10-41 F10us18 Figure 10-18 Use the Quota tab of the Properties dialog box for a disk to set disk quotas for users. To enforce identical quota limits for all users, follow these steps: 1. In Windows Explorer, right-click the volume on which you want to set disk quo- tas, and then click Properties. Windows opens the Properties dialog box for the volume. 2. Click the Quota tab. 3. Select the Enable Quota Management check box. 4. Select the Deny Disk Space To Users Exceeding Quota Limit check box. Windows XP Professional will monitor usage and will not allow users to create files or folders on the volume when they exceed the limit. Log Event When A User Exceeds Their Quota Limit Select this option if you want Windows XP Professional to log an event in the Security log every time a user exceeds his or her quota limit. Log Event When A User Exceeds Their Warning Level Select this option if you want Windows XP Professional to log an event in the Security log every time a user exceeds the warn- ing level. Quota Entries Click this button to open the Quota Entries For window, in which you can add a new entry, delete an entry, and view the per-user quota information. Table 10-3 Quota Tab Options Option Description Lesson 3 Managing Disk Quotas 10-42 Chapter 10 Managing Data Storage 5. Click Limit Disk Space To. In the Limit Disk Space To text box and in the Set Warn- ing Level To text box, enter the values for the limit and warning levels that you want to set. 6. Click OK. To enforce different quota limits for one or more specific users, use these steps: 1. In Windows Explorer, right-click the volume on which you want to set disk quo- tas, and then click Properties. Windows opens the Properties dialog box for the volume. 2. Click the Quota tab. 3. Select the Enable Quota Management check box. 4. Select the Deny Disk Space To Users Exceeding Quota Limit check box. 5. Click Quota Entries. 6. In the Quota Entries For window shown in Figure 10-19, click the Quota menu, and then click New Quota Entry. F10us19 Figure 10-19 Use the Quota Entries For dialog box to enter quotas for specific users. 7. In the Select Users dialog box, type the name of the user for which you want to set a quota, and then click OK. (You can also click Advanced to search for a user.) 8. In the Add New Quota Entry dialog box shown in Figure 10-20, click Limit Disk Space To, enter the limit and warning levels, and then click OK. F10us20 Figure 10-20 Use the Add New Quota Entry dialog box to specify limits for a user. 10-43 How to Determine the Status of Disk Quotas You can determine the status of disk quotas in the Properties dialog box for a disk by checking status message to the right of the traffic light icon (refer to Figure 10-18). The color shown on the traffic light icon indicates the status of disk quotas as follows: ■ A red traffic light indicates that disk quotas are disabled. ■ A yellow traffic light indicates that Windows XP Professional is rebuilding disk quota information. ■ A green traffic light indicates that the disk quota system is active. How to Monitor Disk Quotas You use the Quota Entries For dialog box (refer to Figure 10-19) to monitor usage for all users who have copied, saved, or taken ownership of files and folders on the vol- ume. Windows XP Professional scans the volume and monitors the amount of disk space in use by each user. Use the Quota Entries For dialog box to view the following: ■ The amount of hard disk space that each user uses ■ Users who are over their quota warning threshold, signified by a yellow triangle ■ Users who are over their quota limit, signified by a red circle ■ The warning threshold and the disk quota limit for each user Guidelines for Using Disk Quotas Use the following guidelines for using disk quotas: ■ If you enable disk quota settings on the volume where Windows XP Professional is installed, and your user account has a disk quota limit, log on as Administrator to install additional Windows XP Professional components and applications. In this way, Windows XP Professional will not charge the disk space that you use to install applications against the disk quota allowance for your user account. ■ You can monitor hard disk usage and generate hard disk usage information with- out preventing users from saving data. To do so, clear the Deny Disk Space To Users Exceeding Quota Limit check box when you enable disk quotas. ■ Set more-restrictive default limits for all user accounts, and then modify the limits to allow more disk space to users who work with large files. ■ If multiple users share computers running Windows XP Professional, set