ID QI - c I 1 aL __ .J s- CK R :s- 01 -1' I 0" IR oL, l? \, Innll 3.24 Cinn',lch 11 igo RS V;I trigo D. Q Q CK =0 I S=L R=U; ghl S=(), R= I ; '\0.1 S=(), R~O; gll'r lr,1I1~ lh.il dinh. tr,lI1g Ih,!l «1m. CK = 0, 1ll.\Ch gilt tr.1I1f'. lh,ii chuyen tiep nilY dt-:ll ra trong_kho:lllg thai ),'J,1ll r,n ngtlll ",au khi CK Ch\lY~'il tn.l11g th<il. Nhl1 \,,~y Q hO;lc Q ;0 nhflll giu tri '0' ilH)t dch ng)u nhiC:n vii kh6ng Ih6 dP1h tnfoc dm,J'c khoang thai gian chuycll tr'.lllg th,li, dieu n21Y chin tlJ'j nhli'ng tlnh Imin sai \rong tl1C.lch viI tr'.lI1g thai n~ly II1U'CHlg \21 Ir'.ll1g thai b~ cam, Cac ph;in Il't triga C() Ih0 dung oe hru IrQ cac bil thClLIg tin VlI n.:::'u gl~cp n6i song song 11 pklJl tv triga ta "t: nh(ll1 dU\K th'lIlh ghi 1/ hit. Thanh ghi nil)' 121 thanh ghi Gnh vii ho,~t c1~)Jlg lumlg It,r nhu Ihanh ghi 1111h X,[IY d~rng b~tng cae ph:in Ill' NOT Till hl~U dieu killen dc u:iu v~\O clla ]11".leh nhlS IllLrCin c cung c;fp b('l"i dc 1\1;.lch eking bel. D:iu \'lIO lin hi¢u (\(10g b~l tHong (rng ella !11ach gc:i \;1 de d;lu o T Inuh 3.25 Till hi':l! dong b(l. van d6ng h(l. Tin hi~u d6ng h(l (hrQ"c ",ie L1mh boi d(l dlli khoitng thb"i gian I mll 1 in hi¢u ()' tn~ng thai' I' vi\ clm k5' 1'. C{\C m;.lch nh6 ,",u' dUn" tin hieu d6ng h6 trOIH! cae mLlc trlIoc . 0 . _. L • thL!e hi~n d,c than t.le dl)c vii &bi dfr lieu khi (ttu vao dong hI) nh,~n gi,1 Iq 1. Die ll1i.leb \eli i ni:ty gl)i III cae lI1 lCh \~\ln vi¢e Il'ong che: uQ dong be) th\:'o mltc. Khi Iln.:::'t kc cite nWeh l~\ln \'ice theo chc~ d(l u(lng be), de) d,li cua lin hi¢u d6ng bQ dong m(lt vai Ir(l qual) trqng trong \10,.11 dOng ella 111' ICh. Ne'u dc trigo' 0 d(ll1b! b() tLLO mlre dWl'C ghcp n()i n6i ticp V~l n6i chung dc d~lU tfn hi¢u d6ng b() la s2 co Ihanh ghi 121111 vi¢c Ihl.:o eh': (kl nhu sau. i'\CLJ tlll hi0u c16ng b() uS d() d~li du \611 thL "au m()t kho;'mg thoi gian t[11 57 c,i de 11"Igo -;l: gill eung 111QI gL<.i Ir!. Trang lrm'mg hQ'p ngu'9c li.lL. khL <I(? dii.i , ella lin hl¢U d6ng ht) thm! man h~ Ihue: ( 3.7 ) trang do T,n." Iii. gLa II'! evc d<.