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RELATIVE CLAUSE I/ Relative pronouns: Who ,whom, which, where, when, whose ,why , what, that . II/Relative clauses: 1/ The Relative pronounis the subject of the relative clause : Ex : I don't like the man . He lives next door . > I don't like the man who lives next door. I don't like the book . It tells about a famous actor. > I don't like the book which tells about a famous actor. NOTE:"That" can replace " who" and " which" The relative pronoun can't be omitted. 2/ The relative pronoun is the object of the relative clause : Ex: Have you read the book ?. I lent you that book last week. > Have you read the book which I lent you last week ? I like the shirt . You are wearing it. > I like the shirt which you are wearing. NOTE: "That" can replace " Who"," whom" and " which". The relative pronoun can be omitted. 3/ The relative clause with preposition: Ex:I don't like the hotel . We are living in that hotel > I don't like the hotel which we are living in. (OR) > I don't like the hotel in which we are living. That girl is my sister.You are talking about her > The girl who/(whom)you are talking about is my sister. (OR) > The girl about whom you are talking is my sister. NOTE: " That"can replace "who" ," whom" and " which" when the preposition is at the end of the relative clause. In formal English preposition are pled before the relative pronoun. III/There are 3 kinds of relative clause : Defining, non- defining and connective.A/Defining relative clauses : 1/ A defining relative clause specifies which person or thing we mean . It can not be separated from the person or thing it describes Ex: The man who told me this refused to give me his name ( "Who told me this " is a defining relative clause . If we omit this . it is not clear what the man talking about ) Notice that there is no comma between a noun and a defining relative clause. -Defining relative clause usually follow "the"+ Noun but they can be also be used with " a/an" + noun, plural nouns without "the" and the pronouns : all, none , anybody , somebody and those . -Clauses following " a/an"+ noun , plural nouns without "the/somebody/someone" sometimes define their noun/ pronoun only indirectly.The noun/ pronoun in these cases is usually the object of a verb or preposition. Ex: A doctor is a person/ someone who gives patients medical treatment. I met a person who said he knew you. -Sometimes these clauses are separated from their noun/ pronoun by a word or phrase Ex: I saw something in the paper which would interest you -But normally, relative clauses should be placed directly after their noun /pronoun Ex : Is there anything i can do to help ? The noise that he made woke everybody up. 2/ Relative pronouns used in defining relative clauses : +/ For persons Subject :who /that Object : who/whom/that possesive : whose a/ Subject : who/ that "Who" is normally used but "that" is a possible alternative after " all/ everyone/ everybody/noone/ nobody/ those Ex: The man who has just come is our headmaster . Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in. b/ Object of a verb :Who/whom/that"Whom" is the Object form of " who" and is used formally in object clauses Ex: He is a person whom you can rely on -However, this is noun felt to be excessively formal by most speakers and " who" is commonly used instead ( that is more usual than "who").And it is still more common to omit the object pronoun altogether. Ex: The man whom i saw told me to come back today. (OR) The man who i saw /The man i saw / The man that i saw c/ With a preposition : Whom/ that - In formal English " whom" has to be used if it follows a preposition. Ex : To whom Am I speaking? -In formal speech , however, it is more usual to move the preposition to the end of the clause. "Whom" then is often replaced by " that", but it's still common to omit the relative altogether. Ex: The man to whon i spoke. (OR) The man who/ whom i spoke to (OR) The man that i spoke to/ The man i spoke to -However , in everyday use, it's usual to avoid this kind of construction Ex: Who am i speaking to? d/Possessive : - Whose = " of whom" and "whose" is the only possible form Ex: Several guests whose rooms had been broken into complained to the manager. For things : Subject :which ,that Object : which , that Possessive : whose , of which a/ Subject : Which/ that -There are alternatives in a defining clause . although " which " is felt to be more formal Ex : By 9.30 there was only one painting that hadn't been sold . This is the picture which / that caused such a sensation . b/Object of a verb : Which /that ( or no relative at all) We use " that" instead of "which " because " which " is hardly ever used after "all , everything , little , much, none, no " and