disk quota limits on computer volumes so that disk space is shared by all users who share the computer. Lesson 3 Managing Disk Quotas 10-44 Chapter 10 Managing Data Storage ■ Generally, you should set disk quotas on shared volumes to limit storage for users. Set disk quotas on public folders and network servers to ensure that users share hard disk space appropriately. When storage resources are scarce, you might want to set disk quotas on all shared hard disk space. ■ Delete disk quota entries for users who no longer store files on a volume. You can delete quota entries for a user account only after all files that the user owns have been removed from the volume or after another user has taken ownership of the files. Practice: Managing Disk Quotas In this practice, you configure default quota management settings to limit the amount of data users can store on drive C (their hard disk drive). Next, you configure a custom quota setting for a user account. You increase the amount of data the user can store on drive C to 10 MB with a warning level set to 6 MB. Finally, you turn off quota manage- ment for drive C. Note If you did not install Windows XP Professional on drive C, substitute the NTFS parti- tion on which you did install Windows XP Professional whenever drive C is referred to in the practice. Exercise 1: Configure Quota Management Settings In this exercise, you configure the quota management settings for drive C to limit the data that users can store on the volume. You then configure custom quota settings for a user account.  To configure default quota management settings 1. Log on with an account that is a member of the Administrators group. 2. Use the User Accounts tool in Control Panel to create a user account named User5 and assign it a Limited account type. 3. In Windows Explorer, right-click the drive C icon, and then click Properties. Windows XP Professional displays the Local Disk (C:) Properties dialog box with the General tab active. 4. Click the Quota tab. Notice that disk quotas are disabled by default. 5. In the Quota tab, select the Enable Quota Management check box. Notice that by default, the Do Not Limit Disk Usage option is selected. ! 10-45 6. Click Limit Disk Usage To. 7. What is the default disk space limit for new users? 8. Click Do Not Limit Disk Usage. If you want to place the same quota limit on all users of this computer, you use the Limit Disk Usage To option. 9. Select the Deny Disk Space To Users Exceeding Quota Limit check box. 10. Select the Log Event When A User Exceeds Their Quota Limit and Log Event When A User Exceeds Their Warning Limit check boxes, and then click Apply. Windows XP Professional displays the Disk Quota dialog box, telling you that you should enable the quota system only if you will use quotas on this disk volume and warning you that the volume will be rescanned to update disk usage statistics if you enable quotas. 11. Click OK to enable disk quotas. 12. What happens to the quota status indicator?  To configure quota management settings for a user 1. In the Quota tab of the Local Disk (C:) Properties dialog box, click Quota Entries. Windows XP Professional displays the Quota Entries For Local Disk (C:) dialog box. 2. Are any user accounts listed? Why or why not? 3. On the Quota menu, click New Quota Entry. Windows XP Professional displays the Select Users dialog box. 4. In the Name text box, type User5, and then click OK. Windows XP Professional displays the Add New Quota Entry dialog box. 5. Click Limit Disk Space To. What are the default settings for the user you just set a quota limit for? Lesson 3 Managing Disk Quotas 10-46 Chapter 10 Managing Data Storage 6. Increase the amount of data that the user can store on drive C by changing the Limit Disk Space To setting to 10 MB and the Set Warning Level To setting to 6 MB. 7. Click OK to return to the Quota Entries For Local Disk (C:) window. 8. Close the Quota Entries For Local Disk (C:) window. 9. Click OK to close the Local Disk (C:) Properties dialog box. 10. Log off. 11. Log on as User5. 12. Start Windows Explorer and create a User5 folder on drive C. 13. Insert the CD-ROM you used to install Windows XP Professional into your CD- ROM drive. 14. If a dialog box appears as a result of inserting the CD-ROM, close it. 15. Copy the i386 folder from your CD-ROM to the User5 folder. Windows XP Professional begins copying files from the i386 folder on the CD- ROM to a new i386 folder in the User5 folder on drive C. After copying some files, Windows XP Professional displays the Error Copying File Or Folder dialog box, indicating that there is not enough room on the disk. 16. Why did you get this error message? 