Multiple Access Protocols for Mobile Communications - GPRS, UMTS and Beyond
MULTIPLE ACCESS PROTOCOLS FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS Multiple Access Protocols for Mobile Communications GPRS, UMTS and Beyond Alex Brand Swisscom Mobile, Switzerland Hamid Aghvami King’s College London, UK Copyright 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 1UD, England National 01243 779777 International (+44) 1243 779777 e-mail (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on http://www.wiley.co.uk or http://www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1P 9HE, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the publication Neither the author(s) nor John Wiley & Sons, Ltd accept any responsibility or liability for loss or damage occasioned to any person or property through using the material, instructions, methods or ideas contained herein, or acting or refraining from acting as a result of such use The author(s) and Publisher expressly disclaim all implied warranties, including merchantability of fitness for any particular purpose Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Ltd is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or capital letters Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, USA WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Pappelallee 3, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Canada) Ltd, 22 Worcester Road Rexdale, Ontario, M9W 1L1, Canada John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129 809 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Brand, Alex Multiple access protocols for mobile communications: GPRS, UMTS and beyond/ Alex Brand, Hamid Aghvami p.cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-471-498771 Global system for mobile communications I Aghvami, Hamid II Title TK5103.483 B73 2001 2001055758 621.382 12–dc21 ISBN 471 49877 Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Madras, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry, in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production To Monica CONTENTS Preface xv Acknowledgements xix Abbreviations xxi Symbols xxxi Introduction 1.1 An Introduction to Cellular Communication Systems 1.1.1 The Cellular Concept 1.1.2 Propagation Phenomena in Cellular Communications 1.1.3 Basic Multiple Access Schemes 1.1.4 Cell Clusters, Reuse Factor and Reuse Efficiency 1.1.5 Types of Interference and Noise Affecting Communications 1.2 The Emergence of the Internet and its Impact on Cellular Communications 1.3 The Importance of Multiple Access Protocols in Cellular Communications 1.4 A PRMA-based Protocol for Hybrid CDMA/TDMA 1.4.1 Why Combine CDMA and PRMA? 1.4.2 Hybrid CDMA/TDMA Multiple Access Schemes 1.4.3 Literature on Multiple Access Protocols for Packet CDMA 1.4.4 Access Control in Combined CDMA/PRMA Protocols 1.4.5 Summary 1 6 10 12 12 14 15 15 21 Cellular Mobile Communication Systems: From 1G to 4G 2.1 Advantages and Limitations of the Cellular Concept 2.2 1G and 2G Cellular Communication Systems 2.2.1 Analogue First Generation Cellular Systems 2.2.2 Digital Second Generation Systems 2.3 First 3G Systems 2.3.1 Requirements for 3G 2.3.2 Evolution of 2G Systems towards 3G 2.3.3 Worldwide 3G Standardisation Efforts 2.3.4 The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 2.3.5 The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) 2.3.6 The Spectrum Situation for UMTS 2.3.7 UTRA Modes vs UTRA Requirements 23 23 25 25 25 27 27 29 31 32 33 35 36 viii CONTENTS 2.3.8 3GPP2 and cdma2000 2.4 Further Evolution of 3G 2.4.1 Support of IP Multimedia Services through EGPRS and UMTS 2.4.2 Improvements to cdma2000 1×RTT, UTRA FDD and TDD 2.4.3 Additional UTRA Modes 2.5 And 4G? 2.5.1 From 1G to 3G 2.5.2 Possible 4G Scenarios 2.5.3 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Standards 2.6 Summary 38 40 40 41 42 44 44 44 46 48 Multiple Access in Cellular Communication Systems 3.1 Multiple Access and the OSI Layers 3.2 Basic Multiple Access Schemes 3.3 Medium Access Control in 2G Cellular Systems 3.3.1 Why Medium Access Control is Required 3.3.2 Medium Access Control in GSM 3.4 MAC Strategies for 2.5G Systems and Beyond 3.4.1 On the Importance of Multiple Access Protocols 3.4.2 Medium Access Control in CDMA 3.4.3 Conflict-free or Contention-based Access? 