Says Kids Can’t Fight Global Warming. Chatta- nooga, Tenn.: Pat’s Top Products, 2007. Offers real solutions that everybody can do to help solve the world’s biggest air pollution problems. Houghton, John. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. This book outlines the scien- tific basis of global warming and describes the impacts that climate change will have on society. It also looks at solutions to the problem. Langholz, Jeffrey. You Can Prevent Global Warming (and Save Money!): 51 Easy Ways. Riverside, N.J.: Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2003. 247 248 Climate management Aims at converting public concern over global warming into positive action to stop it by providing simple, everyday practices that can eas- ily be done to minimize it, as well as save money. McKibben, Bill. Fight Global Warming Now: The Handbook for Tak- ing Action in Your Community. New York: Holt Paperbacks, 2007. Provides the facts of what must change to save the climate. It also shows how everyone can act proactively in their community to make a difference. Pringle, Laurence. Global Warming: The Threat of Earth’s Changing Climate. New York: SeaStar Publishing Company, 2001. Provides information on the carbon cycle, rising sea levels, El Niño, aerosols, smog, flooding, and other issues related to global warming. Ruddiman, William F. Earth’s Climate: Past and Future. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 2001. Takes a detailed look at the his- tory of the Earth’s climate and the forces that have shaped it over time. Thornhill, Jan. This Is My Planet—the Kids Guide to Global Warm- ing. Toronto, Ontario: Maple Tree Press, 2007. Offers students the tools they need to become ecologically oriented by taking a com- prehensive look at climate change in polar, ocean, and land-based ecosystems. Weart, Spencer R. The Discovery of Global Warming (New Histories of Science, Technology, and Medicine). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004. Traces the history of the global warming concept through a long process of incremental research rather than a dramatic revelation. journaLs American Wind Energy Association. “Wind Energy and Climate Change: A Proposal for a Strategic Initiative” (October 1997). Available online. URL: http://www.ecoiq.com/onlineresources/ anthologies/energy/wind.html. Accessed March 20, 2009. Discusses cost-effective methods for supplying electricity to rural villages via renewable wind energy. 249 Further Resources Broder, John M. “Democrats Unveil Climate Bill.” New York Times (4/1/09). Available online. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/01/ us/politics/01energycnd.html?hp. Accessed January 23, 2009. Presents the viewpoint of global warming and politics. ———. “EPA Clears Way for Greenhouse Gas Rules.” New York Times (4/18/09). Available online: URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/ 18/science/earth/18endanger.html. Accessed May 28, 2009. This pres- ents the new ruling by the EPA in an effort to control greenhouse gases. Choi, Charles Q. “The Energy Debates: Clean Coal.” LiveScience (12/5/08). Available online. URL: www.ivescience.com/environ- ment/081205-energy-debates-clean-coal.html. Accessed February 22, 2009. Discusses whether or not the clean coal technology per- forms up to its expectations. Dean, Cornelia. “The Problems in Modeling Nature, with Its Unruly Natural Tendencies.” New York Times (2/20/07). Available online. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/20/science/20book.html. Accessed May 2, 2009. Discusses the inherent limits of mathemati- cal models and appropriate assumptions concerning their usage. Flook, Simon. “China Set to Build 562 New Coal Plants—Kyoto in Perspective.” The Politic (1/17/07). Available online. URL: www.the- politic.com/archives/2007/01/17/china-set-to-build-562-new-coal- plants/. Accessed January 16, 2009. Discusses air pollution concerns in China and the disastrous effect that will have on global warming if they do not use renewable energy sources, but rely on fossil fuels instead as they industrialize. Gelling, Peter, and Andrew C. Revkin. “Climate Talks Take on Added Urgency after Report.” New York Times (12/3/07). Accessed online. URL: www.nytimes.com/2007/12/03/world/asia/03bali. html?pagewanted=pring. Accessed January 23, 2008. Discusses the need to cut greenhouse emissions in preparation for the Bali confer- ence, which will discuss