17. Click OK to close the dialog box. 18. Right-click the User5 folder, and then click Properties. Notice that the Size On Disk value is slightly less than your quota limit of 10 MB. 19. Delete the User5 folder. 20. Close all open windows and log off. Exercise 2: Disable Quota Management 1. Log on with an account that is a member of the Administrators group. 2. Start Windows Explorer. 3. Right-click the drive C icon, and then click Properties. Windows XP Professional displays the Local Disk (C:) Properties dialog box with the General tab active. 4. Click the Quota tab. 10-47 5. In the Quota tab, clear the Enable Quota Management check box. All quota settings for drive C are no longer available. 6. Click Apply. Windows XP Professional displays the Disk Quota dialog box, warning you that if you disable quotas, the volume will be rescanned if you enable them later. 7. Click OK to close the Disk Quota dialog box. 8. Click OK to close the Local Disk (C:) Properties dialog box. 9. Close all windows and log off Windows XP Professional. Lesson Review Use the following questions to help determine whether you have learned enough to move on to the next lesson. If you have difficulty answering these questions, review the material in this lesson before beginning the next lesson. You can find answers to these questions in the “Questions and Answers” section at the end of this chapter. 1. What is the purpose of disk quotas? 2. Which of the following statements about disk quotas in Windows XP Professional is correct? (Choose the correct answer.) a. Disk quotas track and control disk usage on a per-user, per-disk basis. b. Disk quotas track and control disk usage on a per-group, per-volume basis. c. Disk quotas track and control disk usage on a per-user, per-volume basis. d. Disk quotas track and control disk usage on a per-group, per-disk basis. 3. Which of the following statements about disk quotas in Windows XP Professional is correct? (Choose all that apply.) a. Disk quotas can be applied only to Windows XP Professional NTFS volumes. b. Disk quotas can be applied to any Windows XP Professional volume. c. You must be logged on with the Administrator user account to configure default quota management settings. d. Members of the Administrators and Power Users groups can configure quota management settings. Lesson 3 Managing Disk Quotas 10-48 Chapter 10 Managing Data Storage 4. You get a call from an administrator who cannot delete a quota entry for a user account. What would you tell the administrator to check? Lesson Summary ■ Use Windows XP Professional disk quotas to allocate disk space usage to users. Windows XP Professional disk quotas track and control disk usage on a per-user, per-volume basis. You can set disk quotas, quota thresholds, and quota limits for all users and for individual users. You can apply disk quotas only to Windows XP Professional NTFS volumes. ■ You can set identical quotas for all users or you can configure different quotas for individual users. ■ You can determine the basic status of the quota management system by looking at the traffic light indicator and the status text display on the Quota tab of a volume’s Properties dialog box. ■ You can monitor disk quotas by using the Quota Entries For dialog box, which you access by clicking Quota Entries on the Quota tab of a volume’s Properties dialog box. ■ There are a number of guidelines you should follow when using disk quotas. The most important guideline is that installing applications can use up disk quotas rap- idly, so you should log on as an administrator without quota limits to install appli- cations. 10-49 Lesson 4: Increasing Security by Using EFS Encryption is the process of making information indecipherable to protect it from unau- thorized viewing or use. A key is required to decode the information. The Encrypting File System (EFS) provides encryption for data in NTFS files stored on disk. This encryp- tion is public key–based and runs as an integrated system service, making it easy to man- age, difficult to attack, and transparent to the file owner. If a user who attempts to access an encrypted NTFS file has the private key to that file (which is assigned when the user logs on), the file can be decrypted so that the user can open the file and work with it transparently as a normal document. A user without the private key is denied access. Windows XP Professional also includes the Cipher command, which provides the capability to encrypt and decrypt files and folders from a command prompt. Windows XP Professional