3.5 Review of Contention-based Multiple Access Protocols 3.5.1 Random Access Protocols: ALOHA and S-ALOHA 3.5.2 Increasing the Throughput with Splitting or Collision Resolution Algorithms 3.5.3 Resource Auction Multiple Access 3.5.4 Impact of Capture on Random Access Protocols 3.5.5 Random Access with CDMA 3.5.6 Protocols based on some Form of Channel Sensing 3.5.7 Channel Sensing with CDMA 3.5.8 A Case for Reservation ALOHA-based Protocols 3.6 Packet Reservation Multiple Access: An R-ALOHA Protocol Supporting Real-time Traffic 3.6.1 PRMA for Microcellular Communication Systems 3.6.2 Description of ‘Pure’ PRMA 3.6.3 Shortcomings of PRMA 3.6.4 Proposed Modifications and Extensions to PRMA 3.6.5 PRMA for Hybrid CDMA/TDMA 3.7 MAC Requirements vs R-ALOHA Design Options 3.7.1 3G Requirements Relevant for the MAC Layer 3.7.2 Quality of Service Requirements and the MAC Layer 3.7.3 A few R-ALOHA Design Options 3.7.4 Suitable R-ALOHA Design Choices 3.8 Summary and Scope of Further Investigations 49 49 53 57 57 58 59 59 60 62 63 64 Multiple Access in GSM and (E)GPRS 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 The GSM System 99 99 99 68 69 70 72 72 74 75 76 76 77 79 81 84 86 86 89 92 94 96 CONTENTS 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.1.2 GSM Phases and Releases 4.1.3 Scope of this Chapter 4.1.4 Approach to the Description of the GSM Air Interface Physical Channels in GSM 4.2.1 GSM Carriers, Frequency Bands, and Modulation 4.2.2 TDMA, the Basic Multiple Access Scheme — Frames, Time-slots and Bursts 4.2.3 Slow Frequency Hopping and Interleaving 4.2.4 Frame Structures: Hyperframe, Superframe and Multiframes 4.2.5 Parameters describing the Physical Channel Mapping of Logical Channels onto Physical Channels 4.3.1 Traffic Channels 4.3.2 Signalling and Control Channels 4.3.3 Mapping of TCH and SACCH onto the 26-Multiframe 4.3.4 Coding, Interleaving, and DTX for Voice on the TCH/F 4.3.5 Coding and Interleaving on the SACCH 4.3.6 The Broadcast Channel and the 51-Multiframe The GSM RACH based on Slotted ALOHA 4.4.1 Purpose of the RACH 4.4.2 RACH Resources in GSM 4.4.3 The Channel Request Message 4.4.4 The RACH Algorithm 4.4.5 Contention Resolution in GSM 4.4.6 RACH Efficiency and Load Considerations HSCSD and ECSD 4.5.1 How to Increase Data-rates 4.5.2 Basic Principles of HSCSD 4.5.3 Handover in HSCSD 4.5.4 HSCSD Multi-slot Configurations and MS Classes 4.5.5 Enhanced Circuit-Switched Data (ECSD) Resource Utilisation and Frequency Reuse 4.6.1 When are Resources Used and for What? 4.6.2 How to Assess Resource Utilisation 4.6.3 Some Theoretical Considerations — The Erlang B Formula 4.6.4 Resource Utilisation in Blocking-limited GSM 4.6.5 Resource Utilisation in Interference-limited GSM Introduction to GPRS 4.7.1 The Purpose of GPRS: Support of Non-real-time Packet-data Services 4.7.2 Air-Interface Proposals for GPRS 4.7.3 Basic GPRS Principles 4.7.4 GPRS System Architecture 4.7.5 GPRS Protocol Stacks 4.7.6 MS Classes 4.7.7 Mobility Management and Session Management ix 101 104 105 106 107 108 111 115 115 115 115 116 120 120 124 124 126 126 127 127 128 131 132 134 134 135 136 137 139 140 140 143 144 145 152 155 155 157 158 160 161 163 163 .. .MULTIPLE ACCESS PROTOCOLS FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS Multiple Access Protocols for Mobile Communications GPRS, UMTS and Beyond Alex Brand Swisscom Mobile, Switzerland Hamid Aghvami... access protocols for mobile communications: GPRS, UMTS and beyond/ Alex Brand, Hamid Aghvami p.cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-4 7 1-4 98771 Global system for mobile communications. .. MD PRMA Performance 8.4 Combining Backlog-based and Load-based Access Control 8.4.1 Accounting for Multiple Access Interference 8.4.2 Performance of Combined Load- and Backlog-based Access Control
