A d a m W o r c e s t e r • E r i c W i l l i a m s o n SPEAKING Building iBT TOEFL ® Skills Beginning BT TOEFL-Speaking 2005.10.13 1:27 PM Page 3 Contents Table of Introduction to TOEFL ® Speaking - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 Chapter 1 Thinking and Speaking Skill A Independent Speaking: Organizing Speech - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 Skill B Integrated Speaking: Synthesizing Information - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31 Skill C Integrated Speaking: Stating Opinions and Summarizing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 53 Vocabulary Review - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 69 Chapter 2 Making Speech Coherent Skill A Independent Speaking: Test Questions 1 and 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 77 Skill B Integrated Speaking: Test Questions 3 and 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 101 Skill C Integrated Speaking: Test Questions 5 and 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 115 Vocabulary Review - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 125 Chapter 3 Speaking Naturally Focus A Pronunciation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 138 Focus B Word and Sentence Stress - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 140 Focus C Pausing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 142 Practice Test for Speaking - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 143 Transcripts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 157 Answer Key - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 167 BT TOEFL-Speaking 2005.10.13 1:27 PM Page 5 Independent Speaking: Organizing Speech 15 Independent Speaking: Organizing Speech Skill A Necessary Skills • Describing a personal experience or expressing a personal preference • Organizing ideas • Expressing a clear topic statement and the supporting points • Speaking clearly and accurately with knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation Strategies • Though preparation time is limited in the speaking portion of the test, it is nevertheless important to use this time in planning the organization of your response. In this way, your response will be more relevant and coherent. An organizational process for preparing your speech is detailed below. In each step, there are certain things that you need to keep in mind. Process Strategy Read the question and understand the task Be sure that you understand the question and what the question requires you to do. Decide on the topic statement Decide on the main idea or choose one of the positions. Use the relevant parts of the prompt in making up your topic statement. Brainstorm and select supporting ideas Quickly think of the supporting ideas from your experience. Choose those ideas that most clearly support your topic statement. Organize the ideas Arrange your ideas, putting them in order from most to least important. ▼ ▼ ▼ BT TOEFL-Speaking 2005.10.13 1:27 PM Page 15 Read the question. Write down your answer and related key points in the blanks. Step 1 16 Chapter 1 Thinking and Speaking What is a useful skill your mother or father taught you? Describe the skill and how you were taught this skill. A useful skill my __________ taught me is ___________________________________________________. When/How I was taught this skill:____________________________________________________________ Why this skill is important: _________________________________________________________________ How often I use this skill: __________________________________________________________________ Read the related ideas and expressions below. Add at least two of your own. Related Ideas and Expressions Nouns: laundry, money, motor, ___________, ___________ Verbs: manage, operate, repair, ___________, ___________ Adverbs: nowadays, usually, all the time, ___________, ___________ laundry (n): dirty clothes that need to be washed manage (v): to control; to operate operate (v): to control; to cause to work repair (v): to fix nowadays (adv): in present times; these days Practice 1 Personal Experience Skill A Q1 BT TOEFL-Speaking 2005.10.13 1:27 PM Page 16 Independent Speaking: Organizing Speech 17 Notes _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Listen to a sample response. Write down any useful expressions. Now create your own response using words and expressions from Steps 1 and 2. Use the prompts below to help you. A useful skill my __________ taught me is ______________________________. He/She taught me this skill by _________________________________ when I was __________________________. From this, I learned how to _______________________________________. Today, I use this skill _______________ when I ________________________________. Read the response you wrote above out loud. Try to read the response slowly and clearly. Practice saying the whole response several times. Then close your book and say the response without looking at the words. Step 4 Step 3 Step 2 BT TOEFL-Speaking 2005.10.13 1:27 PM Page 17 Read and think about the question below. Step 