~i trong d.e d¢ dai el!e lieu eua de xung d~\ln hao vi¢e ghi dO- h¢u; d Jl "" l~l DEiu vao Ck lIinh ].26 Thanh glll dJCh ~lr dUllg eking bo her. thiYi gLao tn!: qre ILC:U khi tin hi¢u Ian Iruycn trong lll<;teh nha Itt duu van tai cHl.u ra. Khi do thanh ghi Ihtfe hi¢n vi¢e dich chI li¢u sang plu\i m(11 kip ~au m6i Uin nh,~n tin hi¢u dong b(). Che dQ d6ng bt? thOiI man bfit dAng Ihue 3.7 gqi It! d6ng ht) h9[). u'u diem eua che~ d() dt>ng hQ ht;p la dan gi,ill, ue thue hl¢n va de xuy dtfng m tch phal xung dong bQ kh6ng dn nhieu thiet bi. Nhllng noi chung ehe d() dong bt) nay it dmJc su oyng Irong cae m,~c11 VLSI boi \'1 Ifen tfil d eae ph:in eua llH,leh ta kilo e6 Ihe ch.lt dUl)'e bfil d{tng lillie 3.7. Trong nllieu Inro'ng hqp ctti co the kiem ';l)<it dllqe hanh vi eua e,.\c meWh nguo·i la Sll' dyng mot bicn Ihe ella ehc d() d6ng bQ h~p. d6 It! ehe d() lam vi¢e Iheo sllan. Dong bo theo suall doc la ehC' dQ iilm vi¢e CU,l cae 111:.lell vO'i tin hi~u d()ng ht) e6 d() r6ng ella xung ICrn va tic dQng th~re hi¢n thea :-,m'fn l~n ho:}e suo-n xu6n u eua xunQ. 6 ehe do nilv e:le tcic don" etta lill hieu d6n!! btJ doi o ~ . _ .0 . L. voi m'.lCh xuy ['a eung luO'ng tl! nhu lrong ehe dc) dong h(? h9P. T6e cll) hm.lt dQng eua m,!-eh lrang tru'()'Hg hqp nil)' dUl)'e xae dinh b(-ii 16e ell) hO<'ll d(llIg cLla ehinh cae phfltl tu m,:!eh do d6 dieu ki¢n v6 biil cH'tng IIlue dong b() h~p duqc thoa man. t\huqe diem ella pluto'ng phap d6ng bl? Iheo sU{Jn d6e va dClng he) ht;p la mien d\eh pha eho phep u'w :"lung c1(ing b(L :l)l) d~ch ItfOllg d{ii CI'!a de xung l~l hi¢n tuqng xuftl hi¢n ttl) dieh pha ella cae xung tren dfiu \'ilo Ming bo eua cae phun tu nha lrung lll<,leh VLSI. Dt) djeh pha eua de xung dong bQ xual hi~n ehu y6u do kel qu:.i. eua sl! phtll1 bo dc thil'i gian Ire trong de nwch phim ph6i tin hi¢u ct6ng bcl. 58 Hinh .1,.27 l'dinh hoa do dich pha ella tin hi¢u dong bo. T - DQ CK in hitt! clong ho ~ l'II",ch t6 hap - - - - - r DQ r Td I CK , Trcn hlnh 3.27 minh ho<~ ve d(> djch pha CLla cae xung dOng b(). Then m,.tch n~ly phan til Iriga D thCt hai nh~lI1 tin hir;u dong bO CK Ire so voi trigo thu: nh,t! la T~ • dO" li¢u dU'0c truyen til dau ra Q cua trigo thCt nh:it den dau V{lO D eua triga Ihu hai thong qua m(>t m<;ll'h 16 hqp c6 thai gian Ire Td • SI! khac bi¢t trong thai gian xu ly gan li~n voi Ihl!c hi~n boit dAng thtrl'. T,,<T, (3.8) _ Btit dAng thuc nay x;.tc c1jnh wong quan giO"a thai gian tre theo l11<,leh truycn da li¢u gifr : cae nWeh nha ( Td ) va th) djch then tho'i gian eua xung dong h<) ( 'I, ). DQ djeh ella xung dong h6 