1 Chapter12: WIDE AREA NETWORKS Lecturer: M.S: Bùi Thư Cao Student: 1. Nguyễn Hoàng Tuấn Phương 07711271 2. Nguyễn Thị Diệu Linh 08902311 3. Nguyễn Văn Hùng 08093171 4. Lê Phú Thuận 08101371 Wide-Area Network (WAN) WANs vs. LANs Page 4 TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)  TCP/IP family was developed for the ARPANET.  It was initially designed and operated to interconnect the very large university and industrial defense communities to share researchresources.  The TCP/IP suite of protocols has wide acceptance today, especially in the commercial and industrial community worldwide. These protocols are used on both LANs and WANs. They are particularly attractive for their Internet-working capabilities. TCP/IP Stack vs. the OSI Model  Application Layer Add Your Text Application Transport Internet Network Access The application layer handles high-level protocols, including issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control. The TCP/IP model combines all application-related issues into one layer and ensures that this data is properly packaged for the next layer. TCP/IP Stack  Transport Layer Add Your Text Application Transport Internet Network Access The transport layer deals with QoS issues of reliability, flow control, and error correction. Its protocols, UDP-TCP, provides for network communications. TCP/IP Stack (Cont.)  Internet Layer Add Your Text Application Transport Internet Network Access The purpose of the Internet layer is to send source datagrams from any network on the internetwork and have them arrive at the destination, regardless of the path they took to get there. TCP/IP Stack (Cont.)  Network Access Layer Add Your Text Application Transport Internet Network Access It includes the LAN and WAN protocols and all the details in the OSI physical and data link layers. TCP/IP Stack (Cont.) Page 10 TCP/IP Architectural Model [...]... Model TCP Characteristics         Transport layer of the TCP/ IP model Access to the network layer for applications Connection-oriented protocol Full-duplex mode operation Error checking Sequencing of data packets Acknowledgement of receipt Data-recovery features TCP Characteristics (cont.) TCP Header TCP/ IP Architectural Model Internet Protocol Characteristics       Operates at network. .. layer of OSI or TCP/ IP Connectionless protocol Packets treated independently Hierarchical addressing Best-effort delivery No data-recovery features Internet Protocol Characteristics IP Header Internet Protocol Characteristics IP Network Addressing   They uniquely identify each device on an IP network Every host (computer, networking device, peripheral) must have a unique address Network. Host ICMP... Comparison TCP/ IP Architectural Model UDP Characteristics       Operates at transport layer of OSI and TCP/ IP models Provides applications with access to the network layer without the overhead of reliability mechanisms Is a connectionless protocol Provides limited error checking Provides best-effort delivery Has no data-recovery features UDP Characteristics (cont.) UDP Header TCP/ IP Architectural... protocol) ICMP is used as an adjunct to IP ICMP messages are sent to report errors in the processing of datagrams:  Ex:  When a datagram cannot reach its destination  When a router does not have the buffering capacity to forward a datagram  When the router can direct the host to send traffic on a shorter route ARP (Cont.) Layer 3 Addressing  TCP/ IP uses IP ARP (Address resolution protocol) Layer . there. TCP/ IP Stack (Cont.)  Network Access Layer Add Your Text Application Transport Internet Network Access It includes the LAN and WAN protocols and all the details in the OSI physical and. 4 TCP/ IP (Transfer Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)  TCP/ IP family was developed for the ARPANET.  It was initially designed and operated to interconnect the very large university and. researchresources.  The TCP/ IP suite of protocols has wide acceptance today, especially in the commercial and industrial community worldwide. These protocols are used on both LANs and WANs. They are