E_English Grammar Course Chapter I Elements of grammar Issues Introduction to Grammar Morphemes and Words Ways of word formation Parts of speech Parts of a sentence Types of phrases, clauses, sentences 1/1 Introduction to Grammar Grammar In global sense In narrow sense 2/1 Introduction to Grammar Grammar In global sense • equals competence, a body of knowledge that a native speaker has about his/her language which enables him/her to speak and understand it In narrow sense • includes word and sentence structure rules, pronunciation rules, meaning of words/ sentences, and discourse organization rules 3/1 Grammar Introduction to Grammar • refers only to the formation of the word and sentence structures •In global morphology, the study of words and word consists of sense formation, and syntax, the study of phrases, clauses, and sentences In narrow sense 1/2 Morphemes and Words discourse sentence phrase word morpheme 2/2 Morphemes and Words discourse I found myself useless sentence I actually felt tired of sitting doing nothing And I hated enjoying the unemployment benefit I found myself useless Then I decided to look for a job hated enjoying phrase hated, enjoying word enjoy, -ing morpheme 3/2 Lexical item – meaning LEXICAL ITEM = A basic unit of meaning … • A single word (E.g.: man, boy) • Less than a word (E.g.: terr in terror) • More than one word (E.g.: to rain dogs and cats) 4/2 Lexical item – meaning LEXICAL ITEM & MEANING Lexical item and meaning has arbitrary relationship 5/2 MORPHEME Morpheme - Word = A minimal meaningful unit E.g.: re/try boy/s 6/5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement Adverbial See more in 2.10 10/5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb direct (Od) Object Complement Adverbial indirect (Oi) E.g.: He sent me (Oi) a postcard (Od) 11/5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb Object E.g.: His brother who is a teacher (Cs) considers me his best friend (Co) Subject Complement (Cs) Complement Adverbial Object Complement (Co) 12/5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement E.g.: He goes fishing on Tuesday (A opt) His birthday is on Tuesday (A obli) optional Adverbial obligatory 7/5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject + Cs (1) Intensive Verb Object Complement Adverbial Extensive + A (obli) (2) intransitive (3) transitive mono-transitive (4) di-transitive (5) complex-transitive (6,7) 8/5 Parts of a sentence Subject Verb Complement Adverbial SVCs (1) He is out of the office SVA (obli) He is crying SV (3) He broke the vase SVO (4) He sent me an email SVOO (5) He found the play boring SVOCo (6) He put the vase on the table SVOA (obli) (7) (2) intransitive transitive extensive Object He is lovely intensive Sentence elements 9/5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement Adverbial Stative Not progressive form E.g.: The food he cooked tasted very good Dynamic Progressive form E.g.: She is tasting the food he’s cooked 1/6 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Phrase Clause Sentence 2/6 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Phrase Clause Sentence Noun phrase E.g.: All these books are mine Verb phrase E.g.: John has been looking for Jane Adjective phrase E.g.: Tom is a very interesting man Adverb phrase Prepositional phrase E.g.: He ran quite fast E.g.: He’s lecturing on the new technology 3/6 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Phrase In terms of Clause’s elements & verb patterns Clause In terms of functions of the clause Sentence In terms of kinds of verb phrases 4/6 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Clause Phrase In terms of Clause’s elements & verb patterns • In terms of functions of SVA: John is at home • SVCs: the clausea doctor John is Sentence In terms of kinds of verb phrases • SVO: John has cured many serious patients • SVOO: He gives his patients the same prescription • SVOA: He put the prescription in a secret file • SVOCo: He calls his patients big fish • SV: He’s going out 5/6 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Phrase In terms of Clause’s elements & verb patterns Clause In terms of kinds of verb phrases • Finite clause E.g.: He took her out of the blue • Non-finite clause E.g.: Coming to the town, he visited his parents • Verbless clause E.g.: If possible, come to see us Sentence In terms of kinds of verb phrases 6/6 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Clause Phrase In terms of Clause’s elements & verb patterns • Subordinate In terms of functions of the clause • Superordinate E.g.: She said that you hit her first subordinate superordinate Sentence In terms of functions of the clause 7/6 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Phrase Clause E.g.: All these books are mine Sentence Simple E.g.: He was watching T.V and she was cooking Compound E.g.: He didn’t want to talk to whoever he met in the London workshop Complex E.g.: Having seldom talked to anyone before, the child simply wide opened his beautiful eyes and looked at the stranger Complex compound Homework • Exercises 4-13 Workbook ... organizations 12 /2 Inflectional vs Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes -s: 3rd person singular present -ed: past tense -ing: present participle -en: past participle -s: Plural -s: possessive -er:...Issues Introduction to Grammar Morphemes and Words Ways of word formation Parts of speech Parts of a sentence Types of phrases, clauses, sentences 1/ 1 Introduction to Grammar Grammar In global sense... gives an example of his/her affix 1/ 4 Parts of speech Parts of speech Closed system Open class See more in 2 .12 - 2 .17 2/4 Parts of speech Parts of speech Open class Closed system • comprises