t[mg thea kieh tlurol' eLla llwch VLSI, do do Irong cong nghi~p thuang xuy dl!ng nhfrng nwch slr dl.mg h~ thong dong hQ voi \,lll1g hOi.lt dOng r(mg. Trong cac Imwh hO;.I\ dl)ng then cae ehe d() dong Ix) theo !l1tfC. dong b(l ~ h9P nguoi ta chi dUilg m(l\ tin hl~U tlu.rc hi¢n chlfe mlllg ddng hl). Dang dong hQ d6 gqi Iii ehe dQ d6ng h(l m(?t pha. Trong nhiel! tlUting h0P, de tang d(> tin G~y ella 1ll<.ICh, ngm\i la '>u dl.lng nhicu tin hi~u dong he) J¢eh pha IIinh 3.2M Tin hieu clong bl) hai [lha. de (lieu kilien mach. NhO"ng ch0" ell) him vi¢e nhu v,-~y gQi la ehe dQ dong bQ nhieu pha. Tren hlnh 3.28 tninh hqa d.c tin hi~u dong bl) ella 11¢ thong dong h() IMi pha. Tai day ta SLr ul,lng hai tin hir;u dong b(> khong phu nhau ti.li tr'.ll1g thai "\" Iii. fJ'1 va fJ'2. Trong thic't ke' ella thanh ghi dieh. hai tin hit;u dong h() n;\y dUQ'c t,ic dc)ng Jan IUqI. D<) f¢ng CLla xung va ehu k5' ella die tin hi¢u lfil va rp} co the: dUQ'C x,ic dinh SilO eho tr,.mg thai' J' ella chung kh6ng phil nhau, do cl6 ut1li~u se djeh til m(Jt 16p triga sang \ap !rigo sau chinh Xi\c theo tung tin hi¢u dong bl). Nhung trong trubng hqp n~ly trong hai m'.lch ni10 c6 the luu giil 11l<)1 bit eliJ li~u va so vai I' ·tch dong b<) mOt pha thl dll lm)t <;0 IU0ng cae dng nha nhieu han hai IAn. 59 1Iinh 3.29 Thanh gIll clich blll vi~c 111m che (16 clong b6 hai pl1a. tXlllb! bl? hai pha duoe IhI0'( kc sao eho kh(lllg C() su ebrlng nh,1ll ella e:lc xung d(lJlg b(l. NhU'ng Irong nhicu Irm\ng hl.1P e6 th2' eho phep SLf chong nh<.lLl ella cae xung l11eo 111(\i glan nho hon thl\i gian tr~ Ii" ", tLl driLl \,~IO (kn d:ill ra eua m(Jt mach nht'5. Th6ng tl1LL"O'ng gia trj Ihl}i gian tr~ tI",.n !(in hO'n thl)) gi'lI1 tre tren ll1¢t phan Itl logic, do do (p.lc6 the nlU:m d110C tU {(J/ qua m6t l11~lch NOT S<.IO ebo <.tn'.HI gi:l trj phlllcnlf!/ nhG hon dIll,,," Noi e~eh khac, d6i Vll'j nhung p11[111 kh6ng 16n eua llWeh ta co the su dl.l11g tin hi<;u ((J/ tlMY cho (P_" 4. O'ic trigli Slf d1;lng chc d~) Mmg hi) h~p va MlOg hi) hai pha TlUng kS' thll(11. nhieu lll\lCh nh6 slr dl:mg eae trigci !In'.lt d()ng theo eac ehe d9 dong bQ theo sval1 len IH)~lC liun ~~e theo che d(l dong b(l hal pha. r- -, I' - I Cae che' li(, d(lng h¢ nllY eho ph0p giiii . ~ s- Or i-I . 