Grammar 12 Chủ đề 2: Reported speech CHỦ ĐỀ 2: REPORTED SPEECH REPORTING STATEMENTS (Tường thuật câu nói thông thường) A. Các bước đổi: 1. Bắt đầu câu tường thuật bằng: (He) said that …, hoặc (He) told me that … NOTE: Chúng ta không dùng túc từ (object) sau “said”, nhưng sau “told” phải có túc từ (object). Right: (He) said that … / (He) said to me that …. (He) told me that … Wrong: (He) said me that … / (He) told that … 2. Bỏ dấu ngoặc kép khi tường thuật 3. Các đại từ phải thay đổi: Subject Object Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun I You He She It We They You me you him her it us them you my your his her its our their your mine yours his hers its ours theirs yours myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves themselves yourslves 4. Thay đổi một số cách nói thời gian và nơi chốn; Direct Reported today tonight now tomorrow yesterday next (week) last (week) (three days) ago this / these here that night that day then the next day / the following day the day before / the previous day the next (week) / the following (week) / the week after the (week) before / the previous weeks (three days) before that / those there 5. Thay đổi thì: Direct speech Reported speech Present simple: V1 Tom said,”I never eat meat” Present cont.:am/is/are + Ving He said, “I’m waiting for Ann Persent pecfect: has/ have + V3/ed She said, “I’ve seen that film” Present pecfect progressive Past simple: V2/ed Tom said he never ate meat Past cont.: was/were + Ving He said he was waiting for Ann Past perfect: had/V3/ed She said she had seen that film Past perfect progressive 15 Grammar 12 Chủ đề 2: Reported speech Andrew said, “I’ve been learning Chinese for 5 years Past simple: V2/ed They said, “We came by car” Past progressive: He said, “I was sitting in the park at 8 o’cock” Future simple: will/shall + V0 Judy said,”I’ll phone you” Future progressive He said,”I’ll playing golf at three o’clock tomorrow Modal verbs + Can She said,”You can sit here” + May Claire said, “I may got to Bali again” + Must He said, “I must finish this report” Andrew said he had been learning Chinese for 5 years Past perfect: had + V3/ed They said they had come by car Past perfect progressive He said he had been sitting in the park at 8 o’clock Future in the past Judy said she would phone me Future progressive in the past He said he would be playing golf at three o’clock tomorrow. Modal verbs in the past + Could She said we could sit here + Might Claire said she might go to Bali again + Must / Had to He said he must / had to finish this report. B. Những trường hợp không cần thay đổi khi tường thuật: 1. “must” có thể giữ nguyên hoặc đổi thành “had to” - “I must finish this report by Monday,” Jill said  Jill said that she must finish that report by Monday  Jill said that she had to finish that report by Monday 2. “should” và “ought to” có thể giữ nguyên hoặc tường thuật bằng cahs dùng động từ “advise sb (not) to do sth” - “You should practice your English every day,” said Miss Hoax  Miss Hoax said that I should practice my English every day  Miss Hoax advised me to practice my English every day - “You oughtn’t to lie in the sun for long hours, Nam,” said Bad  Bad said that Nam ought not to lie in the sun for long hours  Bad advised Nam not to lie in the sun for long hours 3. Một số Modals khác như “needn’t do”, “would do”, “could do”, và “might do” thường được giữ nguyên khi tường thuật. - “You needn’t do it if you don’t want,” she said  She said that I needn’t do it if I didn’t want - “It would be nice if he could see you again, Pam” Mike said  Mike said it would be nice if he could see Pam again - “It might be too dangerous for us to go now,” said Jack  Jack said it might be too dangerous for them to go then 4. Câu điều kiện lại 1 thay đổi. Câu điều kiện loại thay đổi hoặc giữ nguyên. Câu điều kiện loại 3 luôn luôn giữ nguyên - “If I hear anything new, I’ll let you know,” Paul said  Paul said that if he heard anything new he would let me know. - “If I knew her number, I could tell you,” Peter said 16 Grammar 12 Chủ đề 2: Reported speech  Peter said if he knew / had knew number, he would tell / would have told me - “If had came you would you would have met many old friends,” Liz said  Liz said if I had come I would have met many old friends REPORTED QUESTIONS (Tường thuật câu hỏi) 1. Chúng ta thường thuật câu hỏi bằng cách nói sau: (He) asked (me) …. (He) wondered …. (He) wanted to know …. 2. Không đảo ngữ khi tường thuật câu hỏi. 3. Bỏ dấu chấm hỏi và dấu ngoặc kép. 4. Thay đổi thì, động từ, cách nói thời gian, nơi chốn và đại từ cho phù hợp. 5. Đối với câu hỏi “Wh-questions” ta lặp lại các từ hỏi: what, where, when, who, which, how, how much, how many, how long, …. NOTE: không dùng trước chữ “that” 6. Đối với câu hỏi “Yes-No questions” dùng “if / whether”. NOTE: không dùng “that” trước “if / whether” Example of wh-questions: - “What is this man saying?”  He asked me what that man was saying - “When are you leaving for London”  He wanted to know when I was leaving for London - “Where did you buy this bag?”  She wondered where I had bought that bag - “Who phoned you last night?”  She asked who ahd phoned me the night before - “Why is Mary crying?”  He wondered why Mary was crying - “How long have you been working here?” - “How far is it to your hometown?”  He wanted to know how har it was to my hometown. Example of yes-no questions: - “Do you often go out in the evening?”  