Sun Microsystems, Inc. 500 Eldorado Blvd. MS: BRM01-209 Broomfield, Colorado 80021 U.S.A. ® FundamentalsofSolaris7 Revision D, August 1999 EU-118 StudentGuideWithInstructorNotes Please Recycle Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 901 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, California 94303, U.S.A. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California. UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. 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Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Contents About This Course xvii Course Overview xviii Course Map xix Module-by-Module Overview xx Course Objectives xxvii Skills Gained by Module xxviii Topics Not Covered xxix How Prepared Are You? xxx Introductions xxxi How to Use Course Materials xxxii Course Icons and Typographical Conventions xxxiv Icons xxxiv Typographical Conventions xxxv Notes to the Instructor xxxvi Philosophy xxxvi Course Tools xxxvii Instructor Setup Notes xxxix Purpose of This Guide xxxix Course Files xl Course Components xl Solaris Computing Environment 1-1 Relevance 1-2 Introduction to Solaris 1-3 Main Components of a Computer 1-5 Random Access Memory (RAM) 1-7 Central Processing Unit (CPU) 1-7 Input/Output (I/O) 1-7 Hard Disk (or Other Forms of Mass Storage) 1-7 The Solaris Distributed Computing Solution 1-8 Kernel 1-10 Shell 1-12 The File System 1-14 Main Capabilities of the Operating System 1-17 iv Fundamentals of Solaris 7 Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Main Capabilities of the Common Desktop Environment (CDE) 1-18 Exercise: Using the Solaris Computing Environment 1-20 Tasks 1-20 Workshop Labs 1-21 Exercise Summary 1-22 Exercise Solutions 1-23 Check Your Progress 1-25 Think Beyond 1-26 Accessing Your System 2-1 Relevance 2-2 User Accounts 2-3 The Root Account 2-3 The /etc/passwd Entry 2-4 Password Requirements 2-6 The Mouse Buttons 2-7 The Left Mouse Button 2-7 The Middle Mouse Button 2-8 The Right Mouse Button 2-8 Logging In 2-9 The Options Button 2-10 Logging in Using the Login Screen 2-12 Logging in Using the Command Line 2-13 Exiting From the Command Line 2-14 Changing Your Password 2-15 The CDE Workspaces 2-17 Managing Windows 2-18 Overlapping Windows 2-18 Lowering a Window 2-19 Moving a Window 2-20 Minimizing a Window 2-22 Maximizing a Window 2-24 Closing a Window 2-26 Leaving the CDE Session 2-28 Using the Exit Button 2-28 Exercise: Accessing Your System 2-31 Tasks 2-31 Workshop Labs 2-32 Exercise Summary 2-33 Exercise Solutions 2-34 Check Your Progress 2-35 Think Beyond 2-36 Features of the Common Desktop Environment 3-1 Relevance 3-2 The Front Panel Arrangement 3-3 v Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 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Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Front Panel Menu Button 3-5 Locking the Display 3-7 Workspace Buttons 3-9 Minimizing the Front Panel 3-12 The Workspace Menu 3-14 Voice and Text Note Applications 3-16 Address Manager 3-18 Customizing Your Workspace With Style Manager 3-20 Style Manager Options 3-22 Color Control 3-22 Font 3-23 Backdrop 3-24 Keyboard 3-25 Mouse 3-26 Beep 3-27 Screen 3-28 Window 3-29 Startup 3-30 Notes 3-31 Customizing Subpanels 3-32 Application Manager 3-34 Exercise: Using the Front Panel 3-36 Tasks 3-36 Workshop Labs 3-37 Exercise Summary 3-38 Check Your Progress 3-39 Think Beyond 3-40 Getting Help 4-1 Relevance 4-2 Front Panel Help 4-3 Help Viewer 4-5 Searching the Help Index 4-6 AnswerBook2 4-7 On Item Help 4-9 Other Ways to Access Help 4-11 Displaying Man Pages 4-13 Using the man Command 4-13 Using the man Command