also provides a recovery agent, a specially designated user account that can still recover encrypted files if the owner loses the private key. After this lesson, you will be able to ■ Describe EFS. ■ Encrypt folders and files. ■ Decrypt folders and files. ■ Control encryption from the command line by using the Cipher command. ■ Create an EFS recovery agent. Estimated lesson time: 40 minutes Overview of EFS EFS allows users to encrypt NTFS files by using a strong public key–based crypto- graphic scheme that encrypts all files in a folder. Users with roaming profiles can use the same key with trusted remote systems. No administrative effort is needed to begin, and most operations are transparent. Backups and copies of encrypted files are also encrypted if they are in NTFS volumes. Files remain encrypted if you move or rename them, and temporary files created during editing and left unencrypted in the paging file or in a temporary file do not defeat encryption. You can set policies to recover EFS-encrypted data when necessary. The recovery pol- icy is integrated with overall Windows XP Professional security policy (see Chapter 16, “Configuring Security Settings and Internet Options,” for more on security policy). Con- trol of this policy can be delegated to individuals with recovery authority, and different recovery policies can be configured for different parts of the enterprise. Data recovery discloses only the recovered data, not the key that was used to encrypt the file. Several protections ensure that data recovery is possible and that no data is lost in the case of total system failure. Lesson 4 Increasing Security by Using EFS 10-50 Chapter 10 Managing Data Storage EFS is configured either from Windows Explorer or from the command line. It can be enabled or disabled for a computer, domain, or organizational unit (OU) by resetting recovery policy in the Group Policy console in Microsoft Management Console (MMC). You can use EFS to encrypt and decrypt files on remote file servers but not to encrypt data that is transferred over the network. Windows XP Professional provides network protocols, such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) authentication, to encrypt data over the network. Table 10-4 lists the key features provided by Windows XP Professional EFS. Security Alert Even when you encrypt files, an intruder who accesses your computer can access those files if your user account is still logged on to the computer. Be sure to lock your console when you are not using the computer, or configure a screensaver to require a pass- word when the computer is activated. If the computer is configured to go to standby mode when it is idle, you should require a password to bring the computer out of standby. These precautions are particularly important on portable computers, which people are more likely to leave unattended while the user is logged on. Table 10-4 EFS Features Feature Description Transparent encryption In EFS, file encryption does not require the file owner to decrypt and re-encrypt the file on each use. Decryption and encryption happen transparently on file reads and writes to disk. Strong protection of encryption keys Public key encryption resists all but the most sophisticated methods of attack. Therefore, in EFS, the file encryption keys are encrypted by using a public key from the user’s certificate. (Note that Windows XP Professional and Windows 2000 use X.509 v3 certificates.) The list of encrypted file encryption keys is stored with the encrypted file and is unique to it. To decrypt the file encryption keys, the file owner sup- plies a private key, which only he or she has. Integral data-recovery system If the owner’s private key is unavailable, the recovery agent can open the file using his or her own private key. There can be more than one recovery agent, each with a different public key, but at least one pub- lic recovery key must be present on the system to encrypt a file. Secure temporary and paging files Many applications create temporary files while you edit a document, and these temporary files can be left unencrypted on the disk. On computers running Windows XP Professional, EFS can be imple- mented at the folder level, so any temporary copies of an encrypted file are also encrypted, provided that all files are on NTFS volumes. EFS resides in the Windows operating system kernel and uses the nonpaged pool to store file encryption keys, ensuring that they are never copied to the paging file. [...]