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Xem thêm: Multiple Access Protocols for Mobile Communications - GPRS, UMTS and Beyond, Multiple Access Protocols for Mobile Communications - GPRS, UMTS and Beyond, The Cellular Concept An Introduction to Cellular Communication Systems, Propagation Phenomena in Cellular Communications, Frequency-Division Multiple Access Basic Multiple Access Schemes, Time-Division Multiple Access Basic Multiple Access Schemes, Code-Division Multiple Access Basic Multiple Access Schemes, Frequency-Division Duplex and Time-Division Duplex, Cell Clusters, Reuse Factor and Reuse Efficiency, Types of Interference and Noise Affecting Communications, The Emergence of the Internet and its Impact on, The Importance of Multiple Access Protocols in, Why Combine CDMA and PRMA?, Hybrid CDMATDMA Multiple Access Schemes, Literature on Multiple Access Protocols for Packet CDMA, Joint CDMAPRMA Access Control in Combined CDMAPRMA Protocols, Load-based Access Control with Channel Access Functions, MD PRMA with Backlog-based Access Control, Protocol Versions for Pure CDMA Systems, Impact of Power Control Errors, Summary A PRMA-based Protocol for Hybrid CDMATDMA, Advantages and Limitations of the Cellular Concept, Analogue First Generation Cellular Systems, Digital Second Generation Systems, Bearer Capabilities Requirements for 3G, Operational Requirements Requirements for 3G, Efficient Spectrum Usage Requirements for 3G, Complexity and Cost Requirements for 3G, Evolution of 2G Systems towards 3G, Worldwide 3G Standardisation Efforts, The Third Generation Partnership Project 3GPP, The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UMTS, The Spectrum Situation for UMTS, UTRA Modes vs UTRA Requirements, 3GPP2 and cdma2000 First 3G Systems, Support of IP Multimedia Services through EGPRS and, Improvements to cdma2000 1 Further Evolution of 3G, Additional UTRA Modes Further Evolution of 3G, From 1G to 3G Possible 4G Scenarios, Wireless Local Area Network WLAN Standards, Multiple Access and the OSI Layers, Basic Multiple Access Schemes, Why Medium Access Control is Required, Medium Access Control in GSM, On the Importance of Multiple Access Protocols, Medium Access Control in CDMA, Conflict-free or Contention-based Access?, Throughput and Stability of Slotted ALOHA, Stabilising S-ALOHA Random Access Protocols: ALOHA and S-ALOHA, Increasing the Throughput with Splitting or Collision, Resource Auction Multiple Access, Impact of Capture on Random Access Protocols, Random Access with CDMA, Protocols based on some Form of Channel Sensing, Channel Sensing with CDMA, A Case for Reservation ALOHA-based Protocols, PRMA for Microcellular Communication Systems, Description of ‘Pure’ PRMA, Shortcomings of PRMA Packet Reservation Multiple Access: An R-ALOHA, Proposed Modifications and Extensions to PRMA, PRMA for Hybrid CDMATDMA, 3G Requirements Relevant for the MAC Layer, Considerations on Delay Sensitivity, Reliability Quality of Service Requirements and the MAC Layer, The Issue of Channel Access Control, The Issue of Resource Allocation, A few R-ALOHA Design Options, Split of Channel Resources and Type of Resource Assignment, Duration of the Reservation Phase, A Case for Centralised Access Control, Summary and Scope of Further Investigations, The GSM System Introduction, Phases 1 and 2 GSM Phases and Releases, Phase 2 GSM Phases and Releases, Scope of this Chapter, Approach to the Description of the GSM Air Interface, Carrier Spacing and Frequency Bands, Modulation Schemes: GMSK and 8PSK, Time-slots and Frames TDMA, the Basic Multiple Access Scheme — Frames,, Burst Formats TDMA, the Basic Multiple Access Scheme — Frames,, Frequency Diversity Slow Frequency Hopping and Interleaving, Interference Diversity and Interference Averaging, Hopping Sequences in GSM, Frame Structures: Hyperframe, Superframe, Parameters describing the Physical Channel, Traffic Channels Mapping of Logical Channels onto Physical Channels, Broadcast Channels Signalling and Control Channels, Common Control Type Channels, Dedicated Control Channels Signalling and Control Channels, Naming and Mapping Signalling and Control Channels, Mapping of TCH and SACCH onto the 26-Multiframe, Coding and Interleaving for Standard Full-rate Voice, Voice Activity Detection and Discontinuous Transmission, Coding and Interleaving on the SACCH, The Broadcast Channel and the 51-Multiframe, Purpose of the RACH, RACH Resources in GSM, The Channel Request Message, The RACH Algorithm The GSM RACH based on Slotted ALOHA, Contention Resolution in GSM, RACH Efficiency and Load Considerations, How to Increase Data-rates, Basic Principles of HSCSD, Handover in HSCSD HSCSD and ECSD, HSCSD Multi-slot Configurations and MS Classes, Enhanced Circuit-Switched Data ECSD, Handset Switch-on and Idle Mode, Location Updating Procedure When are Resources Used and for What?, Setting up Voice or Data Calls, Short Message Transfer, Dedicated Mode Behaviour, Handover, How to Assess