There's a% inte~tional student oaer there Thwe &/are . . . person fig Ll ZT I We learned in Lesson 2 that' to ask for the location of item X, you can use the word Z+Z (where) and say X td Z* Z Trtf hh. Where's McDonald's? In response, one can, of course, point and say: i6.F: t over there. -7 7 Cj- IL Y la { ] MrDonoM9s is right ihwg near you- L L right hen?. In this lesson, we will learn to describe locations in more detail. More specifically, we learn to describe the location of an item relative to another item, as in "X is in front of Y." The Japanese version looks like X 12 Y @MITT. dl (77 F~-ILF~~) &QH*I~- b a%-cT0 a a It's ifi frolzf of that department store- Other useful words describing locations are as follows: location words XktY03< + Y. Xis X is betwgn Y u~d 2. - fo the right of - to the left of k frmi! of behid inside onlabone ~derl beneath near next to X I2 Y & Z DSLlETT, - as ' Ut-2 !3 3% 5L5 &h' 5% Clk 51%~ em5 TZl-0 sm3@@%?a z a 9 TT0 3A:i rL~d-X. The baxk is next to the library. 3 E3 T - 7*1b @TTT, L f: The umbrella is under the table. LX b 7 >t2Tt/'- j, Z%EaaTTD Cf~ir.X, fit,,? The restaarant is betwez the department store? and the hospital. One can use any of the above location words together with a verb to describe an event that occurs in the place. To use these phrases with verbs such as &-f 6 and EFg, one will need f: f the particle T. $~ia~\-/i";.9*>;1~7um-c% 7 -3 ke%G 2 Lfzo hkL 3 i- 3 1 waited for Mary in fymt of fhe ffgag~n-Dms phce. The past tense foms of verbs look like the following, where stands for the stem of a verb. affirmative negative present tense -3s -2Wh 1 past tense %tk I did wo2- stvdy Jzpanese yesterday. The various details of formation of the long forms that we Iearned in Lesson 3, like the rol-verblu-verblirregular verb distinctions, all apply to the past tense fonns as well. 4 Another word for "near" that is also commonly used is t; ZY < . *3oth X XY ~9 Z fb 1) T$ and X MY 0 k L TT describe situations where two items (X and Y) are found side by side. For a Y Q 9 sentence to be considered appropriate, items X and Y need to belong to the same category; two people, two buildings, and so forth. In contrast, an item can be 1 E. in relation to another item even if they are quite distinct. 0 % % f;ra k 4 L nkLT3, The tekphone is by the restrom x'd31at.r V~L:Q~T+, (odd) 7-X. h The past tense versions of "X CI Y TT" sentences look like the following. affirmative negative present tense -73 GSZE!~~@~ past tense -TLk ~+&!9$t%~tk~ LT*&~3*BA*a*3TLf * +3 Lfi+b,LYt* Y %< BC( Xsx IMP: Yamtzshzta was. a studmf at Tozai U~iversify. atj#-~E;;ta~a@EL"e& I) aexl-cL7"r. i: IXX. ;ti' d' That was not a Japanese movie- Bxgmssion~ of quantity in Japanme me rather different hm those in English. In Jmanesb if mu want to add a quantity word like 1": i 3 to the direct object of a serrtmce, rau ean either pHce it befare the noun, or after the particle 2. F32t: { $At3S@T L*L& $$% 3 2 L f;, I took maxy pictures i~ Kyoto. b*L 323 z f: < SAFS& L+L/" The duration of an activity is expressed with a bare noun, like -* P4. Such a noun stands U 5L. alone (that is, not followed by any particle) and usually appears immediately before the verb. %r1~-"r~ia+r~tzi~tsx/e-er~~~~a tk, r~b L' h-/, I Mary waited for Takeski there for an hoar. For an approximate measurement, you can add (. h x7 after -eC hB. C 6& 'As was the case with the present tense L' s & 1 3 %?A, written language would more likely have TC;t $5 'I 3*htLf=, insteadofthecontractedfom L'rh !!3+ktLTLf=. 7 As we learned in Lesson 3, for "at about a certain time" we have another word z'&. ?At23~, j a+s$E*ila7 C ~LY&%L~ Lf:, hf-L I: IIL? >X. L. d-," -;LW I studied Japa~ese for about three hours yesterday- 1 speak Japanese d English. 1 went to Kyoto g& Osaka. The other meaning of Z is "together with"; it describes with whom you do something.' %7'J-3X/E32-2&Y@~l=fi,3.aT, -4-k: < I* Mary will go to Korea with Sue. We learned in Lesson 2 that we use the particle % in reference to the second item which shares a common attribute with the first. You can also use $ when two or more people perform the same activity. I wmt fo Kyoto yesterday. % * % 3 c3 3 3% i=?f 3 3 t 7"z, Pmfesso~ Yamashifa wmt to Kyoto PA L k+?&+i~>- I.