He asked if/whether I often went out in the evening - “Is your wife a good cook?”  “She wanted to know if/whether my wife was a good cook. - “Have you ever been to South America?”  He asked if/whether I had ever been to South America. - “Did your father go to college?”  He wondered if/whether my father had gone to college - “Was Kate waiting for you at the airport?”  He asked if/whether Kate had been waiting for me at the airport - “Can you swim across this river?”  He wondered if/whether I could swim across that river 17 Grammar 12 Chủ đề 2: Reported speech - “Will you come home late today?”  She wanted to know if/whether I would come home late that day. REPORTED SPEECH WITH SPECIAL VERBS (Câu tường thuật với các động từ đặc biệt) A. Câu tường thuật với động từ theo sau bằng “to-V” 1. Tường thuật mệnh lệnh: told sb (not) to do sth. “Put your books away ,” said the teacher.  The teacher told us to put our books away. 2. Tường thuật lời yêu cầu: asked sb (not) to do sth. “Please, don’t smoke in this room,” said the clerk.  The clerk asked me not to smokr in that room. 3. Tường thuật lời khuyên: advised sb (not) to do sth. “If I were you, I wouldn’t drink so much wine,” he said.  He advised me not to drink so much wine. 4. Tường thuật lời hứa: promised to do sth. “ I’ll give you a hand, if you like,” said Darian.  Darain promised to give me a hand, if I liked. 5. Tường thuật lời đe dọa: threaten to do sth’. “Get out or I’ll call the police,” said the woman.  The woman threatened to call the police if he didn’t get out. 6. Tường thuật lời cảnh báo: warned sb (not) to do sth. “Don’t touch that wire,” he said.  He warned me not to touch that wire. 7. Tường thuật lời mời: invited sb to do sth. “Come for inner with us tonight, will you?” Bill said.  Bill invited me to come for dinner with them that night. 8. Tường thuật lời nhắc nhở: remindered sb to do sth. “Remember to pot my letter on your way,” Wendy said.  Wendy reminded me to post her letter on my way. 9. Tường thuật lời động viên: encouraged sb to so sth. “Go heard, you must enter for the contest, Jill!” said Pam.  Pam encouraged Jill to enter for the contest. 10. Tường thuật lời khẩn cầu: begged/implored sb to do sth. “Please, do me a favor,” said the beggar to Carol.  The beggar beggared/imployed Carol to do him a favor. 11. Tường thuật lời tự nguyện: offered to do sth. “Shall I help you with the housework?” said Tim to hiss wife.  Tim offered to help his wife with the housework. 12. Tường thuật sự đồng ý: agreed to do sth. “OK, I’ll take you to work in my car, Sue” said Carl.  Carl agreed to take Sue to work in his car. B. Câu tường thuật với động từ theo sau bằng “gerund” 1. Tường thuật lời buộc tội: accused sb of doing sth. 18 Grammar 12 Chủ đề 2: Reported speech “you damaged my new laptop, Dan,”said Susan.  Suasan accsed Dan of damaging her new laptop. 2. Tường thuật lời thú nhận: admitted doing/having done sth. “I didn’t tell you he truth, Ron,” said Kim.  Kim admitted not telling/not having told Ron the truth. 3. Tường thuật lời phủ nhận: denied doing/having done sth. “I didn’t break that vase,” said Tom.  Tom denided breaking /having broken that vase. 4. Tường thuật lời xin lỗi: apolozied (to sb) for doing sth. “I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting,” said Amanda  Amanda apolozied for having kept me waiting. 5. Tường thuật lời khen: congratulated sb on doing sth. “Congratulations! You won the game!” said the principal. The principal congratulated the students on winning the game. 6. Tường thuật lời nài nỉ, khăng khăng: insisted on doing sth. “I must pay for this damage,” the man said.  The man insisted on paying for that weekend. 7. Tường thuật lời đề nghị: suggested doing sth. “Let’s have a pinic this weekend,” Muad suggested.  Maud suggested having a pinic that weekend. 8. Tường thuật lời cảm ơn: thanked sb for (doing sth). “Thank you very much for your advice,” he said.  He thanked me for my advise. 9. Tường thuật lời cảnh báo: warned sb against (doing) sth. “Don’t invest in that business,” said my lawyer.  My lawyer warned me against investing int hat business. 10. Tường thuật lời đỗ lỗi: blamed sb for (doing) sth. “You are responsible for this failure,” said the director.  The director blamed his deputy for that failure. 11. Tường thuật lời thú nhận: confessed to (doing) sth. “It was me who stole the money,” said Jack.  Jack confessed to stealing the money. Tóm tắt Câu gián tiếp Statements (Câu phát biểu) * S + said + (that) + clause * S + told + O + (that) + clause Commands (Câu mệnh lệnh) * S + told + O + to infinitive * S + told + O + not + to infinitive Wh-questions (Câu hỏi nội dung) * S + asked + (O) + wh-… + clause * S + wondered + wh-… + clause * S + wanted to know + wh-… + clause Yes-no questions (Câu hỏi có không) * S + asked + (O) + if / whether + clause * S + wondered + if /whether + clause * S + wanted to know + if / whether + clause 19 . Grammar 12 Chủ đề 2: Reported speech CHỦ ĐỀ 2: REPORTED SPEECH REPORTING STATEMENTS (Tường thuật câu nói thông thường) A. Các bước. waiting for me at the airport - “Can you swim across this river?”  He wondered if/whether I could swim across that river 17 Grammar 12 Chủ đề 2: Reported speech - “Will you come home late today?” . accused sb of doing sth. 18 Grammar 12 Chủ đề 2: Reported speech “you damaged my new laptop, Dan,”said Susan.  Suasan accsed Dan of damaging her new laptop. 2. Tường thuật lời thú nhận: admitted