[...]... 12 1 12 7 13 4 13 8 14 0 14 2 14 3 14 4 15 5 15 8 17 7 18 9 19 0 19 2 19 4 205 205 208 209 209 2 21 222 223 2 31 243 245 249 263 264 xviii List of Tables Table 10 .2 Table 10 .3 Table 10 .4 Table 10 .5 Table 10 .6 Table 10 .7 Table 10 .8 Table 11 .2 .1 Table 11 .2.2 Table 11 .3 .1 Table 11 .3.2 Table 11 .3.3 Table 11 .3.4 Table 11 .4 .1 Table 12 .1 Table 12 .2 Table 12 .3 Table 12 .4 Table 13 .1 Table 13 .2 Table 13 .3 Table 13 .4 Table 13 .5... Figure 10 .1 Figure 10 .2 Figure 10 .3 Figure 10 .4 Figure 10 .5 Figure 10 .6 Figure 10 .7 Figure 11 .2 .1 Figure 11 .3 .1 Figure 11 .3.2 Figure 11 .4 .1 Figure 12 .1 Figure 12 .2 Figure 12 .3 Figure 12 .4 Figure 12 .5 Figure 13 .1 Figure 13 .2 Figure 14 .1 Figure 15 .1 Figure 15 .2 Figure 15 .3 Figure 15 .4 Figure 16 .1 Figure 16 .2 Figure 16 .3 Figure 16 .4 Figure 16 .5 Figure 17 .1 Figure 17 .2 Figure 17 .3 Figure 18 .1 Figure 19 .1 Figure... services and residential sectors in different regions in 2005 Reduction below the baseline scenarios in 2050 by scenario Comparison of BAT for cold appliances and energy efficiency options in the European Union, India and China Biomass conversion technologies RD&D targets 88 89 90 93 94 95 96 11 2 11 4 11 8 12 5 12 6 12 9 13 4 13 8 13 9 13 9 14 1 15 1 15 2 15 3 15 4 15 6 15 9 16 1 16 2 16 3 16 4 16 4 16 5 16 6 17 1 17 3 17 6 18 1 18 2... l e s xix Table 14 .6 Table 15 .1 Table 15 .2 Table 15 .3 Table 15 .4 Table 16 .1 Table 16 .2 Table 16 .3 Table 17 .1 Table 17 .2 Table 17 .3 Table 17 .4 Table 18 .1 Table 18 .2 Table 18 .3 Table 18 .4 Table 19 .1 Table 20 .1 Table 20.2 Table 20.3 Table 20.4 Table 21. 1 Table 21. 2 RD&D breakthroughs needed Targets for the transport sector Costs of plug-in hybrids in terms of driving range Performance and use of different... multiply by 1 1.2 01 42.0 7.48 0.2642 264.2 0.8327 1 34.97 6.229 0.220 220.0 0.023 81 0.02859 1 0 .17 81 0.0063 6.289 0 .13 37 0 .16 05 5. 615 1 0.0353 35. 314 7 3.785 4.546 15 9.0 28.3 1 1 000.0 0.0038 0.0045 0 .15 9 0.0283 0.0 01 1 2 Green Energy Technology, Economics and Policy the countries to decide upon the actual mix of RETs, and timing of the policy incentives, depending upon the local biophysical and socioeconomic... 1 0.0 01 tonne (t) 1 000 1 long ton (lt) 1 016 1. 016 short ton (st) 907.2 0.9072 pound (lb) 0.454 4.54 × 10 −4 st lb 9.84 × 10 −4 0.984 1 0.893 4.46 × 10 −4 1. 102 × 10 −3 1. 1023 1. 120 1 5.0 × 10 −4 2.2046 2 204.6 2 240.0 2 000.0 1 Conversion factors for volume To gal U.S gal U.K bbl ft3 L m3 From: U.S gallon (gal) U.K gallon (gal) Barrel (bbl) Cubic foot (ft3 ) Litre (L) Cubic metre (m3 ) multiply by 1 1.2 01. .. world energy demand where it is included (A) Con ve r si on C o n s t a n t s Source: “World Energy Outlook 2007’’, International Energy Agency, Paris, 2007, p 633–6 41 General Conversion factors for Energy To TJ Gcal Mtoe From TJ Gcal Mtoe MBtu GWh Multiply by 1 4 .18 68 × 10 −3 4 .18 68 × 10 4 1. 05 51 × 10 −3 3.6 238.8 2.388 × 10 −5 1 10−7 7 10 1 0.252 2.52 × 10 −8 860 8.6 × 10 −5 MBtu GWh 947.8 3.968 3.968 × 10 7... 13 .1 Table 13 .2 Table 13 .3 Table 13 .4 Table 13 .5 Table 13 .6 Table 13 .7 Table 13 .8 Table 13 .9 Table 13 .10 Table 13 .11 Table 13 .12 Table 13 .13 Table 14 .1 Table 14 .2 Table 14 .3 Table 14 .4 Table 14 .5 Current nuclear power reactor types Current world nuclear reactors Nuclear fuel cycle stages and activities Thorium utilization in different experimental and power reactors Total identified uranium resources... futures and options markets 20 .10 Energy and Information technology 255 255 257 258 259 260 2 61 262 263 265 266 Chapter 21 Renewable energy policies (U Aswathanarayana) 21. 1 Why renewables? 21. 2 Market-based strategies to promote green energies 21. 3 Country case histories 21. 3 .1 The Dutch Green Electricity programme 21. 3.2 The USA Green Electricity Market 21. 3.3 U.K Green Electricity Market 21. 4 Lessons... capacities built and planned in the USA 18 2 18 6 19 1 19 2 19 9 202 203 206 218 218 219 220 232 233 233 234 240 256 257 257 262 2 71 276 xxii Preface economical and policy interventions needed to make the Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) competitive in the market are covered in Section 5 Section 6 gives a vision of a Green New Deal integrating the technological, socioeconomic and policy strands The final . gasification 11 7 11 .3 Marine energy 11 7 11 .3 .1 Marine current power 11 8 11 .3.2 Ocean thermal energy 12 0 11 .3.3 Salinity gradient power 12 3 11 .3.4 Tidal power 12 4 11 .3.5 Wave power 12 6 11 .3.6 Damless. gasification 11 0 11 .2 .1 Biomass 11 1 11 .2.2 Gasification 11 2 11 .2.3 Syngas 11 4 11 .2.4 Fischer–Tropsch process 11 5 11 .2.5 Biomass Integrated-gasifier/gas turbine combined cycle 11 6 11 .2.6 Environmental. cooling 17 2 14 .1. 2 Windows 17 3 14 .1. 3 Hot water 17 4 14 .1. 4 Cooling systems: air conditioning 17 4 14 .1. 5 Appliances 17 5 14 .1. 6 Lighting 17 5 14 .1. 7 Heat pumps 17 6 14 .1. 8 Solar thermal heating 17 8 14 .2