what the global plan of action will be after the Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012. Greinel, Hans. “Japan to Fight Global Warming by Pumping Car- bon Dioxide Underground.” USA Today (6/26/06). Available 250 Climate management online. URL: http://content.usatoday.com/topics/more+stories/ Places,%20Geography/Countries/Norway/48. Accessed April 25, 2009. Explores the option of carbon sequestration as a viable way to counteract the effects of global warming. Houghton, R. A., J. L. Hackler, and K. T. Lawrence. “The U.S. Carbon Budget: Contributions From Land-use Change.” Science (7/23/99) 285, no. 5,427: 574–578. Discusses how the net carbon flux related to U.S. lands offsets 10 to 30 percent of the United States’ fossil fuel emissions. Kanter, James. “Europe May Ban Imports of Some Biofuel Crops.” New York Times (1/15/08). Available online. URL: www.nytimes. com/2008/01/15/business/worldbusiness/15biofuel.html. Accessed March 24, 2009. Discusses which crops the European Union will not import and why they feel those crops add to the problem of global warming, not solve it. Kaufman, Leslie. “Dissenter on Warming Expands His Campaign.” New York Times (4/10/09). Available online. URL: www.nytimes. com/2009/04/10/us/politics/10morano.html?pagewanted=print. Accessed May 28, 2009. Discusses why it is important when read- ing about global warming to make sure the source is reliable and believable. Kerr, Richard A. “Global Warming: Rising Global Temperature, Rising Uncertainty.” Science (4/13/01) 192–194. Looks at climate modeling and the uncertainties currently associated with it. It also discusses important rules to understand when interpreting climate models. Krauss, Clifford. “As Ethanol Takes Its First Steps, Congress Pro- poses a Giant Leap.” The New York Times (12/18/07). Available online. URL: www.nytimes.com/2007/12/18/washington/18ethanol. html?pagewanted=print. Accessed January 23, 2008. Discusses the plans Congress has for renewable energy in order to reduce the nation’s heavy reliance on foreign oil. LaGesse, David. “The PC’s Dirty Little Secret: It Wastes Power Shame- lessly.” U.S. News and World Report (4/17/08). Available online. 251 Further Resources URL: http://www.usnews.com/articles/business/technology/ 2008/04/17/the-pcs-dirty-little-secret-it-wastes-power-shamelessly. html. Accessed May 9, 2009. This review discusses the real energy use of a PC and easy practices that can be followed to conserve energy and lower power bills. ———. “Small Moves You Can Take at Home to Conserve.” U.S. News and World Report (4/17/08). Available online. URL: http://www. usnews.com/articles/business/technology/2008/04/17/small-moves- you-can-take-at-home-to-conserve.html. Accessed May 9, 2009. Discusses simple ways to save money on electricity, such as prod- ucts like the Kill A Watt, the Energy Detective, the Bye Bye Standby, the Solatube, and the Voltaic Generator. Lavelle, Marianne. “Conservation Can Mean Profits for Utilities.” U.S. News and World Report (4/17/08). Available online. URL: http://www.usnews.com/articles/business/technology/2008/04 /17/conservation-can-mean-profits-for-utilities.html. Accessed May 9, 2009. Discusses a new trend that encourages utility com- panies not to expand, but instead to urge customers to conserve energy. ———. “Three Ways Businesses Can Save on Power.” U.S. News and World Report (4/17/08). Available online. URL: http://www.usnews. com/articles/business/technology/2008/04/17/three-ways-businesses- can-save-on-power.html. Accessed May 9, 2009. Discusses practical methods that factories and offices can use to become more energy efficient and save money. ———. “Green, Not Sacrifice, Is the Political Word.” U.S. News and World Report (4/17/08). Available online. URL: http://www.usnews. com/articles/business/technology/2008/04/17/green-not-sacrifice- is-the-political-word.html. Accessed May 9, 2009. Discusses the per- ception today of the environmentalism movement focusing more on the positive aspects of being green instead of changes being viewed negatively as a personal sacrifice. Mankiw, N. Gregory. “One Answer to Global Warming: A New Tax.” New York Times (9/16/07). Available online. URL: www. 252 Climate management nytimes.com/2007/09/16/business/16view.html?pagewanted=print. Accessed April 22, 2009. Provides information on business options to impose a new tax to combat global warming that would fairly tax citizens, leaving the distribution of total tax burden basically unchanged. New York Times. The “Winners and Losers in a Changing Cli- mate.” (4/2/07). Available online. URL: http://www.nytimes. com/2007/04/02/us/20070402_CLIMATE_GRAPHIC.html. Accessed May 13, 2009. Discusses which countries will be hit the hardest with the negative effects of global warming and will have the most adjusting to do. It also gives examples of what some countries are already doing to mitigate the future effects of global warming. ———. “The Scientists Speak.” (11/20/07). Available online. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/opinion/20tue1.html. Accessed May 25, 2009. This editorial discusses the latest scien- tific evidence and why it needs to be used by Washington to set forth climate policy that deals effectively with the issue of global warming. ———. “The One Environmental Issue.” (1/1/08). Available online. URL: www.nytimes.com/2008/01/01/opinion/01fuel.html?page wanted=print. Accessed January 23, 2008. Gives an overview of how the global warming issue was dealt with politically in the past and how it is being looked at today and why. Reuters (London). “Multinationals Fight Climate Change.” New York Times (1/21/08). Available online. URL: http://www.nytimes. com/2008/01/21/business/21green.html. Accessed 4/26/09. Looks at the joint efforts of 11 companies using renewable energy. Revkin, Andrew C. “A New Middle Stance Emerges in Debate over Climate.” New York Times (1/1/07). Available online. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/01/science/01climate.html?_ r=2&oref=slogin. Accessed May 25, 2009. Presents the opinion of a new group on the state of global warming that is neither far left or right, but the middle ground. 253 Further Resources ———. “Connecting the Global Warming Dots.” New York Times (1/14/07). Available online. URL: http://www.nytimes. com/2007/01/14/weekinreview/14basics.html. Accessed January 15, 2009. Discusses the anthropogenic contributions to global warming. Rosenthal, Elisabeth, and Andrew C. Revkin. “Science Panel Calls Global Warming ‘Unequivocal’.” New York Times (2/3/07). Avail- able online. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/03/science/ earth/03climate.html. Accessed May 25, 2009. Compares the force and certainty the IPCC’s fourth report is written with to their ear- lier reports and the accelerated seriousness of the global warming issue. Sachs, Jeffrey D. “Keys to Climate Protection.” Scientific American (April 2008). Available online. URL: http://www.scientificamerican. com/article.cfm?id=technological-keys-to-climate-protection- extended. Accessed May 28, 2009. Discusses why the creation and implementation of new technology is critical to fight global warm- ing with before it is too late. Stolberg, Sheryl Gay. “Bush Sets Greenhouse Gas Emissions Goal.” New York Times (4/17/08). Available online. URL: http://www. nytimes.com/2008/04/17/washington/17bush.html. Accessed May 25, 2009. Discusses the action that needs to be taken to avoid the worst of the greenhouse effect and global warming. Thompson, Andrea, and Ker Than. “Timeline: The Frightening Future of Earth.” LiveScience. (4/19/07). Available online. URL: www.livescience.com/environment/070419_earth_time- line.html. Accessed May 13, 2009. Presents future predictions as to what the Earth’s environment will be like from now until the 22nd century. Wald, Matthew L. “New Ways to Store Solar Energy for Nighttime and Cloudy Days.” New York Times (4/15/08). Available online. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/15/science/earth/15sola. html. Accessed March 22, 2009. Discusses innovative ways to cap- ture the Sun’s heat via solar thermal systems. 254 Climate management Weber, Elke U. “Experienced-based and Description-based Percep- tions of Long-term Risk: Why Global Warming Does Not Scare Us (Yet).” Climatic Change (2006) 77: 103–120. Discusses how people in general look at risk and how they prioritize decisions based on that perceived risk. [...]