compounds of no or after superlatives . We can use "that" or omit the relative altogether , if it is the object of a verb . Ex : She is one of the kindest people ( that) i know . Is there anything (that) he wants to be served ? c/ Object of a preposition : The formal construction is preposition + which , but it is more usual to move the preposition to the end of the clause , using " which /that" or omitting the relative altogether . Ex : The ladder on which I was standing began to clip . (OR) The ladder which /that I was standing on began to clip. d/ Possessive : "hose+ a clause" is possible but "with + a phrase is more usual . Ex : A house whose walls were made of glass (OR) A House with glass walls 3/ Cleft sentences : It+ be + noun/ pronoun+ defining relative clause -When the subject is a proper noun , "that" is more usual than "who".With all other objects , "that" is the correct form Ex : It's the girl that stole my money. It's Anna that i saw. -"That" is usual for non_ personal object . Ex : It's speed that causes accidents , not bad road . B/Non-Defining R.C : 1/ A non-defining r.c contains extra information : - In writing it is seperated by comma ,and in speech , if use " at all", is usually indicated by intonation . Ex : A train , which was already an hour late,broke down again . -Non-defining r.c are placed after nouns which are definitely "already" .They do not therefore define the noun, but merely add something to it by giving some more information about it . -Unlike Defining r.c , they are not essential in the sentence and can be omitted without causing confusion .The pronoun can never be omitted in a non-defining clause . NoTice that we put a comma between a noun and a non-defining clause and another comma at the end of this clause if it is not also at the end of the sentence . 2/Relative pronouns used in non-defining r.c : For Persons : Subject :Who Object :whom/ who Possesive :Whose a/ Subject :who-We use "who" as the subject of the clause Ex: Peter ,who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next turn . Notice that : Clauses such as these ,which come immediately after the subject of the main verb . In spoken English we would be more likely to say : Peter had been driving all day so he suggested stopping at the next turn. Clauses following "a preposition +Noun " are also common . Ex: I passed the letter to Peter ,who was sitting next to me . b/Object :who/whom -We used "who/whom " as the subject of the main clause although "whom" is more formal and rarely used in spoken English .The pronoun can't be omitted . Ex : Peter , who/whom I admire , is going to visit the university next week . But non-defining clauses , coming later in the sentence , after the object of the main verb or after a preposition+noun , are common in conversation . Ex : She introduced me to her husband ,whom i hadn't met before . c/ Object of a preposition -The preposition is normally placed before "whom" and the pronoun can't be omitted . Ex: Mr Richard , for whom i was working , was vey generous. It is however possible to move the preposition to the end of the clause . This is commonly done in conversation and "who" then finally take the place of " whom" Ex: Mr Richard , who i was working for , was generous. If the clause contains the expression of time or place , this will remain at the end. Ex: John , with whom i played tennis last week, was fatter than me . John , who /whom i played tennis with last week , was fatter than me . d/Possesive:whose Ex :Ann, whose children are at school all day , is trying to get a job . Note:"All , both , most, few , several, some "+of + whom/ which< This form can be both used for people and things. -When we want to add information about the whole or the part of a particular number of things or people , we can use the non-defining r.c with " of which/of whom" after words such as :"all,both,each,many,most,neither,none,part,som e , (a number ne ,two. thee, ,the first ,the second , ,a half , a third , )and superlatives ( the best , the biggest, ) Ex: Her sons , both of whom study abroad , ring her up every week. The busses, most of which are already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. . RELATIVE CLAUSE I/ Relative pronouns: Who ,whom, which, where, when, whose ,why , what, that . II /Relative clauses: 1/ The Relative pronounis the subject of the relative clause : Ex. the relative clause. In formal English preposition are pled before the relative pronoun. III/There are 3 kinds of relative clause : Defining, non- defining and connective.A/Defining relative clauses. defining relative clause . If we omit this . it is not clear what the man talking about ) Notice that there is no comma between a noun and a defining relative clause. -Defining relative clause