+? Z r* yesferday, too. Or when someone buys, sees, or eats two or more things. Mary bogghf shoes. Mary bought a bag, too- In both cases, t directly marks an item on the list of things or people that have something in common. Observe that $ replaces the particles 12, dr, or 2 in these sentences. You can also use t when you go to two places, do something on two different occasions, and so forth. 8~ou can use Z to connect nouns only. We will learn about connecting verbs and sentences in Lesson 6. '"With" as in "with chopsticks" requires another particle. See Lesson 10. 1 went to Kyoto last week. 1 wmt to Osaka, too. ups- 5 3 hld&%E3 E=rP 74 t=$f? 3 Lfzo fki V I i Robert went to a party on Saturday. H%HI.~trf-?d t~$733 Lfzo ftGli if L , He went fu a party on Sunday, foo. We put $ after the particle t= in these sentences. More generally, particles other than d2, 55 and ?? are used together with &, rather than being replaced by it. Expression Notes@ . . X X is often used in the sense of "across (the street) from X" or I bx "opposite X." You may also hear another word that is used in the sense of across, namely, X 8 Q fiht1. If something is b&ind X, or farther away from a street and cannot be directly seen because of the intervening X, in addition to calling it X OB 5, J L you can also describe it as being X a) 5 5. 3 /& 3 ) In the dialogues, we observe Mary's host father saying L 3, and her host mother saying 21 3. k 3 is like the incredulous "what?" that you use when you have heard something that is hard to believe. 3 is used when you have suddenly noticed or remembered something. The small -;, at the end of these littIe words indicates that these words, when pronounced, are very short. =eB* b % (half) appears after the unit word like @E. Thus, ''two hours 1Z LfJhElu @A2 E *A and a half" is X@Bi+ rather than I+U3Bi. C C *,%l2b9 I; CtA C % b% b b & t b L is "hello," which is used only in telephone conversa- tions. Some people use & t % L when they place a calI. Some other people use it when they receive a call. 1 Practice nh, L93 (T'A$2~& 'Ll' 9 ELI iY< A. Look at the picture and tell what you see, using &Dbt or Llbb. B. Answer the following questions. 1. &Q~=~~&zI~+@LZ 1.3 2h2& 1 3 T*'O 2 6 1: [i,L 2. A Pd:tz@%i=$3$f~\3 %&', rtx 43: 3. ;fiQka~sIz~lsrh 3 3T&xo Wg: i &i: 4. $, QfLul+&t~ E~+XC~F**~L~~ ?hx, 3 I: l3itU/v 5'( ttL' 5. 7~\"- icR;trr;til 3 3 p-**, kll 6. t c3&Z (classroom) GI t:&L?)'l\ 2 ?$lo 3i3 LT 7. @%El (zoo) I=+T$Qc\3 Thao r3 ;:-LA 01: 8. &QkaB (country) t-R&'i&, 9 3 Thh0 < t= kt: 9. 25 Qft o?gt=m75r& 3 3 -?a>, r>;i Qr: C. Look at Takeshi's schedule for the week and answer the following questions. @ club activity 5' -3 7" party ~f-? 4 - test FX b D. Pair Work-Write down your next week's schedule and ask each other what plans you have on each day of the week. Example: A : AqE3 Ccflh:& 9 a-j-h., , j >< , ' - - Your Schedule Your Partner's Schedule o mr~igez~m & La hX/v A. Look at the picture and tell where the following things are. @ Example: E L r h.l, + negt2kT y i *.A 7:t ,fi:< E@EI.AX- tl L r Look at the picture Example: + IfX. 2. 7 9 .;r b (racket) and tell where the following things are. @ C. Pair Work-Ask and answer questions to find where the buildings are. One student looks at map A. The other student looks at map B (p. 93). Don't look at the other's map. Example: A : %El t3 L TT$h, z 3 i5& -%. B : *H~~,-~;TIL@z ~ii~. fa 9 T?, Ask where places are. the following A. Look at the information about Prof. Yamashita 25 years ago and answer the questions. @ Twenty-five years ago, Prof. Yamashita was twenty-two years old senior at a college good student his major-Japanese history Example: Q : T %* Gd A** (college student) T L T: $a, 99 Lf:Q/v-tC~\ f:~bhr{etx B. Pair Work-Guessing game Ask questions and find out the prices your partner has chosen. i I. Before you start, both of you will choose one price in each row of the table and mark it. i 2. In each row, use the item and one of the four prices, make a yes-or-no-question sentence and find out which price your partner has chosen. i 3. You can ask at most two questions with one item. If you have guessed col-rectly the price your partner has chosen, you score a point. Your partner i will not give away the right answer when you ask a wrong question. i 4. When you have asked questions about all the items in the table, switch roles i with your partner and answer their questions, i 5. Tabulate the score. You win the game if you have scored higher than your partner. Example: A : h~7511%tL1~~5pJTL?:&', :: ZLXL B : LlL\L, -3flU+&r) 3~tLTLfz, :: *XI,4, A : ZH-FqTLfz&', L>t,$A :- B: idkh. %?TTo C. Pair Work-Suppose you got one thing as a birthday present and choose it from the items on the next page. Your partner guesses what you got. Answer your partner's questions. Example: B : 7°t-k?2 bt$-hhlbh-il-Lkha, A : 22, &llfATLft, L\L\R, hxt%X. C + & 3 2 L Lo [...]