[...]... FIGURES 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 7 .1 Connections among dialects Trudgill's classification of traditional dialects Trudgill's classification of modern dialects The convergence of English vowels in Creole English XI 211 254 257 3 65 TABLES 3 .1 3.2 Proportion of people speaking Welsh 19 21- 81 page 10 1 Proportion of people speaking Welsh 19 21 - 81 arranged by age group 10 2 3.3 Proportion of Welsh people speaking only English. .. from the time of the earliest written records in the eighth century down to the present day, and also of the establishment and development of the language in North America, are provided in other volumes of The Cambridge History of the English Language The present volume contains historical accounts of the way in which the language reached its present shape in each of the areas specified in section 1. 1.2... Glossary of linguistic terms Bibliography Index 55 4 56 8 627 ILLUSTRATIONS MAPS 4 .1 Ireland 5. 1 English dialect districts, 18 87 5. 2 Bundles of heterolexes in England 5. 3 Trudgill's modern dialect areas 5. 4 SED localities 7 .1 Movements of English/ Creole speakers in the seventeenth century 7.2 Movements of English/ Creole speakers after 17 00 8 .1 New Zealand 10 .1 South Asia page 14 9 236 253 256 2 65 336 344... people speaking only English 19 21- 81 102 4 .1 English population and percentages in towns, 1 659 15 8 4.2 Percentages of Irish speakers in selected age cohorts 16 1 4.3 /a/variation in a Belfast speaker 18 9 4.4 Realisation of/ k, g/before/ar/in Armagh 19 1 5. 1 Criteria used to define English dialect areas 249 5. 2 The pronunciation of Trudgill's eight diagnostic features 255 7 .1 Palatalised consonants 369... languages 374 9 .1 Languages of origin by period 444 ~10 .1 The main languages of South Asia 499 10 .2 Indian faculty preference for models of English for instruction 52 7 10 .3 Indian graduate students' attitude towards various models of English 52 7 10 .4 Indian graduate students' self-labelling of the variety of their English 52 7 xn CONTRIBUTORS LAURIE BAUER Reader in Linguistics, Victoria University of. .. RP (p 1 25) 3 A use of the tag isn't it ? (e.g You're going home now, isn't it ?) (p 14 1) 4 The fronting of sentence constituents (e.g Coal they're getting out mostly) under the influence of Welsh (p 13 7) (Irish English also shows a good deal of the same phenomenon, as Kallen shows on pp 17 9-80, e.g Cold as ever it were; Aye, in the middle of the night they'd probably arrive.) Ireland 1 The use of after... to Old English But what is lacking is the intermediate work which can provide a solid discussion of the full range of the history of English both to the Anglicist who does not specialise in the particular area to hand and to the general linguist who has no specialised knowledge of the history of English This work attempts to remedy that lack We hope that it will be of use to others too, whether they... on the basis of one of these alone Consider, for example, the (synchronic) fact that English, when compared with other languages, has some rather infrequent or unusual characteristics Thus, in the area of vocabulary, English has an exceptionally high number of words borrowed from other languages (French, the Scandinavian languages, American Indian languages, Italian, the languages of northern India... Defile them ?' The Boy read thus, with his Eyes, as I say full on the text ' Chav a Doffed my Cooat, how shall I Don't, Chav a wash'd my Veet, how shall I Moil 'em?' (p 19 8) 1. 1.2 Varieties of English studied in this volume The volume spans five main areas: 1 2 3 4 5 dialects of England since 17 76; English in the originally Celtic-speaking lands, Scotland, Wales and Ireland; the 'settler' Englishes of. .. position of official language of the kingdom, and then its gradual decline, along with that of Gaelic in the Highlands The introduction of Introduction printing in Scotland in 15 0 8 played its part: it became normal to assimilate the language of Scots texts to English models of spelling and grammar (p 33) John Knox, apparently, did not even '[recognise] the preservation of the Scots language as an issue' . issues Conclusion Further reading Notes 328 328 333 355 3 81 382 382 388 396 399 4 01 411 413 417 420 428 430 430 439 446 4 51 460 472 488 493 4 95 497 497 50 0 50 8 51 3 52 6 52 8 53 3 54 2 54 9 55 0 55 2 55 2 55 3 IX Contents Glossary . 3 01 6.4 Lexis: history 303 Further reading 327 via 7 7 .1 7.2 7.3 8 8 .1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8 .5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9 9 .1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9 .5 9.6 9.7 9.8 10 10 .1 10.2 10 .3 10 .4 10 .5 10 .6 10 .7 10 .8 10 .9 10 .10 10 .11 Contents ENGLISH. Irish English 19 1 Further reading 1 95 Notes 19 6 5 THE DIALECTS OF ENGLAND SINCE 17 76 Ossi lhalainen 19 7 5. 1 Some early observations 19 7 5. 2 Early glossaries and collections of dialect words 200 5. 3