[...]... Tale 69 ˇ Yast 10 .6 from the Avesta and a Sanskrit translation 76 Pronouns in Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Uralic and Proto-Afro-Asiatic 83 xvi list of tables 6 .1 6.2 6.3 7 .1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8 .1 8.2 8.3 8.4 9 .1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 10 .1 10.2 10 .3 10 .4 11 .1 11. 2 11 .3 11 .4 11 .5 11 .6 11 .7 Indo-European words for ‘Wre’ 91 Dates of separation from Proto-Indo-European based on the 10 0 and 200 word... Proto-Indo-European 11 4 Some PIE ‘‘homonyms’’ 11 6 ˆ ´ Some examples of poetic diction built on *klewos ‘fame’ 11 8 Earth 12 1 Fire 12 3 Water 12 5 Air 12 8 Mammals 13 4 Birds 14 3 Fish, reptiles, amphibians 14 6 Insects, shellWsh, etc 14 9 Animal names in Proto-Indo-European and Uralic 15 1 Trees 15 7 Plants (non-domesticated) 16 2 Domesticated plants 16 4 Agricultural terminology 16 7 The head 17 4 Hair 17 7 The upper body... arms 17 9 The lower body and legs 18 3 Internal organs 18 5 Vital functions 18 9 Health and sickness 19 3 LIST OF TABLES 11 .8 Frequency of occurrence of body part names in American English and the number of cognate groups in Proto-Indo-European 200 12 .1 Family and household 204 12 .2 Marriage 207 12 .3 Kinship 209 13 .1 Terms for dwelling 220 13 .2 Construction and furnishing 224 14 .1 Textile terms 2 31 15 .1 Containers... 295 18 .5 Shape 298 18 .6 Time 300 19 .1 Basic numbers 308 19 .2 Measure and quantity 317 20 .1 Knowledge and thought 322 20.2 Sight 325 20.3 Bright and dark 328 20.4 Colours 3 31 20.5 Hearing, smell, touch and taste 335 20.6A Positive qualities 336 xvii xviii list of tables 20.6B 20.7 20.8 20.9 21. 1 21. 2 21. 3 21. 4 22 .1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.9 22 .10 22 .11 22 .12 22 .13 22 .14 22 .15 22 .16 22 .17 ... Containers 240 15 .2 Metals 2 41 15.3 Tools 242 15 .4 Weapons 245 15 .5 Transport 247 15 .6 Roads 250 16 .1 Hunger, eating and drinking 255 16 .2 Food preparation 258 16 .3 Foods 260 17 .1 Society and social organization 267 17 .2 Give and take 270 17 .3 Exchange and property 273 17 .4 Law and order 276 17 .5 Strife and warfare 278 17 .6 Occupations 283 18 .1 Space 288 18 .2 Position 289 18 .3 Direction 294 18 .4 Placement... (c 220 1 bc) Lepontic (c 600 10 0 bc) Ibero-Celtic (c 200 1 bc) Insular Celtic Ancient British (c ad 1 600) Welsh Archaic (c ad 600–900), Old Welsh (900 12 00), Middle Welsh (12 00 15 00) Modern Welsh (15 00–) Cornish Old Cornish (c ad 800 12 00) Middle Cornish (12 00 15 75) Late Cornish (15 75 18 00) Breton Primitive Breton (c ad 500–600) Old Breton (600 10 00) Middle Breton (10 00 16 00) Modern Breton (16 00–)... three chapters describe some of the commonest grammatical elements of Proto-Indo-European, survey the methods used to reconstruct the mythology of the Proto-Indo-Europeans, and examine the various attempts at locating the Proto-Indo-European homeland In addition to standard indexes, the book also contains two word lists: a Proto-Indo-European English list and a list of the Proto-Indo-European vocabulary... devolved into its various daughter groups, languages, and dialects We call this ancestral language Proto-Indo-European Further Reading For the history of language studies see Robins (19 97) The history of the development of Indo-European is covered in Delbruck (18 82) and Pedersen (19 31) The spread of knowledge of Sanskrit to the West and the precursors to Jones’s observations can be found in Amaladass (19 92)... ( 11 50) Middle Dutch (11 50 15 00) Modern Dutch (15 00–) English Old English (700 11 00) Middle English (11 00 14 50) New English (14 50–) Gothic plays a signiWcant part of the Germanic set of languages in comparative linguistics The northern group of Germanic languages is the earliest attested because of runic inscriptions that date from c ad 300 onwards These present an image of Germanic so archaic that they... Tischler 19 73) 95 The ‘‘basic’’ vocabulary of Proto-Indo-European and its attestation in the major Indo-European groups 97 Cognates that are found in all major Indo-European groups 10 8 Number of cognate sets attested per number of groups sharing a cognate 10 8 ´ Cognates of *h2owis 11 2 ´ Cognates of *bheha gos 11 2 Cognates of *m(e)uhx - 11 3 Cognates of * k(w)rwis 11 3 ˚ Verbs concerned with speaking in Proto-Indo-European . 16 9 11 Anatomy 17 3 11 .0 The Body 17 3 11 .1 The Head 17 3 11 .2 Hair 17 6 11 .3 The Upper Body and Arms 17 8 11 .4 The Lower Body and Legs 18 2 11 .5 Internal Organs 18 5 11 .6 Vital Functions 18 8 11 .7 Health. 15 1 10 .1. Trees 15 7 10 .2. Plants (non-domesticated) 16 2 10 .3. Domesticated plants 16 4 10 .4. Agricultural terminology 16 7 11 .1. The head 17 4 11 .2. Hair 17 7 11 .3. The upper body and arms 17 9 11 .4 14 8 9.6 Indo-European Animals 15 1 10 Indo-European Flora 15 6 10 .1 Trees 15 6 10 .2 Wild Plants 16 1 10 .3 Domesticated Plants 16 3 10 .4 Agricultural Terms 16 7 10 .5 Proto-Indo-European Flora 16 9 11