Resource Utilisation, Some Theoretical Considerations — The Erlang B Formula, General Assumptions Resource Utilisation in Blocking-limited GSM, Resource Utilisation in Homogeneous Traffic Conditions, Resource Utilisation in Heterogeneous Traffic Scenarios, Conclusions Resource Utilisation in Blocking-limited GSM, Resource Utilisation in Interference-limited GSM, The Purpose of GPRS: Support of Non-real-time, Air-Interface Proposals for GPRS, Basic GPRS Principles Introduction to GPRS, GPRS System Architecture Introduction to GPRS, GPRS Protocol Stacks Introduction to GPRS, MS Classes Introduction to GPRS, Mobility Management and Session Management, The GPRS Logical Channels, Downlink Mapping Mapping of Logical Channels onto Physical Channels, Uplink Mapping — The Uplink State Flag, Mapping of the PTCCH, Radio Resource Operating Modes, The Half-Rate PDCH and Dual Transfer Mode, Services offered and Functions performed by the Physical, The Radio Block Structure, Channel Coding Schemes The GPRS Physical Layer, Theoretical GPRS Data-Rates The GPRS Physical Layer, ‘Real’ GPRS Data-rates and Link Adaptation, The Timing Advance Procedure, Cell Reselection The GPRS Physical Layer, Power Control The GPRS Physical Layer, Services offered and Functions performed by MAC, The RLC Sub-layer The GPRS RLCMAC, R-ALOHA Design Choices Basic Features of the GPRS MAC, Multiplexing Principles The GPRS RLCMAC, RLCMAC Block Structure The GPRS RLCMAC, RLCMAC Control Messages The GPRS RLCMAC, The Packet Access Procedure, Contention Resolution Mobile Originated Packet Transfer, Extended Dynamic Allocation Mobile Originated Packet Transfer, Fixed Allocation Mobile Originated Packet Transfer, Initiating a Downlink Packet Transfer while in Uplink Packet Transfer, Packet Paging Mobile Terminated Packet Transfer, Downlink Packet Transfer Mobile Terminated Packet Transfer, Fixed Allocation MAC Mode with GPRS Half-Duplex Operation, Why a New Random Access Scheme for GPRS?, System Description and Performance Measures, Exponential Backoff and Fixed Retransmission Probabilities, Bayesian Broadcast Control Stabilisation of the Random Access Algorithm, Centralised Bayesian Broadcast with Quantisation of p, Prioritisation at the Random Access, PRACH Control Parameters The GPRS Random Access Algorithm, Content of the Packet Channel Request Message, The Packet Access Procedure, Discussion of the Procedure, Link Adaptation and Incremental Redundancy, Modulation and Coding Schemes in EGPRS, Modifications to the RLC, Additional RLCMAC Control Messages, Multiplexing GPRS and EGPRS Users on One PDCH, EDGE on the BCCH-Carrier, New Logical Channels for EDGE Compact, Inter-Base-Station Synchronisation and the Time Group Concept, Further Evolution of GPRS, What to Account For and How?, Using Approximations for Error Performance Assessment, Modelling the UTRA TDCDMA Physical Layer, On Gaussian Approximations for Error Performance, The Standard Gaussian Approximation, Deriving Packet Success Probabilities, Importance of FEC Coding in CDMA, Accounting for Intercell Interference, Impact of Power Control Errors, TDCDMA as a Mode for the UMTS Terrestrial Radio, The TDCDMA Physical Layer Design Parameters, In-Slot Protocols on TDCDMA, Accounting for both Code-collisions and MAI, Choice of Model The Voice Traffic Model, Description of the Chosen Source Model, Model of Aggregate Voice Traffic, Data Terminals Traffic Models for NRT Data, The UMTS Web Browsing Model, Proposed Email Model Traffic Models for NRT Data, A Word on Traffic Asymmetry, Random Data Traffic Traffic Models for NRT Data, Some Considerations on Video Traffic Models, Summary and some Notes on Terminology, A Word on Terminology, Some Fundamental Considerations and Assumptions, The Channel Structure Considered, The Code-Time-Slot Case Contention and Packet Dropping, Differences in the Random-Coding Case, Accounting for Coding and Interleaving, Duration of a Reservation Phase, Downlink Signalling of Access Parameters and, Resource Allocation Strategies for Different Services Performance Measures for MD PRMA, Approaches to Time-Division Duplexing, TDD with Alternating Uplink and Downlink Slots, MD FRMA for TDD with a Single, The Concept of Channel Access Functions, Downlink Signalling with Load-based Access Control, Load-based Access Control in MD PRMA vs Channel, Stabilisation of Slotted ALOHA with