Without Options 4-14 Scrolling in Man Pages 4-15 Searching Man Pages by Section 4-16 Exercise: Getting Help 4-18 Tasks 4-18 Workshop Labs 4-19 Exercise Summary 4-20 Exercise Solutions 4-21 vi Fundamentals of Solaris 7 Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 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Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Check Your Progress 4-22 Think Beyond 4-23 Accessing Files and Directories 5-1 Relevance 5-2 File System Structure 5-3 Pathnames 5-4 Absolute Pathname 5-6 Relative Pathname 5-8 Command-Line Syntax 5-10 Changing Directories Using the cd Command 5-12 Command Format 5-12 Moving Around the Directory Hierarchy 5-13 Displaying the Current Directory Using the pwd Command 5-14 Command Format 5-14 Determining Your Current Directory 5-15 Using the ls Command 5-18 Command Format 5-18 Listing the Contents of a Directory 5-19 Displaying Hidden Files 5-19 Displaying File Types 5-20 Displaying a Long Listing 5-21 Listing Individual Directories 5-22 Metacharacters 5-23 Asterisk 5-24 Question Mark 5-26 Square Brackets 5-28 Semicolon 5-30 File System Structure 5-32 Exercise: Accessing Files and Directories 5-33 Tasks 5-33 Workshop Labs 5-36 Exercise Summary 5-37 Exercise Solutions 5-38 Check Your Progress 5-42 Think Beyond 5-43 Directory and File Commands 6-1 Relevance 6-2 Control Characters 6-3 Determining File Type 6-5 Command Format 6-6 Example Text File 6-6 Example Data File 6-7 Example Executable File 6-7 vii Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 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Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Displaying Files 6-8 Using the cat Command 6-8 Using the more Command 6-10 Using the head Command 6-12 Using the tail Command 6-14 Using the wc Command 6-16 Comparing Files 6-18 Locating Text Differences With the cmp Command 6-18 Using the diff Command 6-20 File and Directory Naming Conventions 6-23 Creating Files 6-25 Command Format 6-25 Creating Empty Files 6-25 Creating and Appending Using the tee Command 6-26 Creating Directories 6-28 Command Format 6-28 Creating Directories 6-29 Copying Files 6-31 Command Format 6-31 Copying a File to Another Within a Directory 6-32 Copying Multiple Files 6-32 Preventing Overwriting an Existing File When Copying 6-32 Copying Directories 6-33 Command Format 6-33 Copying the Contents of a Directory to a New Directory 6-34 Moving and Renaming Files 6-35 Command Format 6-35 Renaming Files in the Current Directory 6-36 Moving Files to Another Directory 6-36 Renaming Directories 6-37 Moving a Directory and Its Contents 6-37 Renaming in a Non-Current Directory 6-38 Removing Files 6-39 Command Format 6-39 Removing Directories 6-41 Command Format 6-41 Removing Directories 6-42 Redirection 6-43 Overview 6-43 Angle Brackets ( >, <, 2> ) 6-45 Angle Brackets ( >> ) 6-46 Piping 6-47 Displaying Command Output One Screen at a Time 6-48 Using the tee Command in a Pipeline 6-48 viii Fundamentals of Solaris 7 Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 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Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Exercise: Using Directory and File Commands 6-49 Tasks 6-49 Workshop Labs 6-51 Exercise Summary 6-52 Exercise Solutions 6-53 Check Your Progress 6-56 Think Beyond 6-57 Managing Files With File Manager 7-1 Relevance 7-2 The File Manager 7-3 File and Folder Icons 7-5 Moving and Copying Files Using Drag-and-Drop 7-7 Select + Drag + Drop 7-8 Control + Select + Drag + Drop 7-8 File Menu Options 7-9 Creating a New Folder 7-10 Creating a New File 7-12 Folder or File Name Conflicts 7-13 