CONCRETE IN HOT ENVIRONMENTS Copyright 1993 E & FN Spon Modern Concrete Technology Series Series Editors Arnon Bentur Sidney Mindess National Building Research Institute Department of Civil Engineering Technion-Israel Institute of Technology University of British Columbia Technion City 2324 Main Mall Haifa 32 000 Vancouver Israel British Columbia Canada V6T 1W5 Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Composites A.Bentur and S.Mindess Concrete in the Marine Environment P.K.Mehta Concrete in Hot Environments I.Soroka Durability of Concrete in Cold Climates M.Pigeon and R.Pleau (forthcoming) High Strength Concrete P.C.Aitcin (forthcoming) Copyright 1993 E & FN Spon Concrete in Hot Environments I.SOROKA National Building Research Institute, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel E & FN SPON An Imprint of Chapman & Hall London · Glasgow · New York · Tokyo · Melbourne · Madras Copyright 1993 E & FN Spon Published by E & FN Spon, an imprint of Chapman & Hall, 2–6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN, UK Chapman & Hall, 2–6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN, UK Blackie Academic & Professional, Wester Cleddens Road, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow G64 2NZ, UK Chapman & Hall Inc., 29 West 35th Street, New York NY10001, USA Chapman & Hall Japan, Thomson Publishing Japan, Hirakawacho Nemoto Building, 6F, 1–7–11 Hirakawa-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan Chapman & Hall Australia, Thomas Nelson Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia Chapman & Hall India, R.Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road, CIT East, Madras 600 035, India This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. First edition 1993 © 1993 E & FN Spon ISBN 0-203-47363-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-78187-2 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0 419 15970 3 (Print Edition) Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data Soroka, I. (Itzhak) Concrete in hot environments/I.Soroka. p. cm.—(Modern concrete technology series) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0 419 15970 3 1. Concrete construction—Hot weather conditions. 2. Concrete—Hot weather conditions. 3. Portland cement—Hot weather conditions. I. Title. II. Series. TA682.48.S67 1993 620.1′3617—dc20 Copyright 1993 E & FN Spon To the future generation, to Or, Barak, Shir and Isar Copyright 1993 E & FN Spon Foreword Plain concrete is a brittle material, with low tensile strength and strain capacities. Nonetheless, with appropriate modifications to the material, and with appropriate design and construction methodologies, it is being used in increasingly sophisticated applications. If properly designed, concrete structures can be produced to be durable over a wide range of environmental conditions, including hot and cold climates, as well as aggressive exposure conditions such as in marine and highly polluted industrial zones. Indeed, our understanding of cementitious systems has advanced to the point where these systems can often be ‘tailored’ for various applications where ordinary concretes are limited. However, the results of the current research, which make these advances possible, are still either widely scattered in the journal literature, or mentioned only briefly in standard textbooks. Thus, they are often unavailable to the busy engineering professional. The purpose of the Modern Concrete Technology Series is to provide a seies of volumes that each deal with a single topic of interest in some depth. Eventually, they will form a library of reference books covering all the major topics in modern concrete technology. Recent advances in concrete technology have been obtained using the traditional materials science approach: (1) characterisation of the microstructure; (2) relationships between the microstructure and engineering properties; (3) relationships between the microstructural development and the processing techniques; and (4) selection of materials and processing methods to achieve composites with the desired characteristics. Copyright 1993 E & FN Spon Accordingly, each book in the series will cover both the fundamental scientific principles, and the practical applications. Topics will be discussed in terms of the basic principles governing the behaviour of the various cement composites, thus providing the reader with information valuable for engineering design and construction, as well as a proper background for assessing future developments. The series will be of interest to practitioners involved in modern concrete technology, and will also be of use to academics, researchers, graduate students, and senior undergraduate students. Concrete in Hot Environments, by Professor I.Soroka, is an additional book in this series, which focuses on the underlying processes governing the behaviour of concrete in hot climates. On this basis it provides guidelines