Nếu có hình trong tệp đính kèm này, hình này sẽ không được hiển thị. Tải xuống tệp đính kèm gốc Unit 2: ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH WORDS Contents Translation - Loans International words History of the English language Changes borrowed words go through Etymological doublets Relationship between etymological and stylistic characteristics of words 1. History of the Englis h language Are all English words really English? 1. History of the Englis h language o English belongs to the Indo- European family of languages. o E.g.: o English vocabulary contains an immense number of words of foreign origin. bhrãter mãter Indo-European Frater mater Latin Bruder mutteR German Brother mother English 1. History of the Englis h language • Different epochs of the development of English language, • The first century B.C • T(e fifth century, A.D • The seventh century, A.D • From the end of the 8 th century to the middla of the 11 th century • 1062 • The Renaissance Period 1. Histo2y of the Englis h language • The Etymological Structure of English Vocabulary. • Celtic (5 th – 6 th century A.D) century A.D) • La Latin • 1 1 st group: 1 group: 1 st c. B.C c. B.C • 2 2 nd group: 7 group: 7 th c. A.D c. A.D • 3 3 rd group: the Renaissance period group: the Renaissance period • Scandinavian (8 Scandinavian (8 th -11 -11 th c. A.D) c. A.D) • French French • Norman borrowings: 11 Norman borrowings: 11 th – 13 13 th c. A.D) c. A.D) • Parisian borrowings (Renaissance) Parisian borrowings (Renaissance) • Greek (Renaissance) Greek (Renaissance) • Italian (Renaissance and later) Italian (Renaissance and later) • Spanish (Renaissance and later) Spanish (Renaissance and later) • German German • Indian Indian • Russian Russian And some other groups And some other groups • Indo-European Indo-European element element • Germanic element Germanic element • English Proper element (not earlier English Proper element (not earlier than 5 than 5 th century A.D) century A.D) The borrowed element The native element The native element • The native element in English compri ses a large number of high- frequency words like the articles, prepositions, prono uns, conjunctions, auxiliaries, and, also, words de moting everyday objects and ideas. • The grammatical structure is essentially Germanic having remained unaffected by foreign influence. 2. Changes borrowed words go through Do borrowed words change or do they remain the same? 2. Changes borrowed words go through • Borrowed words adjust themselves to thei r new environment and get adapted to the norms of the recipient language. • They are adjusted in the 3 main areas of the new language system • The phonetic • The grammatical (consists in a complete change of the former paradigm of the borrowed word). • The semantic (means adjustment to the system of meaning of the vocabulary). 3. International words • A word is borrowed by several language s, and not just by one. Such words usu ally convey notions which are signifi cant in the field of communication. • E.g.: • Names of sciences: philosophy, mathematics, physics, lexicology, etc. • Terms of arts: music, theater, drama, artist, etc. • Political terms: antibiotic, radio, sputnik, etc. • Sport terms: football, volleyball, hockey, golf, etc. • Fruits and foodstuffs: coffee, chocolate, etc. 4. Etymological doublet s • Etymology doublets are words originating from the same etymological source, but differing, to some extent, in phonemic shape and in meaning. • Some of these pairs consist of a native word and a borrowed word • E.g.: shirt (E) – skirt (Sc), shrew (E) – screw (Sc) • Others are represented by two borrowings from the same language twice, but in different period. • E.g.: travel (Norm. Fr) – travail (Par. Fr) • A doublet may also consist of a shortened word and the one form which it was derived. • E.g.: history – story fantasy – fancy - fan 4. Etymological doublet s • Etymological triplets (i.e. groups of words of common root) occur rarer. • E.g.: • hospital (Lat.) – hostel (Nor.) – hotel (Par.) [...]... into the vocabulary of another language under the process of translation Only compound words (i.e words of two or more stems) can be subjected to such an operation, each stem being translated separately E.g.: masterpiece (from Germ Meisterstuck) Wonder child (from Germ Wunderkind) 6 Relationship between etymological and stylistic characteristics of words • • • The center of gravity of borrowed wo rds... esented by two groups: learned words a nd terminology The whole opposition of “formal versus informal” is based on the deeper underlying opposition of “borrowed versus native”, as the informal strata, especially slang and dialect, abound in native words Comparing the expressive and stylistic value of the French and the English words in such synonymic pairs, the French • • • words are more formal, more... formal, more refined, and has less strong hold on the emotional side of life E.g.: To begin – to commence To wish – to desire 6 Relationship between etymological and stylistic characteristics of words • Compare some pairs which consist of a na tive wnrd and a Latin synonym Infantile (dry) e.g infaNtale disease Childish (wonder and vivid poetry of the %arliest human age) e.g.: childish charm Maternal feelings... (sounds dutiful but cold) Motherly love (snunds warmer) Exercise 1: Supply the adjectives of Latin origin correspon ding to the following nouns Nose Hand Sea Egg Tooth Child Life Sun Town Youth Dog Cow Bird Home Water Mouth Body Countryside Ear Year Eye Star Earth Sight Side Exercise 1: Supply the adjectives of Latin origin correspon ding to the following nouns Nose - nasal Hand - manual Sea - marine . characteristics of words 1. History of the Englis h language Are all English words really English? 1. History of the Englis h language o English belongs to the Indo- European family of languages tệp đính kèm gốc Unit 2: ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH WORDS Contents Translation - Loans International words History of the English language Changes borrowed words go through Etymological. characteristics of words • The center of gravity of borrowed wo rds in the stylistic classification is repr esented by two groups: learned words a nd terminology. • The whole opposition of “formal