'lD 6 1 T" quyet v[in d.? e~l1lh tranll gllr<l eae ph£in b I I T-t i c IRil,-I J ~~I tu logic trong hOHt d(mg ella de trigo. Dieu 11~ly liun cho de lI\'.leh nhd hm.lt d¢llg tin Ci~y hon VZI 1;l1n gi:ul1 tinh bSt dinh eua m'lch. Dc minh hqa v[in th~ nilY ta bay .\.~t so d6 T-Irigo. Ve m~lt diu true V~l hO~lt d~mg trigo T e6 th~ dWK X[IY dl.i"ng tll" trigo gs btll1g each noi vong dfiu VaD R \'Cii d,\u ra Q \,"t diiu vao S \'oi driu m Q. Trigo T eling co tlHo; d110e Xily dlJng tv trigo D btlllg each neii VO\1g driu ra Q \'6i d[iu vao D. CUll true d6 kh(mg chim b,lo ehe li9 hO'.lt dQng ()n lijnh. Trong ml.\Ch nay p!d.n Itl" Illla trong thZtnh p!dn eua trigo T dllng Val Iro hai m(lt. Ye ho,.t1 d(mg ta nhflll th[iy r:lllg ph:i.n tu' nh6 dl'lllg hai vai Irb: VLfa 1:\ nguon Ih(mg tin d \'ua Ii h() ph,)n nh~UI Ihllllg till. TIll.re hi¢n hai cllll"c n,-Illg d6 dong thljj iZt kh6ng the dlJ0C \'J J hi ll1<.\ch nh~n th(mg lill ll1l1i 1111 d6ng Ihai xoa b6 th6ng tin eG. I\'6u (',ic pl1:111 tU'16gie e6 telc d() t{le dl.mg ly' ttJ()ng thl s0 del tren kh(llIg 1(l1n vi¢c. Sl,l" t6n tl.li eua th(\i gian Ir~ trong nl'.lch eho phcp tlwc hi¢1l ch~' d,~ dC'111 trong m()( .,,6 dieu I.j~n. nilll"l1g do thai gian tre trung lll'.leh iiI ct li IU9'ng ng,\u nhicn d<) tin dy cua n1<,lch th[ip. 60 De I[lllg 00 \111 c<~y CLIa mach ta sif d~ng hal pb£in tif nh6 trong (kl llH)t pbf;n tu nh'~ll thllllg lin vao tronl! khi tr'.ll1g Ih<.ii cO \',111 gili" nguyen 0 Ulng ra. Khi d.c gl:' Ir! 1l16i c1H<.1C blnh th~\l1b 0 Idp v~,o vii thllllg tm cO khlHlg ciin thict. dO' licu sc dWJ"e tillyen Ilt t[ing v;\o 16'i ICing ra. elC Irigo lo,\i nay I~\!n s__ " J C R s Ck R lIillh .~.J I ~Ltch tngo RS I:llll vi':c tl1co dIe' (\0 dOng: b() hai pha. D " '- \ Ck > K S 0 R Q Ck Blnh .~.J2 Xii)" dlfllg: \j IgO .IK Ilf trigo' RS. Q Q IIinh J.JJ ~hdl trigo D lam vice theo eile do (\(illg b6 hai pin - -" <: j lIillli J.J-I \!,lCh trtgO RS 1:1l11 VilT liJt!O ~tr01l kll. Q Q Ck D -"- ;; lIlnh J.J5 l\Ltch tngo D 1:1l11 \'Ice Iheo ~lrim kll. Q Q 61 \'iec trang I11l)t chu trlnh. "Keu quan sat kY. t:1 se IhAy nwch trigalo'.Ii nay lam vi¢e theo che d(l dong bl) hai pha. Cac triga con c(l Ih~ duq'c thiet kc de: hm.lt d(lng thea SHan eLla tin hi~u cUing b9. Tr2n hlnh 3.34. 