for proper use and design of concrete exposed to such environmental conditions. Arnon Bentur Sidney Mindess Copyright 1993 E & FN Spon Preface The specific problems associated with concrete and concreting in hot environments have been recognised for some decades. This recognition has manifested itself over the years at a few symposia and in hundreds of papers where relevant research results and field observations were presented and discussed. In other publications the practical conclusions from these available data and experiences have been summarised in the form of guidelines for hot climate concreting. This book is not intended as one more guide, but mainly to explain the influence of hot environments on the properties and behaviour of concrete, and to point out its practical implications. However, in order to understand these effects, basic knowledge of cement paste and concrete is essential. Although the author could have assumed that the reader either possesses the required knowledge or, when necessary, will consult other sources, he preferred to include, as far as possible, all the relevant information in the book. Accordingly, sections of the book discuss cement and concrete in general, but the discussion is confined only to those aspects which are relevant to the specific effects of hot environments. It is believed that such a presentation makes it much easier for the reader to follow and understand the discussion, and therefore it was adopted in this book. I.Soroka Copyright 1993 E & FN Spon Acknowledgements The book was written as part of the author’s activity at the National Building Research Institute, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. Over the years, a substantial body of experimental data and practical experience related to concrete in hot environments, has accumulated at the Institute. The author is indebted to his colleagues for making these data available and for allowing him to draw on their practical experience. Also to be acknowledged is the secretarial staff of the Institute for their devoted help and efforts in typing and producing the manuscript. Special thanks are due to Mrs Tamar Orell for her professional production of the artwork. Part of the literature survey, which was required for writing this book, was carried out when the author, on Sabbatical leave from the Technion, spent the summer of 1990 at the Building Research Establishment (BRE), Garston, Watford, UK. The author is grateful to the Director of the BRE and his staff for their kind help and hospitality. The book includes numerous figures and tables originally published by others elsewhere. The author is indebted to the relevant institutions, journals, etc. for permission to reproduce the following figures and tables: The American Ceramic Society 735 Ceramic Place, Westerville, OH 43081–8720, USA (Fig. 1.3). American Chemical Society 1155 Sixteenth St. NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA (Fig. 1.1). American Concrete Institute (ACI) PO Box 19150, 22400 West Seven Mile Road, Detroit, MI 48219, USA (Fig. 1.4, 1.5, 2.13, 2.15, 2.16, 3.1, 3.4, 3.6, 3.12, 4.2, 4.6, 4.9, 4.16, 4.19, 4.20, 4.22, 4.23, 5.11, 6.11, 6.17, 7.15, 7.16, 8.14, 9.3, 9.13, 10.9, 10.19, and 10.20, and Tables 1.4, 9.1, and 9.2). Copyright 1993 E & FN Spon American Society of Civil Engineers 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017–2398, USA (Fig. 3.7). American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103–1187, USA (Figs 1.7, 3.10, 3.16, 4.11, 4.12, 7.17, 8.3, 9.8, 9.15 and 10.23, and Table 3.4). Association Technique de l’Industrie des Liants Hydrauliques 8 Rue Villiot, 75012 Paris, France (Fig. 2.14). The Bahrain Society of Engineers PO Box 835, Manama, Bahrain (Fig. 10.14). Beton Verlag Postfach 110134, 4000 Dusseldorff 11 (Oberkassel), Germany (Figs 9.11 and 9.12). British Cement Association Wexham Springs, Slough, UK, SL3 6PL (Figs 6.9, 7.12, 8.5 and 8.10). British Standard Institution Linford Wood, Milton Keynes, UK, MK14 6LE (Figs 7.6 and 8.4, and Tables 10.1 and 10.2) Bureau of Reclamation US Department of the Interior PO Box 25007, Building 67, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225–0007, USA (Figs 1.6 and 4.3). The Cement Association of Japan 17–33 Toshima, 4-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114, Japan (Figs 2.9, 2.10, 6.16 and 7.5). Il Cemento Via Santa Teresa 23, 00198 Roma, Italy (Fig. 3.5). Cement och Betong Institutet S100–44 Stockholm, Sweden (Figs 10.17 and 10.18) Chapman & Hall 2–6 Boundary Row, London, UK, SE1 8HN (Table 10.3). Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) 372 Albert St., East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia (Figs 2.7 and 6.5). Concrete Institute of Australia 25 Berry St., North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia (Fig. 7.4). Concrete Society Framewood Road, Wexham, Slough, UK, SL3 6PJ (Fig. 8.15). Elsevier Sequioa SA Avenue de la Gare 50, 1003 Lausanne 1, Switzerland (Fig. 7.3). Copyright 1993 E & FN Spon [...]