1 The sentences below make up part of a response to the question above. Read the sentences, and underline any transitions you find. (A) Another reason I enjoy writing poetry is because I can think about things in new ways. (B) In fact, I do this all the time without getting paid because I enjoy writing poetry. (C) One kind of work I am willing to do, even if I never get paid for it, is writing poetry. (D) One reason I enjoy writing poetry is that it lets me create something beautiful. (E) When I think about things in new, innovative ways, even boring things around my house can become inspiring. (F) When people create something beautiful, it gives them a good feeling. Look at the sentences again. Think of the role of each sentence in the response. Put the sentences in the right order. ➤➤➤➤➤ F 78 Chapter 2 Making Speech Coherent What kind of work are you willing to do even if you never get paid for it? Explain what you enjoy about this work or how you benefit even without pay. Practice 1 Personal Experience Skill A Q1 get paid (v phrase): to receive money for work poetry (n): literary writing done in short lines and verses, usually using symbolic language create (v): to make; to produce innovative (adj): new and unique; unlike past objects or ideas inspiring (adj): stimulating; tending to increase interest BT TOEFL-Speaking 2005.10.13 1:27 PM Page 78 Do NOT look at the sentences in Step 1. Answer the following questions. 1. What kind of work does the speaker do even though she never gets paid? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is one reason she enjoys doing this? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is another reason she enjoys doing this? _____________________________________________________________________________________ Using the short answers you wrote above, try to speak for 60 seconds explaining the speaker’s response. Use the words and phrases below while you are speaking. Time yourself and record the time below. Response 1: Speaking time: _____________ seconds Now, listen to a sample response. How is this response different from yours? What parts of the response can you use in your own? Write down any useful expressions the sample uses. Listen again and repeat after the tape, paying attention to pronunciation, intonation, and word stress. Step 3 another reason because even if one kind of one reason when Step 2 Independent Speaking: Test Questions 1 and 2 79 Notes _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ BT TOEFL-Speaking 2005.10.13 1:27 PM Page 79 80 Chapter 2 Making Speech Coherent Now write your own answers to these questions. 1. What kind of work are you willing to do even if you never get paid? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is one reason you enjoy doing this? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is another reason you enjoy doing this? _____________________________________________________________________________________ Using the short answers you wrote above, give a spoken response to the prompt below. Try to incorporate additional parts of speech from Step 3, while also paying attention to your pronunciation and intonation. Record your time. Response 2: Speaking time: _____________ seconds Step 4 What kind of work are you willing to do even if you never get paid for it? Explain what you enjoy about this work or how you benefit even without pay. BT TOEFL-Speaking 2005.10.13 1:27 PM Page 80 Focus A - Pronunciation Final consonant sounds Read each of the following sentences out loud, accurately pronouncing the final consonants of each word. 1. Let’s eat some meat. 4. If you dance, you will enjoy it. 2. Dan likes jazz and pop. 5. I broke the dish set. 3. Did you hear the lion roar? 6. That hat is black. Now, listen and repeat. Commonly mispronounced sounds: /th/, /d/, and /s/ Listen to the audio recording, paying particular attention to the /th/, /d/, and /s/ sounds. Mark the first word spoken in each pair. 1. thought 2. thigh 3. both 4. scathe taught sigh boss skate 5. thank 6. though 7. thin 8. thorn sank dough sin torn Now, listen and repeat. Step 2 Step 1 In English, most words end in consonant sounds. In many other languages, however, words that end in vowel sounds are more common, leading many non-native speakers to mispronounce final consonant sounds. Mispronunciation of final consonant sounds can lead to confusion and misinterpretation on the part of the listener. Another common problem for non-native English speakers is the pronunciation of /th/, /d/, and /s/. The following pairs often cause difficulties for non-native speakers. 138 Chapter 3 Focus: Speaking Naturally In order to speak coherently, a speaker must consider not only the content and organization of the speech, but also its delivery. A speaker’s speech has to be clear enough to convey all the necessary information to the listeners. Some English sounds are difficult to pronounce and mispronunciations of these sounds can result in a change in the meaning of the word. BT TOEFL-Speaking 2005.10.13 1:27 PM Page 138 . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -