'. PHAN IV TRANG BI DIEN - DIEN nJ' . cAc MAy NEN, BdM, QUI:\ T May nen, bam, qU(l.t 11\ nhftng may ra:t phd bi€n, dUQc BU: d\mg ra:t ~ng rai trong mqi ngimh cOng nghi~p cO-ng nhl1 trong dbi seing himg ng!\y. Trang dlli seing h~ng ng!\y, chung ph\l-C V\l lAm mat, thOng thming, ctlp nude, ch(l.y' tu l~nh, may di~u hoa nhi~t dQ Trang cOng nghi~p, chung ph\lc V\l- cho thOng gid, thoat kh6i, thil.i khI thAi, clip nut'k vA thai nuac ~hAi d(!' bAa v~ mOi t:n:tllng. Ho~t dQng cUB bam, qU(lt, may nen trong cong nghi~p Anh huang 16n d€n cA dAy chuyt1n sAn xullt, d€n qua trlnh di~u khit$n, d€n nAng 8ulft may vii. gia tMnh sAn pMm. Chuong 12 MAy BOM . §12.1. KHAI NleM CHUNG Bam Ie. may thuy 11,1c dung d~ hut vA dlty cha:t 16ng tu Dei nAy dl1n Qoi khlk. Cha:t 16ng djch chuyt$n trong dU'bng 6ng n~n bam phAi tang ap suilt chllt 16ng 0 dl1u dUbng 6ng dt$ thAng trO l~c tr~n dU'bng 6ng vA thAng hi~u lip suflt 0 2 diu dubng 6ng. NAng iI.1't;Jng bam dip cho cha:t 16ng la:y til: dt;.ng co di~n hOi}c til: cAc ngu6n dt;.ng 11,1c khlic (mAy n6, mAy hoi nuac, ) - Dit1u ki~n lAm vi~c cua bam ra:t khAc nhau (trong nM., ngoAi trbi, dQ ({m, nhi~t dQ v.v ,) V!\ bam phAi chju dUQc dnh chAt Ii, hoa cua cha:t 16ng ·dln v~n chuy~n. 1. PhAn lo~i PhAn l~i bam co nhit1u each. a) Thea nguyl!n [{ lam vit!c hay cach cdp ndng luqng, cd 2 IOl;li bam: - Bam th~ dch : bam lol;li nAy khi lAm vi~c thl th~ deb khOng gian lAm vi~c thay d6i nhc- chu~n dt;.ng tjnh ti~n cua pittOng (Ix1m pittOng) hay nhc- chuy~n dOng quay 137 c~a ,rotor (bam rotor). K@"t quA, th~ nang vI\. ap sua:t cha:t 16ng tang l~n nghia II\. bam cung dlp ap nAng cho chllt long. - Bam dQng hc;JC : Trong bam IOfiLi nl\.y, chilt long dUQc cung ca:p dQng nang til' bam vb. ap SUItt tAng l~n. Chilt 16ng qua oom, thu d.ttQ'c dOng h1Qng nha va d~p cua cac canh qu~t (bam ly tAm, bam httling trvc) ho~c nha ma sat Clla tac nhAn lAm vi~c (oom xoay 16c, bam tia, bam cUn dOng, bam vlt xoiin, oom Svc khi), ho~c nbC tac dVng cue ·tru:bng di~n tu (oom di~n tit) hay cac trttang hlc khac. b) Phdn IO,!-i theo ctfu t'!-o. - Bam canh qu~t. Trong l~i nay, b<1m ly tAm chi~m da 86 vA thttbng ~p nha:t. (bam nttlic) - Bam pittong (bam nttlic, bam d!u) - Bam rotor (bam d!u, hOa chAt, bun ) Thu¢c lo~i nAy cd bam Mnh rAng, bam canh trttQt (Ia gf}.t) NgoAi re, con cd cac lo~i d~ bi(!t nhu: bam ml\.ng cach (bam xAng trong OtO), bam phun tie (t~o chan khOng trong cac bam !lin nhA may nhi~t di~n) 2. So dO elie phlln tli cu. mOt M tMng born Cac ph4n tll Cd bAn c~a m¢t M th6ng bam nhU: hlnh 12-l. 8 If 1 Hlnh 12-1. So d6 mot he th6ng bam. 1- D¢ngco leto born (d¢rtgcudi#n, mdynd ); 2- Bum; 3 -Ll£oi ehiJn ,do:: liJp 0 dltiI. dng hIlL mn trong ll£oi chAn rdo:: thl£tmge6 Vall mOl ehilu 11.1 eMt lOngehl e6 rht Ill" ngoa; bI I!w v<lo 6nghw 4- Bl hW; 5 - 6nghUt; 6- V(.IfI6ngJlw; 7 - Villi 6ngtMy; 8 - 6ngddy; 9-Bl chUa; 10- Van v.:\dldmg 6ngpMn phdi wi noi tiiu dilng; 11 - Chbn khlJnglrL /Jp (} dltiI. v<lo bum, do tip sudt eMIr. khlJng do bum tflO Ttl rrongchdlldng; 12 -Ap IrL Mp 0 dltiI. ra eiltJ bom, do tip sudt du eiltJ eltdt Idngra kMibum. Bam hut chilt 16ng tit b~ hut 4 qua dog hut 5 vA dliy chAt long qua 6ng da:y 8 vAo M chlla 9. 3. Clie thOng ,6 cO bim cu. born a) Cl)t r1p H (hey ap 9Ua:t bam). Dd It lU:Qng tAng nAng lu:qn.g ri~ng cho ~Qt dan ~ tr9ng lU:Q'ng cua cMt long cM.y qua oom (til' mi~ng hut d@"n mi~ng dgy c~e ,bam). CQt ap H thubng dUQc dnh b~ng met c(lt cha:t 16ng (hay. met cOt nuc'Jc) h~c dnh ddi ra ap sua:t cua bam p = yH = pgH (12-1) trong dd )' - 18. tr9ng lUQng ri~ng cua cha:t long duc;lC bam (N/m 3 ) p - Kh6i lUQng ri~ng chAt long (kg/m') g - gia t6c trQng trubng (9,81 m/s 2 ) COt ap H ella bCfTll dung d~ khAc phl,lc : - dO cMnh ml,i"c cha:t long giua b~ chlla vI\. M hut Hh+H d , [m] 138 '. - d" l~ch ap suit t~i 2 m~t thoang a M hut (PI) v~ be chua (P2) P:z - PI P2 -PI Fg , [m) y - trc'J h,te thuy Iv:c (USn tMt nang lUQng dan vi.) trong 6ng hUt (Lh h ) vit 6ng lUty <Lh d ) . vi-vi - de) eMnh ap sullt dOng h9C (dQng nAng) giua 2 m$.t thoang 2g P2-PI vi-vi H ~ (H h + H d ) + + Lhh + Lhd + 2 Fg g Trl:! lv:e thuy h,te trong 6ng hut v~ 6ng dl1y dnh theo cae eOng thue trong do ~ Ahlh Lhh ~ 2g (ct;;- + L'h) ~ l.,Id Lhd ~ 2g (d, + L'd) : v h ' vd - v$n t6e chllt lOng trong 6ng hut v~ 6ng dtiy (m/s) ; Ah' Ad - h~ s6 tro h,te ma sat trong 6ng hut vA 6ng dl1y. (12-2) (12-3) (12-4) lh' Id' dh' dd - cae ehi~u di'ii v~ dubng kfnh 6ng hut v~ 6ng dtiy (m). U h , U d - t6ng M s6 tra h,te el.le bQ trong 6ng hut vA 6ng dgy. b) Luu lutmg (ndng Budt). born. Do l~ th€ deh chit long do bom eung ctlp vito 6ng dliy trong mOt don vi thbi gian. Luu luqng Q do bAng m 3 /s, I/s, m 3 !b c) CtJng BU6.t born (P hay N) Trang mOt t6 may bam, cAn ph!n bi~t 3 lo~ cOng suit. - COng sullt l~m viec N j (cOng sullt buu Ich) l~ eOng dl1 dl1a mOt lUl;1ng Q eMt lang ll!Jn dO cao H trong mOt don vi thbi gi¥- (8) N, ~ yQH.IO-' , [kW) (12-5) trong do , y [N/m'), Q [m'/s), H [mJ. - COng su«t t{li tr1,lc bom N (tbubng ghi t~n ohAn bam). COng sullt n~y thubng Ian hOn N j vi co t6n hao ma sAt. - COng sullt dOng co k~o bam (Ndd' COng swlt n!y thubng IOn hOn N d€ bu hi~u sullt truy~n dOng giua dOng co v~ bom, ngo~i ra ebn dl,t phbng qua tAi Mt thubng. N ~ k ~ ~ kyQH .10-', [kWj (12-6) de 'lId 'ltllld trong do : k - M s6 dv: phbng eOng su«t bam dubi 2kW , 2 + 5kW , 5 + 50kW, 50 + 100kW, lAy k ~ 1,50 I«y k ~ 1,50 + 1,25 I(y k ~ 1,25 + 1,15 l«y k ~ 1,15 + 1,08 139 COng sullt bom trlln 100kW Illy k = 1,05 cllug co tM' Illy M s6 d1,1 phbng khi Q < 100m 3 /h thl k = 1,2 + 1,3 Q > 100 m'Jh thi k ~ 1,1 + 1,15 'ltd - hi~u sullt bQ truy~n. VOi b¢ truy~n dai (cu-roa)' thl 'ltd < 1. COn khi dOng ca n6i tr1,1c ti~p vOi bom thl 'ltd"" 1 Chll j : d cOng thdc (12":'5), n~u y dnh b~ng kG/m 3 thl N; yQH [kW] (12-7) ~ 102 ho~c N; yQH leV, HP, mA 11,1c1 (12-8) ~ 75 d) Hi~ su& bam ('lb) III t1 s6 giua cOng sullt huu Ich N j 'va oong sm1t b,ri tI"l,lC 1xnn N. N; 'lb = N (12-9) Hi~u sullt bam g6m 3 tM.nh phlln 'lb = 'lq'lH'lm (12-10) '. trong do : 'lQ - hi~u sullt htu hiQng (hay hi~u sullt th~ dch) do t6n th1l:t h1u htq:ng vi rb rL 'lH - hi~u sullt thuy hIe (hay hi~u sm1t cOt Ap) do bin thlit cQt Ap vl ma sAt trong nQi bQ bam 'lm - hi~u S\lllt 00 khl do tdu thllt vI ma sAt giua cae bO ph~ eo kh{ (6 bi, g6i tI"l,lc ) v!\ M m~t ngoAi Clla gu6ng dOng (bAnh xe 'cOng tAc) vtri chllt long (bam ly tAm). 4. D6c tinh cus hom d m1,lC n!\y ta xem xet d~c dnh bam nhu mQt d6i tttq:ng m!\ dQng co di~n phlli truy~n dQng. Qua do, thlly nhung dAp 1lng mtl dOng co ph!\i cO kbi keo rom. Bom c6 rllt nhil!u ki~u, lo~i n€!n ta chi khAo sat nhling lo~ di@'n hlnh, phd bi~n nhllt. a) Bom li Uim Bam Ii ta.m IA l~i bam dQng hQc, c6 cAnh qu~t. N6 dUQc sll d1,lnk rllt r¢ng rai va. dUQc keo blng dQng co di~n. Bam Ii ta.m phd bi~n vl n6 bom d'uq:c nhi~u lol;li chllt lOng khac nhau (nullc l~nh, nuOc nong, axit, ki~m, dllu, bun ), giAi luu IUQng rQng (tit vai l/ph d~n vAi m 3 /s), <=cit Ap kem hon pittOng nhttng du dAp 1lug trong rift nhil!u Hnh v1,1c sAn xullt (tit duOi 1m d€n cO 1000 m~O, tuang 1lng ap 'sullt 100 at), cI1u t/ilO don giAn, gQn, chAc chAn vA reo Bam Ii ta.m (hlnh 12-2) g6m v6 bom 1 c6 bi~n df;lng tr6n 6c, tr1,lc 4, gu6ng dQng (bAnh xe oong tAc) 3 c6 gAn cAc cAnh cong 7, mi~ng hut 8 vA mi~ng da':y 9. TruOc khi ch~y bom Ii ta.m, phAi m6i nuOc qua 6ng 10 d@' bu6ng trOn 6c, 6ng hut 5 chda dliy nu6'c (lue na.y xu pAp 11 phla tran lu{:li chAn 6 d6ng l~i. do Ap sullt cOt nu{:lc trong 6ng hut 5). Khi dQng CO keo bam quay, gudng dOng cO cAc cAnh cong ga.y ra 11,1C 140 '. Hlnb 12- 2. Sd d6 du t~o bdm Ii tam. Ii tdm liim eh21t lOng trong e6e rAnh bi n~n va. dlty ra v~ phia duOi e6e clnh eong viio bu6ng trOn 6e. Do di~n tIeh m~t edt bu6ng tr{)n 6e tAng dlin n~n luu t6e chAt long giam dAn vii mOt phAn dOng nAng eua eh21t long bi{!n thilnh ap nAng, d6n chAt long vila 6ng dliy NhuQe di~m eua bom Ii tAm Iii khOng cd kha nAng hut nutle hie ban d4u (phai m6i) va luu luQng Q ph\! thlli/e COt ap H Li thuy~t vii th~e nghi~m eho thliy : khi t6e dO quay n eua belm gill nguyAn thl cOt 6p H, eOng su21t N vii hi~u suAt 7l la hilm s6 eoa ll1u 'h1Qn~ Q. Quan M H ~ H(Q), N ~ N(Q) v' 7l = 7l(Q) gqi lil cae ~e dnh ri6ng ella bom. Dubng cong H = H(Q) ho~e Q = Q(H) eho bi€t khA nAng lam vi~ eoa bom n@:n cOD gQi Iii di}e dnh lAm vi~e eua bOrn. Hlnh 12-3 eho cae d~ng dubng d~e dnh bam li tAm. H N~n xel dl)c tinh, N(Q) ta IMy : c<>ng suJ!1 N Ii cd tti 56 C\le ti«u khi htu luqng blng O. Lue nAy 'I d~ng Cd lruyln d~gDjll mAy dAdAng: Do "y, dQng tI\c hqp Ii khi ma mAy IA 'kh6a van 1 ~n 6~g d.l!y (hlnh 12~ 1) '~ cho Q'~ O. 'Sau inQI Iia, hal phdl Ihl mhan .g y~' tr6nh bam Vi> c!;4t i6ng biquA' n6ng dd cOUg su4t dQng CCJ chuyd'ii hoAn toAn: tbAnh 7m;" D'~~ ~q Hlob 12-4. Sd d6 bdm pittong. Hlob 12-3. DUOng dl;ic tinh bam Ii tam. nhi~t ntmg. Hon nua, luc ma m6y, dbng dOng Cd l~i lfln n@:n Q :F- 0 Be lam dbng khbi dQng qu6 lfIn cO th~ gdy nguy hil1m cho dQng cO di~n. b) Bom pitt6n.g Bdm pittOng la lo~i bom thl!' tIeh vfli nguy@:n II lAm vi~c ddn giAn (hlnh 12-4). 141 '. Khi dOng cO quay quanh trl,lc 0, keo theo M thdng bi~n - maniven 3, 4 vA chuyt1'n dOng quay bi@'n thAnh chuy~n d~ng tjnh til1n qua ll;li cua pittong 2 trong xi ll;lnh 1 vtJi hanh trlnh S = 2R (R lil chi~u dM maniven). Hai vi trI gitJi h~n hilnh trlnh cua pittOng Al vA ~ tuong ll'ng vtJi 2 di~m ch@'t C I vA C 2 . Khi pittOng dich sang tnU thl th~ tIeb bu6ng lam vi~c 5 tAng l~n, Ap Built tuy~t ddi cha:t long trong xi lanh giam nho han Ap sullt tr~n mf).t thoAng b~ hut. Luc do van da:y 7 dong II;J;i, van hut 6 bi dliy rna ra vil chilt long qua dng hut vAo xi lanh. Do Ia giai do~n hut. Khi pittOng dich sang phru thl tM" dch budng Iilm vi~c giAm di, ap 8ulit chllt long trong xi lanh tAng cae. Luc nily van hut 6 bi dong l~i, van dliy 7 bi da':y md ra vil chlit long tu xi lanh ddn vAo dng da':y. Do lA giai do~n da':y. Hai giai do~n htlt vil da':y tl;lo tMnh m¢t chu k.l: lilm vi~ ella bam. Cae ebu kl Mn tJ,IC ndi ti€p Mau. '1 Qua cach lam vit')lc cua born pittong, ta tMy: Q - dng hut luOn ngan each vtJi dng dlly II 1-7L :;>,~~ - chuy~n dOng cua cha:t long kbOng d~u, luu tl lu~ng bj dao d/)ng vA h!1u nhu khOng phv. thu~c " vaQ Ap sullt bam). - Ap suM bdm (c¢t Ap H) cd tht1' rilt cao (tuong ung vtJi dQ Mn bdm vA cOng sulit d¢ng CCI keo b<1m Vdi cung luu lu"ng nhu nhau thl bdm pittOng II cdng k~nh vA kh6 chl1 t~o (kin, khit) han so vtJi bOrn Iy tAm. Do v~y, d: vung Ap 8Ua:t thllp vA trung IDnh 12-5. OlKlng ~ tlnh b::m pnatlg. blnh ngub'i ta. It dung' bam pittong, nhung a vung Ap 8uilt cae va. rllt cao (tr~n 200 at) thl hi~n 41, bam pittOng chil1m uu thl1 tuyt;!t ddi. (nhu trong h~ truy~n dOng bAng dliu, trong voi phun nhi~n li~u dQng cO di~zen, trang h(! thuy I~c di~u khign tr@n may bay ) Cac d:;1.c dnh cua bam pittOng cd ~ng nhu hlnh 12-5. TU dAy. ta thlly rAng, vtJi cung mot c¢t Ap H, luu IUQng bam khae nhau thl cOng 8ullt bam, do d6 cOng sulit dOng co ciing khac nhau. Dl;kc dit1'm nd'i b$t cda bam pittong IA luu IUQng bi dao dong. Xet s\1 bi@'n thi&. dao dQng nAy. Nl1u pittong cd difn dch F, tl1lC ° (keo hOi dOng Cd) co tdc d¢ n(vg/ph} (hlnh 12-4) thl luu luqn.g If thuyt1t trung blnh IA 02-11) Th\1C t@', luu lu~ng th\1C nhO han vi nhi~u nguy@n nhAn : xi lanh va pittOng khOng khlt, cac van d6ng md: ch~m, IQt khf vao xi lanh Do v$.y luu IUQng th\1e tl1 trung binh se la : Q b = ~b Q LT 02-12) vtJi 'Ib Iil hit;!u Built luu iuc;mg bam Thub'ng llb = 0,94 + 0,99 ddi vtJi bam ItJn c6 ¢pinong > 150 mm llb = 0,85 + 0,90 nhO ¢pittOng < 150 mm Nt1u vl\ln Mc tuc thb'i cUa pittong IA u (hlnh 12-4) thl htu lUQng We thbi cUa bam Ia Qtt = Fu (12-13) 142 '. Tinh g6c tn: di~m gidi h~n AI' sau thai gian t, maniven quay g6c a == wt (w la t6c d~ gdc d¢ng co) tuong U'ng v{Ji bi~n quay gOe {J. Ta co : x == OA 1 - OA == (R + L) - (R cos a + L cos {J) == R (1 - cos a) + L (1 - cos {J) (12 - 14) trong do : L - ehi~u d~i cua. bi~n. Trong tam giAc t~o hOi bien va maniven, theo dinh Iy ham s6 sin co Rain a == Lsinp suy ra : ha.y : R sin{J==L sina . Khai trien Fourier va b6 qua cAe s6 h~ng b~ cao, con l~i cos{J==1 thay (12-15) v~o (12-14) co : x == R(1 1 - cosa + '2 k sin 2 a) v{Ji a Tn: do u = dx::: Rw(Sina+-21kSin2a) dt Luu lUQng tue thbi eua bam: 1 (aina + "2 k sin 2a ) == cut. Khi bi~n diU han nhil1u m~niven. R k = L. = 0, I, ta co th~ vi~t (12-15) (12-16) (12-17) (12-18) nghIa l~ t6c dO pittOng vA. luu luQng tue thbi ella bam co gh\ hi c~c d~i khi n a ::: 2' v{Ji M13:c d~ khOng dAu c~a htu htQng dAnh gh\ qua M s6 ciao d¢ng luu IUQng G i>= Qrnax - Qrnin Q,b 1 Q,b = 2' (Q"",. + Q",,,) (12-19) (12-20) Bi~u d6 luu lUQng bam pittong t6c d1,1ng ~an a hinh 12-4 cho t~n hlnh 12-6. Hinh 12-6, a v~ theo (12-18) Vl\ hlnh 12-6,b v~ thea (12-17). Dulmg luu luQng t6ng L l~ t6ng c~a 2 duang 1 v~ 2. Qua dd, ta thl1y st,t' khOng 6n dinh cua chuy4Sn dOng chl1t lO1!g trong bam pittOng. SI,1 dao d¢ng cua luu luQng ga.y ra nhiau bl1t IQi vi tip sul1t ehl1t long cllng bi dao dong 143 '. Hinh 12-6. Bieu d6 hJu h.lQng bdm pillOng tAc dl,lIlg don- vai bi~n dO l{m han billn dO dao dOng luu lUQ'ng. Di~u nAy li~n quan toi dOng co keo bam vi mOmen tAi luOn bi~n dOng. KhAc ph1,lc hi~n tu!;mg nAy, v~ bam, . nguoi ta co tht1' ho~c dung blnh khi di~u hoa (bam n""{Jc) ho~c dung bam tac d1,lng kep ho~c dung bam nhi~u xi lanh. D6i v{Ji dOng co, mOmen se d~u han trong trubng hQp bam pittOng dung nhi~u xi lanh. §12.2. YEU CAU VE TRANG B! DleN CHO BOM Nhu da. n~u, bam c6 rtlt nbiAu kilu 1~, da d"ng vA giAi cOng sutlt cung tilt r¢ng. Truy~n dOng cho bam phtl bil1n IA truy~n dOng dien. Tuy theo t6c dO bam, n6i glua dOng 00 vA bam cd thl IA tr1,1c tilrp (d6ng trvc) ho~ gilD. Ul1p qua hOp t6c, dai truy(!n, ly hQ'p thay do1i t6c dO, he th6ng bi~n maniven, trvc khutu Do vQ.y, khi chQn cOng sulit dQng co, clin luu y Uri hieu BUtlt cua cAe khAu truy(!n l1,iC trung gian. Cac bam hliu nhu khOng dbi hOi thay dtli t6c dO n~n phtl bil1n keo bam IA dung dQng co khOng d~ng bO xoay chi~u 3 pha rotor l~ng sdc, mlJ m,ay tr1,ic ti~p (n~u c6ng sulit nha) hay gian til1p qua dierr tIiJ, cuOn kbAng.iI m~h stator (nl1u cOng sutlt trung binh). Vdi bam co cOng sullt trung blnh vA Iiln, cung thubng dung dOng co khOng d6ng hI) xoay chi(!u 3 pha rotor dAy quln, mil may M.ng dil)n tra h~n chl1 iI mfJ,ch rotor de giam dong rna may h* kl1t hQ'p tMm viii cae phlin ttl hf;l.n ch~ iI mf;l.ch stator. Trubng hQ'p cOng sutlt Ion vA rtlt liln, dung dOng co d6ng bO d~ eM thi~n cos !p. V{Ji nhung bam chuy@n dung, cd th~ dung dong Cd mOt chi(!u kfch tu song song ho~c n6i ti~p, nhlit lA khi cd yau cAu thay dtli t6c dO