3.35 tdnh bay thiet ke ella Iriga RS va trigo D lam \'i¢c Iheo SHan len ella lIn hi¢u d6ng bQ. Trong dc triga nity ta co Ihe thay ddi de till hi¢u \'lla thea d.c mtl'c b,lt k)1 cila tfn hi~u dong b<). Tin hi¢u dUllg he) chi duae kich hoat trang: khmtng thl1i gian nhil hltl e(ll1 SHan len hO(IC "uan xullng. 5. Thic~t k(; cae m.~ch tmln h.' In'ing cac 6t6mat huu IH.m Trang m'.leh td hqp. d.e gia Ir\ (tiu fa duqe ha~m IO;1l1 X,IC dinh Ih<.:o cac tin hi~u dfiu \'(10 t~\i thai di~1l1 hi¢n t'.li. Nhung d.c m'.lCh lu[ill It.1' c6 eac gia Irl chl.u ra dU<;ie X,.lC d!nh Iheo day d.e giil. tr! dau \'lID tac d(ll1g vao m:'leh t, Ii nhfrng thCii diem tlUoe tilCii diem hi¢n t',li. Trong ky thu~l, \'i¢e thie! h)p ll1(lt day d.e gia Irj dtiu V~IO \'0 lu.U} la kh6ng Ihl!c hi~n duqe \'oi l11()t s(j IllJ"ll han c;ic ph;ln tLr logic nen cae mi.leh tuAn t\-l" Ihuang dUQ'e bieu dicn thong qua m()t sll hUll IWn C.lc tn,lllg th,ii. Olc Ill<.\ch \'lJ'i so In.ll1g thai huu hi.1l1 eo the duqc bi~u dien th<.:o nhL'i"ng b:ll1g ho[1C ~o do ehuyen tr<;tng th,ii.Trong e,ie m' Ieh turin tu. trang Ih'll (\ 11l()t th("ii dic:m phl,l IhuQe vao tr<.mg thai Ii nllLrng Ihl"ii dic'1l1 Inrae (t6 cLla 111;,\Ch. hay nui each khil.e m,.teh tuall II! la ITI' Ich co nh6. Th6ng thU'(1Ug s6 IW"ing etc tn.lllg thai ella nwch tuan tV la hUll 1wn. Do do mi teh day co the du(?"c bicu dien bZing nhung otoma! co tl"<.ll1g thai huu h<.ll1. Trong de 11l< ICh co ~6 tn.ll1g thai hfiu h'-trl, tr;;tng thai ben lrong plw Ihu(le "ito day de tin hi~u d:iu \'ilo t,-lc c1()ng vao he thong. 0.1 the ia gii.l tr\ d~ill \'i\O \'i:t In,lllg Ih,ii ; ac djnh gi,i trj dUll ra \'i\ Irang Ihai tier theo. Do so iuqng de tn.lllg Ih,ii hen t["(lug IiI hu'U Iwn nen de day tin hi¢u diiu \'aa c6 the duQ'C ph:1l1 chia th;'mh dlC 16p tu(rng duong. I\oi deh kh,ic nhung d~ly tin hi¢u dfiLl \'i\() 1,.\0 ra ,'oLr ehuy~n tn.\I1g Ihai eua m' Ich v':: CLll1g H1Qt Ir~ll1g th,ii Ihl nam trong m()t nh6111. NIH! V(I)' nhli'ng mi.teh eo s6 Iri.mg thai hUll h,~n \'6 th~rc clul't khong ph,ii i~1 mo hlnh dfiy du eua nwch tUi.11l II.!. Trong nhilng m:.Ich ILl:in Il,r till hi¢Ll ra duqe xlle d\nh hoiUl loim theo day cae till hi¢Ll d:lll vi\O. N6i chung de illi,tch co ,.,6 tr<.ll1g thai hU'll h~1Il co the dung de mu hlnh hOii eae m~lch tuan tlJ vit 1110 hlnh dng ehinh xae nell ta tflng s6 iuqng de tn.lllg thai ben lrong. M6 hinh nily dUQ'e ling dl,lllg l"ljng rai trang qua tdnll thiet ke m' Ich. Trong Iy thuyet t[nh taan hai rn6 hlnh otoma! huu h,-~n hay dU(,l'e Slr dl,lng 1111[lt ia otomal Moore vit 6t6mat Mealy. 