Changing Folders 7-14 Finding Folders and Files 7-15 Selected Menu Options 7-17 View Menu Options 7-21 Tree Display for Folders 7-23 Exercise: Managing Files With File Manager 7-25 Tasks 7-25 Exercise Summary 7-26 Check Your Progress 7-27 Think Beyond 7-28 File Security 8-1 Relevance 8-2 Security Overview 8-3 Permissions 8-4 Superuser 8-4 The ls -l Command 8-5 Permission Categories 8-7 How File and Directory Access Is Determined 8-9 Process For Determining Permissions 8-10 Default Permissions 8-11 Types of Permissions 8-12 Changing Permissions 8-15 Overview 8-15 Symbolic Mode 8-16 Octal (Absolute) Mode 8-18 ix Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 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Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Default Permissions 8-22 The umask Filter 8-22 Changing the umask Value 8-26 Exercise: Changing File Permissions 8-27 Tasks 8-27 Workshop Labs 8-29 Exercise Summary 8-30 Exercise Solutions 8-31 Check Your Progress 8-34 Think Beyond 8-35 Using the vi Editor 9-1 Relevance 9-2 Introduction to vi 9-3 vi Modes 9-4 Invoking vi 9-6 Command Format 9-6 Input Commands 9-7 Positioning Commands 9-8 Editing Commands 9-9 Deleting Text 9-9 Undoing, Repeating, and Changing Text Commands 9-10 Copying and Pasting Text 9-11 Saving and Quitting Files 9-12 Advanced Editing Options 9-13 Creating and Saving a File 9-15 Exercise: Using the vi Editor 9-16 Tasks 9-16 Exercise Summary 9-17 Check Your Progress 9-18 Think Beyond 9-19 Bourne and Korn Shell Variables 10-1 Relevance 10-2 Introduction 10-3 Shell Variables 10-4 Overview 10-4 Local Shell Variables 10-6 Displaying Shell Variables 10-8 Environment Variables 10-9 Exporting Variables 10-10 Displaying Environment Variables 10-12 The PATH Variable 10-13 The which Command 10-14 The whereis Command 10-14 Exercise: Using Bourne and Korn Shell Variables 10-16 Tasks 10-16 x Fundamentals of Solaris 7 Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 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Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Workshop Labs 10-17 Exercise Summary 10-18 Exercise Solutions 10-19 Check Your Progress 10-21 Think Beyond 10-22 Initialization Files 11-1 Relevance 11-2 Features of Initialization Files 11-3 Overview 11-3 The /etc/profile Script 11-5 Login Sequence 11-6 The .dtprofile 11-10 Shells 11-11 The ENV Environment Variable 11-14 Command Format 11-14 Setting the .kshrc Variable 11-14 Exercise: Setting Initialization Files 11-16 Tasks 11-16 Exercise Summary 11-17 Exercise Solutions 11-18 Check Your Progress 11-19 Think Beyond 11-20 Basic Features of the Korn Shell 12-1 Relevance 12-2 Korn Shell Overview 12-3 Quoting in Shells 12-4 Korn Shell Features 12-5 Custom Prompts 12-5 Aliases 12-7 History in the Korn Shell 12-10 Overview 12-10 The history Command 12-12 Re-Executing Commands 12-14 Editing the Command Line 12-16 Additional Features of the Korn Shell 12-18 Exercise: Using the Basic Features of the Korn Shell 12-19 Tasks 12-19 Workshop Labs 12-20 Exercise Summary 12-21 Exercise Solutions 12-22 Check Your Progress 12-24 Think Beyond 12-25 Printing 13-1 Relevance 13-2 [...]... 17 - 18 Decentralized Administration 17 - 18 Centralized Administration . 17 - 19 The NFS System 17 - 20 NFS Server 17 - 21 NFS Client 17 - 22 Exercise: Performing Network Basics 17 - 23 Tasks . 17 - 23 Workshop Lab . 17 - 23 Exercise Summary . 17 - 24 Exercise Solutions 17 - 25 Check Your Progress 17 - 26 Think Beyond 17 - 27 Mail... 17 - 2 Client-Server 17 - 3 Example Networking Environment . 17 - 3 Distributed Processing 17 - 4 Network 17 - 4 Host 17 - 5 Server 17 - 5 Client . 