bam. ChQn dOng co keo bam pittOng, phAi theo lof;l.i bam C1,l th~ 'vA'luu y s1,i bil1n thi~n cua luu lUQng, cot· ap cUa bam, do d6 momen dOng Cd cAn dap ling. Truong hc;1p truy(!n dong bam Iy tAm, do bam khOng t1,i dOng m6i nu{Jc duQ'c, mfJ,ch __ ~~_*d __ ~~_~ __ *~ v.v ) vA tUAn thu cae thd t1,i thao tac ch~y bam. 144 '. VI bdm ho~t d¢ng a mfli trubng Am ullt (nullc, cha:t 16ng khac) ho~ 0 mfli truong dQc h{l.i (axlt, ki~m ) hol)c d mfli trubng d~ nd, chay (d~u, exit) ho~c d mfli trubng hID (bun) n~n cAc trang bi di~n cling phAi dAp ung duc;lc cAc di~u ki~n do. §12.3. SO DO KHONG CHE BaM Hlnh 12-7 IA ad d6 nguy~n II m¢t m~ch di~u khi~n va bAo v~ d¢ng cd d6ng b(; k(~o bdm nu{:lc tudi, ti~u. D¢ng Cd cO cflng sua:t 600 kW, ch~y (j di~n ap 6kY Sd do cho phep· di~u khi(!'n dOng cd t\t d¢ng hOI)C bAng tay. Nguylm II lAm vi~ cua ml;lch di~n nhu sau day. a) Ch~ dO ma m'y t\C dOng Khoa ch~ d¢ KeD (dbng 3) d~t a vi. tri t\! dQng TD. Khi vi).n khoa K (dong 3) ve vj tri dong thl rdle h'ung gian 1 RTr (dbng 3) tac dOng. Ti~p di(!'m 1 RTr (d. 4) dong d(!' t\! duy tri. Ti~p di(!'m lRT-r (d.19) dong d(!' chuAn h~ cho may cAt Him vi~. Tiifp fiY 10· TSDDT -A ~r,-11 :F?: lof""l ,fl ~ .s;K~ ~~. J , , -I r.4v' n-;~ I 4 r"> , , • , , " fJ 14 J , , , " " , , t I , I ( , J , , , 4 J U .MTA ~ " If( , =;)t-tl>r ' : 't!'. t. . : " L.!ff. ~II IAT'" ,I( U', , pr~; Jl M<l ® , MC I~T" .ut;- UTA C,tUU ~ CIM& - lXTr '" ' , , , , , I I , , 1 J J J J J ~N~ (RTr ,xCI 0 Hi' CP , ,:: (B , '+7' , H: c. Inll GeT,. IK7r " "''' 4 a " b , ' , " H1nh 12-7. Sd d6 kh6ng chI! dOng c('J d6ng bO keo bdrn nuOc. ollTr '" " " 145 '. diem lRTr (d. 28) ddng m~h cho cuc)n dfty eM eua van sAt di¢n tu lAp a dulmg 6ng m.1{Jc ky thu~t M rna van. TrucJ:c do role thai gian lRTh (d.33) da co di~n n~n ti~p diem lRTh (d.29) da. dong de dam ba.a rna van chAc chAn. Ti€p diem lRTr (d.34) rna rs, edt di~n cuOn 4RTh, kh6ng cho tiep di€m 4RTh (d.32) dong m~ch cu~n dong van CD (d.31). Ti€p diem lRTr khAc (khOng v~ trong sa d6) dong de dong m~ch c6ngtActa ch~y bam ntloc ky thu~t. Khi lip h,tc nu6:c trong dl.1O:ng dng lam mat ctitxin~ a bam dlilt 2,5 at, rdle dong mtbc ID, 2D tAc dOng, dong tiep diem cua nd (d.19) n~n cuC)n dong may cAt CDMC (d.19) co di(m va may cat Me dt1!;1c dong. CuOn stato dOng cd dUQc clip di~n de rna mtiy khOng d6ng b¢ dOng cd DDB. Khi may cat ddng, tiep diem ph\! thu:ong dong Me (d.19) rna rs cat m~ch cu¢n dong. Tiep dit~m pht,J. Me (d.10) dong l~i chuan hi cho vi~c cat mAy cdt. Rai tiltlp di~rn ph1,l MC p (d.23) dong d€ ch~y d~ng cd l~n c6t DC. Sau khi Um cang cot thl 2 ti~p digm MC p rnc'1 ra de ditng d()ng cd l~n cot. Ti~p di~'m ph\! MC (d. 56) dong, c!p di~n cho cOngtActo K de ch~y dQng co DK keo may phat ldch thich FK. Ti~p diem ph1,l MC (d.54) dong de n~u trong qua trlnh rnc'1 mAy di~n ap ngu6n t\lt thil:p 111m role di~n Ap thil:p R if; (khOng v~ trong sd d6) tac dQng thl cOngtacto if; co di~n, dong