... options are explained in Table 1 0-1 0 F10us 25 Figure 1 0-2 5 tures Use the More Options tab of the Disk Cleanup For dialog box to access additional fea- Lesson 5 Table 1 0-1 0 Maintaining Disks with Disk Defragmenter, Check Disk, and Disk Cleanup 1 0-6 5 Additional Features on the Disk Cleanup More Options Tab Option Description Windows Components Click Clean Up under Windows Components to launch the Windows Components... command line using the Cipher command ■ Windows XP Professional also provides a recovery agent If an owner loses the private key, the recovery agent can still recover the encrypted file Lesson 5 Maintaining Disks with Disk Defragmenter, Check Disk, and Disk Cleanup 1 0 -5 7 Lesson 5: Maintaining Disks with Disk Defragmenter, Check Disk, and Disk Cleanup Windows XP Professional saves files and folders in... Defragmenter Windows XP Professional displays the Disk Defragmenter dialog box 2 If there are multiple volumes on your computer, select C, and then click Analyze 3 If Windows XP Professional displays a dialog box, indicating that there is no need to defragment your volume at this time, click Close, and then read through Steps 6 through 12 1 0-6 6 Chapter 10 Managing Data Storage 4 If Windows XP Professional. .. running Windows XP Professional just as you would if it were a laptop computer running Windows XP Professional so that you can use offline folders and files Exercise 1: Configure Offline Folders and Files 1 Log on with a user account that is a member of the Administrators group 2 Click Start, right-click My Computer, and then click Open 3 On the Tools menu, click Folder Options Windows XP Professional. .. configure the resource to allow caching for offline use You configure offline folders and files through Windows Explorer or My Computer Figure 1 0-2 7 shows the Allow Caching Of Files In This Shared Folder check box in Windows Explorer F10us27 Figure 1 0-2 7 Configure shared files for offline use Windows XP Professional provides the following three settings for caching: Manual Caching Of Documents The default... select the drive you want to check in Windows Explorer or My Computer On the File menu, click Properties, and in the General tab, click Disk Cleanup The Disk Cleanup dialog box is shown in Figure 1 0-2 4, and its options are explained in Table 1 0-9 Lesson 5 Maintaining Disks with Disk Defragmenter, Check Disk, and Disk Cleanup 1 0-6 3 F10us24 Figure 1 0-2 4 Table 1 0-9 Use Disk Cleanup to remove unnecessary... select the drive you want to check in Windows Explorer or My Computer Click the File menu, click Properties, click the Tools tab, and click Check Now Select one of the options on the Check Disk dialog box shown in Figure 1 0-2 3 The options are explained in Table 1 0-7 F10us23 Figure 1 0-2 3 Use Check Disk to analyze and fix the file structure on a volume Lesson 5 Table 1 0-7 Maintaining Disks with Disk Defragmenter,... you configure a network share on a computer running Windows XP Professional so that users can access the files in the share and use them offline 1 Ensure that you are still logged on as Administrator, and start Windows Explorer 2 Create a folder on the C drive named Offline 3 Right-click the Offline folder, and then click Sharing And Security Windows Explorer displays the Offline Properties dialog box... This Folder, and then click Caching Windows Explorer displays the Caching Settings dialog box 5 From the Setting list, ensure that Manual Caching Of Documents is selected, and then click OK 6 Click OK to close the Offline Properties dialog box Leave Windows Explorer open Exercise 3: Configure Synchronization Manager 1 Click Tools, and then click Synchronize Windows XP Professional displays the Items To... the defragmented volume Additionally, you can view a report showing files that could not be defragmented Lesson 5 Maintaining Disks with Disk Defragmenter, Check Disk, and Disk Cleanup 1 0 -5 9 Figure 1 0-2 2 shows the Disk Defragmenter dialog box after you have analyzed the C drive Windows XP Professional displays another Disk Defragmenter dialog box, indicating that you need to defragment the volume You . off. 11. Log on as User5. 12. Start Windows Explorer and create a User5 folder on drive C. 13. Insert the CD-ROM you used to install Windows XP Professional into your CD- ROM drive. 14. If a dialog. in Windows XP Professional is correct? (Choose all that apply.) a. Disk quotas can be applied only to Windows XP Professional NTFS volumes. b. Disk quotas can be applied to any Windows XP Professional. of inserting the CD-ROM, close it. 15. Copy the i386 folder from your CD-ROM to the User5 folder. Windows XP Professional begins copying files from the i386 folder on the CD- ROM to a new i386