17 - 5 Naming Services 17 - 5 Network Commands 17 - 6 telnet 17 - 6 Using the rlogin Command 17 - 8 Overview 17 - 8 Specifying a Different Login ID 17 - 10 Logging... Directory 15 -12 Restoring the Home Directory 15 -13 Exercise: Saving and Restoring Files 15 -14 Tasks .15 -14 Workshop Labs 15 -14 Exercise Summary .15 -15 Exercise Solutions 15 -16 Check Your Progress 15 - 17 Think Beyond 15 -18 xii Fundamentals of Solaris 7 Copyright 19 99 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 19 99, Revision... . 17 - 11 Terminating a Local Process From a Remote Machine . 17 - 12 Using rlogin and pkill to Recover From a “Hung” CDE Session . 17 - 13 Using the ftp Command . 17 - 14 xiii Copyright 19 99 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 19 99, Revision D Using the rusers Command 17 - 16 Command Format . 17 - 16 Displaying Remote Users on a Network 17 - 16 ... Copyright 19 99 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 19 99, Revision D Skills Gained by Module The skills for Fundamentals of Solaris 7 are shown in column 1 of the matrix below The black boxes indicate the main coverage for a topic; the gray boxes indicate the topic is briefly discussed Module Skills Gained 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Log in and out of a Solaris. .. .16 -14 Terminating a Process 16 -14 Memory 16 - 17 Physical Memory (RAM) and Swap Space .16 - 17 Paging .16 -19 Exercise: Manipulating System Processes 16 -20 Tasks .16 -20 Workshop Labs 16 - 21 Exercise Summary .16 -22 Exercise Solutions 16 -23 Check Your Progress 16 -25 Think Beyond 16 -26 Network Basics 17 - 1 Relevance... .14 -12 Using the find Command 14 -15 Additional Features of the find Command .14 -16 The grep Command 14 - 17 Command Format .14 -18 Switching to Another User Account Using the su Command 14 -19 Command Format .14 -19 Using the su Command to Become Another User 14 -20 xi Copyright 19 99 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 19 99,... 16 -1 Relevance 16 -2 System Process Overview 16 -3 Process Hierarchy 16 -4 Processes and PIDs 16 -6 Command Format 16 -6 Displaying a Full Listing of All Processes 16 -7 Searching for a Specific Process 16 -8 Managing Jobs 16 -9 Terminating Processes 16 -13 Signals 16 -13 The kill Command .16 -14 Command Format .16 -14 ... Requests 13 -7 Removing a Print Request 13 -8 Command Format 13 -8 Canceling a Print Request 13 -8 Printer Jobs 13 -10 Viewing Printer Properties 13 -12 Setting Printer Job Options 13 -14 Printing From the File Manager 13 -16 Displaying the Banner Page Title 13 -18 Canceling a Print Request 13 -19 Exercise: Printing Files 13 - 21 Tasks ... 15 -4 Saving a Directory to Tape 15 -5 The compress Command 15 -6 Command Format 15 -6 Command Format: Uncompressing 15 -7 The jar Command 15 -8 Command Format 15 -8 Adding All the Files in a Directory to an Archive .15 -9 The mt Command 15 -10 Command Format .15 -10 Commands .15 -11 Backing up and Restoring the Home Directory 15 -12 Backing . Files 11 -3 Overview 11 -3 The /etc/profile Script 11 -5 Login Sequence 11 -6 The .dtprofile 11 -10 Shells 11 -11 The ENV Environment Variable 11 -14 Command Format 11 -14 Setting the .kshrc Variable 11 -14 Exercise:. Files 11 -16 Tasks 11 -16 Exercise Summary 11 - 17 Exercise Solutions 11 -18 Check Your Progress 11 -19 Think Beyond 11 -20 Basic Features of the Korn Shell 12 -1 Relevance 12 -2 Korn Shell Overview 12 -3 Quoting. Progress 16 -25 Think Beyond 16 -26 Network Basics 17 - 1 Relevance 17 - 2 Client-Server 17 - 3 Example Networking Environment 17 - 3 Distributed Processing 17 - 4 Network 17 - 4 Host 17 - 5 Server 17 - 5 Client 17 - 5 Naming