ti~p diem cua no a me.ch kfch tit may FK de cuang buc kich thich. Khi dOng co d6ng bQ DDB md may khOng d6ng bQ, dbng md may Um lam role RD (d.2) tAc dQng va dong mfilch cho rdle thbi gian 2RTh (d.64). Tit do 3RTh (d. 65) co di~n va dong mfilch cho cOngtActd M (d.60). Tuy v~y, cOngtActo M khOng co di¢n vi ti€p diem 2RTh Cd.60) dA md truCJc do. Khi dOng Cd dfilt g4n Uri t6c dO d6ng bO, dbng rna mAy giAm xu6ng nha hdn trt s6 ch[nh dinh cua role RD thl role RD nhA, dAn tOi 2RTh (d.64) mil:t di~n. Ti€p diem 2RTh (d.65) sau 1-28 s~ ma ra, cAt di~n 3RTh. Luc nAy, c'1 mf,lch c()ngtActd M (d.60), ti~p diem 2RTh dong, cOn ti«p diem 3RTh chua md n~n cu¢n dong M co di~n va cOng tAc to M c6 di~n. Tigp diem M a mfilch kich tu DDB dong If,ll, n6i tAt di~n tra d~p tit DT va DDB dUIJC Idch th(ch, dUQc k{io vao d6ng bQ. QuA trlnh mo: mAy k~t thuc. Ti~p diem M (d.2) dong d~ n6i tAt role RD, khOng cho no tac dOng tnr(fc thAng giang cua dbng stator khi dOng cd chfily d6ng bl). Cac cOng tdc td K vA M (d.57 vA d.60) lAm vi~c cO b,t khoa b~ng cd khL ThAo khcia ba.ng cae cu()n cAt Ke vA Me (dbng 59 vA d.61). Khi K tac d¢ng, cac tiep diem K tl,i' cAt di~n cho cuOn K va dong slln mfilch cho cu¢n cAt ~. Lam vi~ cua cOng Mc to M tt1dng b,t. b) Ditng may Mu6n dung mAy, il:n nut ND (d.lO) hay v~n khoa lK (d.13) de dip di~n cho cu¢n cAt mtiy cAt CMMC (d.lO), dAn tlJi cAt mAy cAt MC. Khi may cAt da. cAt, ti~p diem MC (d.24) rna, cAt di~n lR, 2R. Ti€p diem 1R (d.34) dong lAm rele 4RTh co di¢n, dong (sau m()t thbi gian) W!p diem cua no (d.32) dp di!)n cho cuOn dong CD' (d.3l) de dong van sAt di~n tit. Ti~p diem CM dong me.ch den 5L (d.37) baa da. dong van. Ti€p diem MC (d.59) dong, c!p di¢n cho cu¢n Me (d.61) de md ~OngtActo M. VA khi a:n nut 2NC (d.5B) thl cuOn ~ cd di¢n de rna cOng tAc td K, ditng dong Cd k{io mAy FK. 146 10·T&.1OT ·B [...]... hOi di~n dch 1-2 - 3-4 -1 bao g6m : - cOng hut khI (Am) bi@'u thi bd'i di~n clch 0-2 '-2 - 1-0 - cOng nen khi (duang) bi~u Whl1t = pyV I thi hOi di~n deb 2-3 -3 '-2 '-2 3 w"'" da:u (-) lll.do f = - pdV 1 th~ tich gllm khi nen - cOng d4y k.hl (duang) doh 3-4 - 0-3 '-3 bi~u thi Mi di~ W dAy = Pr V2 3 Do dO Wdt.1 = -PyV I - fpiV +PrV2 1 3 Vi PrV2 - pyVl = f d(pV) n@n 1 d~ ~J~'' -~ 2~ ~Y ~ If Hiab 1 4-1 sa d6 Clla mky... NAng Built (m3/h) 0-3 00 0-1 00000 0-1 2 0-1 0 0-5 0 0-2 0 0-1 0 0-3 0000 0-6 000 0-3 0000 600 0-3 00000 600 0-9 00000 Rfit Mn 2 Cae thong sO co bim eua may n~n Co 3 thOng a6 - TY s6 nen £ bAn : IA ty s6 giua ap sulit khl ra vA ap sua:t khi vAo cua may nen cd : P" E = - (1 4-1 ) Pyllo - Na.ng sua:t Q : IA kh6i lttqng (kg/s) hay th~ dch (m3/h) khi rnA may nen cung clip trang rot/t dan v~ thbi gian - COng sulit N : a... It1~ng phAn tu khL - chu trlnh dOl;i.n ' nhi~t , : pvk = const (1 4-5 ) JVdp 2 Trang do : k - chi s6 do~n nhi~t khf (H tu~ng), lA va ding dch eua khi ti s6 giua nhi~t dung dAng lip voi khi 1 nguyen tu, k = 1,66 - 