Ternary Feedback, Pseudo-Bayesian Broadcast for Slotted ALOHA, Bayesian Broadcast for Two-Carrier Slotted ALOHA, Bayesian Broadcast for MD PRMA with, Accounting for Acknowledgement Delays, Bayesian Broadcast for MD FRMA, Estimation of the Arrival Rate, Impact of MAI on Backlog Estimation, Combining Load- and Backlog-based Access Control, System Definition and Simulation Approach, Choice of Design Parameters, Description of the Random Access Protocol, Analysis of the Random Access Protocol, Analysis vs Simulation Results, On Multiplexing Efficiency with RAP, Accounting for Packet Dropping, The ‘Circuit-Switching’ Benchmark Access Control based on Known Backlog, The Heuristic Approach Semi-empirical Channel Access Functions, Simulation Results vs Benchmarks, Benefits of Fast Voice Activity Detection, Interpretation of the Results and the ‘Soft Capacity’ Issue, Impact of Power Control Errors on Access Control, A Theoretical Study on the Impact of Power Control, System Definition and Choice of Design Parameters, Simulation Approach, Traffic Parameters and Performance, Analysis of MD PRMA, Simulation Results, No Interleaving, Performance Comparison and Impact of Interleaving, Impact of Acknowledgement Delays on MD PRMA, MD FRMA vs MD PRMA, Performance of MD FRMA in TDD Mode, Impact of Voice Model Parameters on MD PRMA, Accounting for Multiple Access Interference, Performance of Combined Load- and Backlog-based, Prioritisation at the Random Access Stage, Bayesian Scheme with Two Priority Classes and, Bayesian Scheme with Two Priority Classes and, Bayesian Scheme with Four Priority Classes and, Bayesian Scheme with Four Priority Classes and, Priority-class-specific Backlog Estimation Prioritised Bayesian Broadcast, Algorithms for Frame-based Protocols, System Definition System Definition and Simulation Approach, Simulation Approach System Definition and Simulation Approach, Traffic Scenarios Considered System Definition and Simulation Approach, Voice and a Single Class of Web Traffic, Voice and Two Classes of Web Traffic, Performance with Unlimited Allocation Cycle Length, Impact of Limiting Allocation Cycle Lengths, Equal Share of Data Traffic per Priority Class, Unequal Share of Data Traffic per Priority class, UTRAN Architecture UTRAN and Radio Interface Protocol Architecture, Radio Interface Protocol Architecture, 3GPP Document Structure for UTRAN, Physical Layer Functions Physical Layer Basics, Basic Multiple Access Scheme and Physical Channels, Transport Channels offered by the Physical Layer to the MAC, Transport Channel Characteristics Physical Layer Basics, MAC Layer Functions MAC Layer Basics, Logical Channels offered by the MAC to the RLC, Types of MAC Entities and MAC Modes, RLC Layer Basics UTRAN and Radio Interface Protocol Architecture, Mapping between Logical Channels and Transport, Dedicated Physical Channels Physical Channels in UTRA FDD, Uplink Common Physical Channels, Downlink Common Physical Channels, Timing Relationships Physical Channels in UTRA FDD, Mapping of Transport Channels and Indicators to, Power Control UTRA FDD Channels and Procedures, Soft Handover UTRA FDD Channels and Procedures, Slotted or Compressed Mode, Random Access Prioritisation RACH Procedure and Packet Data on the RACH, The Physical PRACH Transmission Procedure, RACH Subchannels and Timing Relations, Packet Data Transmission on the RACH and the FACH, The CPCH and Access Control, The Physical CPCH Access Procedure, Dynamic Resource Allocation Control DRAC of Uplink DCH, Packet Data on the Downlink Shared Channel, Time-Division Multiplexing vs Code-Division Multiplexing, Mapping between Logical and Transport Channels, TDD Burst Types Frame Structure and Physical Channels in UTRA TDD, Dynamic Channel Allocation Frame Structure and Physical Channels in UTRA TDD, Packet Data and Signalling on the RACH, Packet Data on Dedicated Channels, Uplink Shared Channel Operation, Downlink Shared Channel Operation, Adaptive Modulation and Coding, Hybrid ARQ, Fast Cell Selection High-Speed Packet Access, MIMO Processing High-Speed Packet Access, Stand-alone DSCH High-Speed Packet Access, And What About Increased Data-rates on the Uplink?, Towards ‘All IP’: UMTS and, Payload Optimisation Challenges of Voice over IP over Radio, VoIP Header Overhead Challenges of Voice over IP over Radio, Header Removal How to Reduce the Header Overhead,