... solutions adaptation strategies 198 – 199 American ingenuity and research 192 – 193 community 206–207 electricity system modernization 190 energy efficiency 190 – 191 forest protection 191 – 192 fuel efficient cars 186– 190 geoengineering projects 193 – 198 , 194 at home 201, 201–204 impractical 193 – 198 , 194 personal choices/actions 208–2 09 practical 184, 186– 193 simple activities 199 –2 09 taking action 183–184 transportation... viewpoint 1 09 115 Rio Summit ( 199 2) See Earth Summit 199 2 risk, human response to 93 95 Roberts, John G., Jr 45 Robock, Alan 193 – 194 s Sachs, Jeffrey D 91 , 2 19 Salter, Stephen 196 Sanders, Bernie 48 satellites 107–108, 162, 175 Schmidt, Gavin A 162–163, 181 Schneider, R Stephen 101 Schwartz, Peter 40, 42–43 Schwarzenegger, Arnold 37, 38, 62, 64 Science 112 sea ice loss 26, 27, 74–75 sea-level rise... adaptation 23, 28–30, 198 – 199 adaptive management 177 Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases (AGGG) 76 aerosols 173 agriculture 29, 89, 112–113 Ahrenkilde-Hansen, Pia 18 airlines 200t air pollution 123, 126–127 albedo 73, 165 Alley, Richard B 118 allowance-based markets (cap and trade) 59 60 American Clean Energy and Security Act of 20 09 (ACES) 35, 52–53 Angel, Roger 195 – 196 Annex I countries 7 9, 12, 13, 57,... (FAIR) 97 feedback 160, 174 Fein, Jay 221 finite pool of worry hypothesis 94 First Assessment Report (FAR) 22 Flannery, Mark 46 flash tank 141 flooding 29 30, 107, 218, 236c food production 28, 47–48, 209t See also agriculture food shortages 28– 29, 42 forcings 23, 163 forests 191 – 192 fossil fuels 151, 237c Fourier, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph 103, 233c Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (AR4) 3, 25–31, 90 ,... 196 – 197 LaHood, Ray 187, 188 landscaping 204t–205t La Niña 106 Latham, John 196 Launder, Brian 196 – 198 Laurance, William 152 left-wing political viewpoint 116–121 legislation 44–54 See also specific acts and laws Le Treut, Hervé 1 19 Levene, Lord Peter 69 Levitus, Sydney 1 19 Lieberman, Joseph 35, 237c Lindzen, Richard 175, 176 Little Ice Age 233c Livingstone, Ken 90 local food 209t London, England 90 ... values 92 95 d dams 146–147, 153 Davies, Kert 99 Davis, Gray 65 debate over global warming 103–121 believers on far left 116–121 middle ground 115–116 modern climate consensus 104–1 09 skeptics on far right 1 09 115 deforestation 191 , 234c degrees of confidence 25 “Democrats Unveil Climate Bill” (New York Times article) 35 Denmark 144 developing countries 12, 15, 217 direct-fired biopower 148–1 49 DOE... journalistic balance 97 –100 power of 95 97 , 97 Merkel, Angela 17 Metcalf, Gilbert 70 methane (CH4) 8, 26, 1 49 methanol 1 49 Met Office Hadley Center 107, 170t mirrors, space-based 195 – 196 mitigation 55–71 and AR4 30–31 cap and trade 55–62 economics of 68–71 IPCC Working Group reports 23–25, 30–31 state projects 62, 64–68 Mitigation of Climate Change (WGIII report) 30–31 modeling See climate modeling modular... 69 Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (TFI) 25 tax credits 124, 138 technology 192 – 193 , 2 19 222 temperature See also global warming and CO2 concentrations 214t global warming skeptics’ use of discrepancies in data 113 projected increase (2010–20 29) 211 unknowns in climate modeling 180 terrorism 40 testing of climate models 1 69 Thatcher, Margaret 77 thermal expansion of seawater 1 19 thermohaline... on forest management 192 on importance of immediate action on global warming 184, 186 power plant study 190 prioritizing of adaptation strategies 198 – 199 United Kingdom 78 United Nations 7, 17 United Nations Climate Change Conference (Copenhagen, 20 09) 70, 238c United Nations Climate Change Secretariat 13 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) See Earth Summit 199 2 United... National Assessment on the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change 216, 236c V validation of climate modeling 171–172 values, cultural 92 95 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 76–77 volcanic eruptions 105–106 volcano, imitation 193 – 194 W Warm-Biz 89 Washington State mitigation projects 66–67 wastewater recycling 89 water, in computer modeling 161–162 water heaters, . http://www. usnews.com/articles/business/technology/2008/04/17/small-moves- you-can-take-at-home-to-conserve.html. Accessed May 9, 20 09. Discusses simple ways to save money on electricity, such as prod- ucts like the Kill A Watt, the Energy Detective, the. online. 251 Further Resources URL: http://www.usnews.com/articles/business/technology/ 2008/04/17 /the- pcs-dirty-little-secret-it-wastes-power-shamelessly. html. Accessed May 9, 20 09. This review. viewpoint 1 09 115 Rio Summit ( 199 2). See Earth Summit 199 2 risk, human response to 93 95 Roberts, John G., Jr. 45 Robock, Alan 193 – 194 s Sachs, Jeffrey D. 91 , 2 19 Salter, Stephen 196 Sanders,