1,67 khi 2 nguyen tu, k = 1,40 - 1,41 khi 3 nguyen tu, k = 1,30 - 1,33 - chu trlnh da bi~n : , pvn = const n R Ivdp ~ - - T n-1 J.L 1 2 n-l [(p,n p) - 1} [Jlkgl (1 4-6 ) Trang do : n - chi 56 da bien... li~n l~c ' t6i m~ch C¢ng huang (8C-9C-2L-BA3) thl transistor 7T th6ng vA cho xung ~o ra til khau t~o xung tbi sd d6 l$p theo m(l,ch : di~m 0 cda 1BA - UE!p di~m Re 7 thubng dong - dllu n6i N z - transistor 7T - cu¢n ph!ln h6i 8L - dllu n6i N4 - r6i ti~p t1,lc, chAng h~n khAu t~o xun-g thu nhAt, t\l C7 - diot VDI9 - pha C z T1,l C7 n~p di~n va sau do phong qua lOp E-B Clla transistor IT, duy tri transistor... (1 4-2 ) 2 161 COng nen lkg khf lA wch.t -It1~ng Trang dd : M - kh6i Wch.t M , 3 V ~ J ~p ~ Jvdp 2 (1 4-3 ) 2 kh£ ra trong mQt chu trinh [kg1 v - th~ dch ri~ng cua khi [m3 /kg] nhi~t, da~n Qua trlnh nen cd the lA dlLng la : - chu trinh dAng nhi¢t hay da bi~n, n~n cOng b1dng ung nhi~t R R T pv = -T = const-v = p p , p JVdp ~ (1 4-4 ) 2 trong do : R - hang s6 khi (lI tu~ng), R = 8,31 l La - cOng nen dAng nhi~t vi\ dOfJ.n nhi~t (kGm) 165 Gia tti Li vtt La d6i vtJi cAe Ap Built khAe nhau eho h~ k Cang cd th~ a bttng 3-3 s6 dv: tN, k = 1,1 -; - 1,15 chQn cOng Built dQng co thea eOng thdc dan gittn p ~ k Q, S1 (14-S) ,6 ' [kW] tl'ong dd : z - M... 'ltd - hi~u SUitt b~ tnty~n dl)ng Khi n6i tr1,tc til1p vOi dOng 00, ' 1-: :::: 1 cbn k,hi n6i qua dai; '1 = 0,9 + 0,95 _ COq s~ d¢ng cO k.OO q~t -: : , , N '~ kN = J,QH 1 0-3 ' de \ H~s6 dilttil"k'cdtK« th"'; , '1' [kW] (1 3-3 ) l 5 Cae d~c 1,5 1,3 ; 1,2 1,15 1,1 dnb pua qUl;lt cd df,mg tUdng t\! nhu QUf,t- hubng... duqe btt kfn bAng b~ ~n 1 Phla day co xu ~p mQt ehi~u 164 Hlnh 1 4-4 M~y rrn rotor dinh [ruO! Bang 1 4-2 86 clip z Ti 1 3 4 7 86 DeD E 2 5 5-3 0 1 3-1 50 3 5-4 00 6 7 15 0-1 000 20 0-1 100 45 0-1 100 Ca.c may Den canh tn1c;Jt t~o duQ'c ap sua:t tlli 4at v~ nAng sua:t tbi 160 - 4000m3Jh c) May nbl li tam : Iii IOl;li may Den dOng hqc N guy~n tAc lam vi~c hiang tl) bam li tAm Khac Iii, do 8\i bi~n dlli ap 9Ut(t ella... may n~n -pittOng th1.1bng d6ng tr\1c ti~ vilo 11.111i MAy neD tuahin- (turbocoriapressor) cilng diIng de;.ng cO d6ng bO d ~- truy& dQng Nt1u cOng Bulit Ibn (vw ngln kW) thl me) trufl,y qua cuQn- khang ho~ bi~n ap t1I ng!u Di~n ap ma ml:\.y ban dliu dl)t vi\o d¢ng cO khoang 0,64Udl1l.' Tinh cong Built d.~g cO t-roy~n d.~ng tJlI\.y -Mn c6 tM thea cOng thuc Q P = kSOO 102~k~td· r +L 2 ,[kW] (1 4-7 ) Trong . I!w v<lo 6nghw 4- Bl hW; 5 - 6nghUt; 6- V(.IfI6ngJlw; 7 - Villi 6ngtMy; 8 - 6ngddy; 9-Bl chUa; 1 0- Van v.:dldmg 6ngpMn phdi wi noi tiiu dilng; 11 - Chbn khlJnglrL /Jp. OA 1 - OA == (R + L) - (R cos a + L cos {J) == R (1 - cos a) + L (1 - cos {J) (12 - 14) trong do : L - ehi~u d~i cua. bi~n. Trong tam giAc t~o hOi bien va maniven, theo. Qrnax - Qrnin Q,b 1 Q,b = 2' (Q"",. + Q",,,) (1 2-1 9) (1 2-2 0) Bi~u d6 luu lUQng bam pittong t6c d1,1ng ~an a hinh 1 2-4 cho t~n hlnh 1 2-6 . Hinh 1 2-6 ,