62 Gtomat Moon: lit ITI91 6tomat hCru h~m bao p,clm Wp h(."5p c,-ic tin !lieu vito la { xl'x., x ll l~ t,~p hqp ole tin hi~'ll ra Iii { yl.Ye y",l: t(lp hcm dc tri Il1p. thili I a l .a 2 ••• ·.:\ \. Trong 6tomat Moore. Slf chuytin In.l1lg Ihili plll.l thU(K vito tfi.lI1g Ih{ti Irll\~C do V~t tin hi¢u V:IO 0- IhO'i ditm truc)C do. Quail h~ d6 c6 Ih~ <luqc hieu elien htmg h¢ thuc sau. Z(I+ I) = (I) [Z(Il, X(I)]; ( V) ) Tin hi¢:u di.lu ra ella otCl!l1at Moore chi plW Ihuqc lrc.l1lg th,ii: Y(II = 'l'lZ(I)]; ( 3.10 I D6i v(~i otomat ~kaly, slJ ehuyc'n tr'.lHg thai ph~1 thll\)C V<'IO trang Iheti tnrae do vA lin Iw;u V:IO 6" II1O'i di6m tnl6"c d6. Z(I+ II = (I> [Z(I). X(t)]; ( 3.11 ) Tin hi¢:u dau ra eua otomal Mealey pl1l,l IhLH.)C vao In.lI1g tbiii va tin hi~'ll d,lu vao: Y(I) = 'I' (Z(l). X(l); ( 3.12) trong do: CJ) (L.X) : ham ehuy6n 1r<.ll1g Ihi.ii: '1:1 (7), lI) (z.x) : h~\ln xac djnh gii.i trj d{i.u fa clla olomal. D6u vao D6ura 3> Tin hi$u dong bQ Hlnh :t~6 CSu tnk m'.lCh tuan Itt dong bo hinl! thanh ctau nl khong d6ng bo. Cae 6t6111at «1 th~ (hrqc bieu dien trvc q uan b,\ng cac sd do chlly~n trang thiii hO(IC htmg de ma tr(lll chuyc'n trQ.ng thai. Cae sd d6 tU'ong ung voi olomat t 'loore se e6 dc dinh Ia de 61[1 tn.Lng thili / tin hi¢u ra \':1 eac cung th0 hi¢n qua trlnh chuyen tn~ng thai \"a dL.tq·c <.hinh dSu b~ng tin hi¢:u \"~\O Ilwng ung. Cae sd do ehuven tran" Ihal . ." dw otomal Mealey Cll dc dinh la d.c tr<~ng tl1(li con d.c cung the: hi¢n qua trlllh chuye'll trang Ih<.ti va dU'(fC danh dtlu hAng c,)p gia tf! lin hi~u "ao / tin hi¢u ra. Cae m,wh tuall tv co the: dl1qc Xrty cil!ng qua cac phrin tlr nh6 va uk m' Ich to hqp then cae sO" do dong b(l horK kh6ng dong h9. Trang trlrong h0P Ihiet ke 111i ICh tufin tl! theo che de) kh6ng dong bQ, de lin hi¢:u (hr0c hlnh th~lI1h 63 . l'dinh hoa do dich pha ella tin hi¢u dong bo. T - DQ CK in hitt! clong ho ~ l'II",ch t6 hap - - - - - r DQ r Td I CK , Trcn hlnh 3.27 minh ho<~. ehe d9 dong bQ theo sval1 len IH)~lC liun ~~e theo che d(l dong b(l hal pha. r- -, I' - I Cae che' li(, d(lng h¢ nllY eho ph0p giiii . ~ s- Or i-I . 'lD. ID QI - c I 1 aL __ .J s- CK R :s- 01 -1 ' I 0" IR oL, l? , Innll 3.24 Cinn',lch 11 igo RS