... t6T A Change the following verbs into -3 L,k and - - b I 2 h F L k fz "= & + ?=".=.& Example: + 1 ~ 3 Q - j - 2 6 a - 5 9 - 3 3 f= 4 2 ?Z w2ea-c+/vfz 5 ( 6 6 3 3 7 3 ab; 4 10 .1: & 1 1 W b 12 .la6 g$& 8 h h ' 6 14 .hxL;5 15 .Qlb; 1 B The pictures below show what Mary did last week Tell what she did @ Example: $ 7 ' ) $ / v ~ d f i Q 1 = f l g % t % S $ L 3 L f = o ~ 7 Ex Monday 3 w r L b d.X 12 ) Wednesday... - b 3X,1J1 34+ 32%f&L3TO : 3 Iraa + + ? T < 9 2*A V ~ C + W I ~ * A C Look at the pictures below and make sentences Ex 10 ?#'LL~? D Answer... whether they like them Example: A : 37 '1- 3hi3&Jr~'%3TT6'~ 1: f 1 Foods: meat/ 3 7 Z 'j (fermented beans)/ice cream ( 7 4 x 7 'I -A ) 4 School Work: test/~apanese class/homework 5 Drinks: sake/green tea/coffee * If you neither Iike it nor dislike it, you can use B Answer the folIowing questions 3-TZ 1 b & \ T 2 1 d *& h 3 @ xL\ htE Ia~ A ~ I , ~ A ~ R A Change the following into b L a 3 sentences @ B Pair... B Change the following adjectives into the past negatives @ Example: ? + tfXI3Q zra % r' 11 , ,;r ;g;, 6il I; ' ic , iez 1 Ai$, C his ry: di! '8, -+ * , ?: - ,'2 -PT{&93*tLTLk -+?k3C i-.;&,3 + t h T L f z 3 q-:.,, is ~ h & R ~ b & r i and make sentences @ Ex Okinawa-hot 1 food-not expensive 2 food-delicious 3 hotel-not big 4 hotel-new 5 restaurant-not quiet 6 sea-beautiful 7 surfing-interesting... usually taken to be an admission of one's romantic interest.5 7 Let us note three more things about 3r5 3 ( G) and 3 h L ( 3 ) before we go on One, if you T like or dislike something (or somebody) very much, you can use the intensified forms of 33 3 TP and 3 b L \T$, namely, A% 3 TT and A 3 h 6 \ TT These forms are more T t common than the combinations of Ef 3 ( fd: ) and 3 b r ( ) and the degree modifier... Okkaawa n Instead of having Z T t added to them, % 1 (GI and 3 L; L 1 ( 3 ) have their own inten-r sified forms, A33 3 ( 3 ) (like very much) and A 3 b L \ ( Q ) (hate) -r r:t j: 't b 7LzC?LStt13~-k-75~A%3TT~ 73 t Tukeshi likes coffee a lot + t $ x / t A f d : - r S j $ f A 3 C;b\TT, M Kina hates nutto (a Japanese fermented soybean delicacy) s f Take a long farm-of a verb and replace the ending with... 3 3' and you will get the Japanese expression far "let's ," which you can use to swgest a plan of action -&i43l&%T%%L2 r k - t 1 Z l+.l:X, +L"i L L 30 Let's study z the Zzbrary together z *%&T3-k-2&&3 3 9 3 -iA r? L.k $7F* Shall we drink coffee at a coffee shop? There are two important things you should b o w about cPunting items inJapanme One, we use different n r r m k wards for different kinds... these adjectives is relational, and you need two terms: a p e r s o w like or dislike something on the one hand, and a person or a thing on the other hand that is liked or disliked In sentences, these two terms usually appear with the particles 4 and fif , respectively.' 3 The item that is liked or disliked can also be a person You may want b be cautious using these words in reference to your preference... did the following activities when they were a child or in high school Example: A : 3 j % 3~ % /- S Er 3 L { *$?%A 3 L n + iiit a : I f ~ i ~ a ~ Y A Compare sentences (a) and (b), and change sentence (bj using 5 Example: (a) ~ \ ~ / T - # - t ; f : = T 5 R T ~ , 1: hk+ . people, two buildings, and so forth. In contrast, an item can be 1 E. in relation to another item even if they are quite distinct. 0 % % f;ra k 4 L nkLT3, The tekphone. was not a Japanese movie- Bxgmssion~ of quantity in Japanme me rather different hm those in English. In Jmanesb if mu want to add a quantity word like 1& quot;: i 3. hh'6 9-33 10 .1: & 11 .Wb 12 .la6 1 14 .hxL;5 15 .Qlb; B. The pictures below show what Mary did last week. Tell what she did. @ Example: $7') -$/v~dfiQ~ 1= flg%t%S$L3