... Factors affecting the rate of carbonation 10.4.1.1 Environmental conditions 10.4.1.2 Porosity of concrete cover 10.4.1.3 Type of cement and cement content 10.4.1.4 Practical conclusions 10.5 Chloride penetration 10.5.1 Factors affecting rate of chloride penetration 10.5.1.1 Porosity of concrete cover 10.5.1.2 Type of cement and cement content 10.5.1.3 Temperature 10.5.1.4 Corrosion inhibitors 10.6 Oxygen... Pozzolans 9.3.2.4 Blast-furnace slag 9.3.2.5 9.4 Cement content and W/C ratio 9.3.2.3 9.3.3 Cement composition 9.3.2.2 Temperature Controlling sulphate attack Alkali-aggregate reaction 9.4.1 Reactive aggregates 9.4.2 Effect of temperature 9.4.3 Controlling alkali-silica reaction References 10 Corrosion of Reinforcement 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Mechanism 10.3 Corrosion of steel in concrete 10.4 Carbonation... cement paste 6.2.1 Combined effect of W/C ratio and degree of hydration on porosity 6.2.3 6.3 Effect of W/C ratio on initial porosity 6.2.2 Effect of W/C ratio on strength Strength of paste-aggregate bond 6.3.1 Effect of surface characteristics 6.3.3 Effect of chemical composition 6.3.4 6.4 Effect of W/C ratio 6.3.2 Effect of temperature Effect of aggregate properties and concentration on concrete strength... 4.4 Fly-ash Long mixing and delivery times Control of workability 4.4.1 Increasing initial slump 4.4.2 Lowering concrete temperature 4.4.2.1 4.4.2.2 Use of ice 4.4.2.3 4.4.3 Use of cold water Use of cooled aggregate Retempering 4.4.3.1 4.5 Retempering with water 4.4.3.2 Retempering with superplasticisers Summary and concluding remarks References 5 Early Volume Changes and Cracking 5.1 Introduction 5.2... Stuvo/VNC—The Netherlands Postbus 3011, 5203 DA’s Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands (Figs 3.14, 9.10 and 10.15, and Table 9.3) Technical Research Centre of Finland PO Box 26 (Kemistintie 3), SF-02151 Espoo, Finland (Fig 8.11) Thomas Telford Publications Thomas Telford House, 1 Heron Quay, London, UK, E14 4JD (Figs 3.13, 4.1, 6.8 and 8.7) Transportation Research Board, National Research Council 2101 Constitution... The phenomena 2.3 Hydration 2.4 Formation of structure 2.5 Effect of temperature on the hydration process 2.5.1 Effect on ultimate degree of hydration 2.5.3 Effect on nature of the hydration products 2.5.4 2.6 Effect on rate of hydration 2.5.2 Effect on structure of the cement gel Effect of temperature—practical implications 2.6.1 2.6.2 Effect on rate of stiffening 2.6.3 2.7 Effect on setting times... admixtures 7.5 Shrinkage cracking 7.6 Summary and concluding remarks References 8 Creep 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The phenomena 8.3 Creep mechanisms 8.3.1 Stress redistribution 8.3.3 Movement of interlayer water 8.3.4 8.4 Swelling pressure 8.3.2 Concluding remarks Factors affecting creep 8.4.1 Environmental factors 8.4.2 Concrete composition and properties 8.4.2.1 Aggregate concentration and rigidity 8.4.2.2... (CaSO4 · 2H 2O) 1.3.2 Free lime (CaO) 1.3.3 Magnesia (MgO) 1.3.4 Alkali oxides (K 2O, Na 2O) 1.4 Fineness of the cement 1.5 Different types of Portland cement 1.5.1 1.5.2 Low-heat cement (LHPC) 1.5.3 Sulphate resisting cement (SRPC) 1.5.4 1.6 Rapid-hardening cement (RHPC) White and coloured cements Summary and concluding remarks References Copyright 1993 E & FN Spon 2 2.1 Setting and Hardening Introduction... and swelling mechanisms 7.3.1 Capillary tension 7.3.2 Surface tension Copyright 1993 E & FN Spon 7.3.3 7.4 Swelling pressure 7.3.4 Movement of interlayer water Factors affecting shrinkage 7.4.1 Environmental factors 7.4.2 Concrete composition and properties 7.4.2.1 Aggregate concentration 7.4.2.2 Rigidity of aggregate 7.4.2.3 Cement content 7.4.2.4 Water content 7.4.2.5 W/C ratio 7.4.2.6 Mineral admixtures... 9.9) The author is also grateful to the authors of the papers from which the figures and tables were reproduced Direct reference to them is made in the appropriate places Copyright 1993 E & FN Spon Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgements 1 Portland Cement 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Major constituents 1.2.1 1.2.2 Belite 1.2.3 Tricalcium aluminate 1.2.4 Celite 1.2.5 1.3 Alite Summary Minor constituents 1.3.1 . hot climate concreting. This book is not intended as one more guide, but mainly to explain the influence of hot environments on the properties and behaviour of concrete, and to point out its practical. 1W5 Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Composites A.Bentur and S.Mindess Concrete in the Marine Environment P.K.Mehta Concrete in Hot Environments I.Soroka Durability of Concrete in Cold Climates M.Pigeon. Professor I.Soroka, is an additional book in this series, which focuses on the underlying processes governing the behaviour of concrete in hot climates. On this basis it provides guidelines for proper