OCA/OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide xxxiv ID Name Chapter 052.3 Creating an Oracle Database 052.3.1 Create a database by using the Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) 2 052.4 Managing the Oracle Instance 052.4.1 Setting database initialization parameters 3 052.4.2 Describe the stages of database startup and shutdown 3 052.4.3 Using alert log and trace files 3 052.4.4 Using data dictionary and dynamic performance views 3 052.5 Configuring the Oracle Network Environment 052.5.1 Configure and manage the Oracle network 4 052.5.2 Using the Oracle Shared Server architecture 4 052.6 Managing Database Storage Structures 052.6.1 Overview of tablespace and datafiles 5 052.6.2 Create and manage tablespaces 5 052.6.3 Space management in tablespaces 5 052.7 Administering User Security 052.7.1 Create and manage database user accounts 6 052.7.2 Grant and revoke privileges 6 052.7.3 Create and manage roles 6 052.7.4 Create and manage profiles 6 052.8 Managing Schema Objects 052.8.1 Create and modify tables 7 052.8.2 Manage constraints 7 052.8.3 Create indexes 7 052.8.4 Create and use temporary tables 7 052.9 Managing Data and Concurrency 052.9.1 Manage data using DML 8 052.9.2 Identify and administer PL/SQL objects 8 052.9.3 Monitor and resolve locking conflicts 8 052.10 Managing Undo Data 052.10.1 Overview of undo 8 052.10.2 Transactions and undo data 8 052.10.3 Managing undo 8 052.11 Implementing Oracle Database Security 052.11.1 Database security and the principle of least privilege 6 ID Name Chapter 052.11.2 Work with standard database auditing 6 052.12 Database Maintenance 052.12.1 Use and manage optimizer statistics 24 052.12.2 Use and manage Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) 24 052.12.3 Use advisory framework 24 052.12.4 Manage alerts and thresholds 24 052.13 Performance Management 052.13.1 Use Automatic Memory Management 25 052.13.2 Use Memory Advisors 25 052.13.3 Troubleshoot invalid and unusable objects 25 052.14 Backup and Recovery Concepts 052.14.1 Identify the types of failure that can occur in an Oracle database 14 052.14.2 Describe ways to tune instance recovery 14 052.14.3 Identify the importance of checkpoints, redo log files, and archived log files 14 052.14.4 Overview of flash recovery area 14 052.14.5 Configure ARCHIVELOG mode 14 052.15 Performing Database Backups 052.15.1 Create consistent database backups 15 052.15.2 Back up your database without shutting it down 15 052.15.3 Create incremental backups 15 052.15.4 Automate database backups 15 052.15.5 Manage backups, view backup reports, and monitor the flash recovery area 15 052.16 Performing Database Recovery 052.16.1 Overview of Data Recovery Advisor 16 052.16.2 Use Data Recovery Advisor to perform recovery (control file, redo log file and data file) 16 052.17 Moving Data 052.17.1 Describe and use methods to move data (directory objects, SQL*Loader, external tables) 23 052.17.2 Explain the general architecture of Oracle Data Pump 23 052.17.3 Use Data Pump Export and Import to move data between Oracle databases 23 052.18 Intelligent Infrastructure Enhancements 052.18.1 Use the Enterprise Manager Support Workbench 27 052.18.2 Managing patches 27 Introduction xxxv OCA/OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide xxxvi Examination 1Z0-053, Oracle Database 11g: Administration II, Objectives ID Name Chapter 053 Oracle Database 11g: Administration Workshop II 053.1 Database Architecture and ASM 053.1.1 Describe Automatic Storage Management (ASM) 20 053.1.2 Set up initialization parameter files for ASM and database instances 20 053.1.3 Start up and shut down ASM instances 20 053.1.4 Administer ASM disk groups 20 053.2 Configuring for Recoverability 053.2.1 Configure multiple archive log file destinations to increase availability 14 053.2.2 Define, apply, and use a retention policy 17 053.2.3 Configure the Flash Recovery Area 14 053.2.4 Use Flash Recovery Area 14 053.3 Using the RMAN Recovery Catalog 053.3.1 Identify situations that require RMAN recovery catalog 17 053.3.2 Create and configure a recovery catalog 17 053.3.3 Synchronize the recovery catalog 17 053.3.4 Create and use RMAN stored scripts 17 053.3.5 Back up the recovery catalog 17 053.3.6 Create and use a virtual private catalog 17 053.4 Configuring Backup Specifications 053.4.1 Configure backup settings 15 053.4.2 Allocate channels to use in backing up 15 053.4.3 Configure backup optimization 15 053.5 Using RMAN to Create Backups 053.5.1 Create image file backups 15 053.5.2 Create a whole database backup 15 053.5.3 Enable fast incremental backup 15 053.5.4 Create duplex backup and back up backup sets 15 053.5.5 Create an archival backup for long-term retention 15 053.5.6 Create a multisection, compressed, and encrypted backup 15 053.5.7 Report on and maintain backups 15 053.6 Performing User-Managed Backup and Recovery 053.6.1 Recover from a lost TEMP file 18 053.6.2 Recover from a lost redo log group 18 053.6.3 Recover from the loss of password file 18 ID Name Chapter 053.6.4 Perform user-managed complete database recovery 18 053.6.5 Perform user-managed incomplete database recovery 18 053.6.6 Perform user-managed and server-managed backups 18 053.6.7 Identify the need of backup mode 18 053.6.8 Back up and recover a control file 18 053.7 Using RMAN to Perform Recovery 053.7.1 Perform complete recovery from a critical or noncritical data file loss using RMAN 16 053.7.2 Perform incomplete recovery using RMAN 16 053.7.3 Recover using incrementally updated backups 16 053.7.4 Switch to image copies for fast recovery 16 053.7.5 Restore a database onto a new host 17 053.7.6 Recover using a backup control file 16 053.7.7 Perform disaster recovery 17 053.8 Using RMAN to Duplicate a Database 053.8.1 Creating a duplicate database 17 053.8.2 Using a duplicate database 17 053.9 Performing Tablespace Point-in-Time Recovery 053.9.1 Identify the situations that require TSPITR 17 053.9.2 Perform automated TSPITR 17 053.10 Monitoring and Tuning RMAN 053.10.1 Monitoring RMAN sessions and jobs 17 053.10.2 Tuning RMAN 17 053.10.3 Configure RMAN for asynchronous I/O 17 053.11 Using Flashback Technology 053.11.1 Restore dropped tables from the recycle bin 19 053.11.2 Perform Flashback Query 19 053.11.3 Use Flashback Transaction 19 053.12 Additional Flashback Operations 053.12.1 Perform Flashback Table operations 19 053.12.2 Configure, monitor Flashback Database, and perform Flashback Database operations 19 053.12.3 Set up and use a Flashback Data Archive 19 053.13 Diagnosing the Database 053.13.1 Set up Automatic Diagnostic Repository 27 053.13.2 Using Support Workbench 27 053.13.3 Perform Block Media Recovery 16 Introduction xxxvii OCA/OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide xxxviii ID Name Chapter 053.14 Managing Memory 053.14.1 Implement Automatic Memory Management 25 053.14.2 Manually configure SGA parameters 25 053.14.3 Configure automatic PGA memory management 25 053.15 Managing Database Performance 053.15.1 Use the SQL Tuning Advisor 25 053.15.2 Use the SQL Access Advisor to tune a workload 25 053.15.3 Understand Database Replay 25 053.16 Space Management 053.16.1 Manage resumable space allocation 23 053.16.2 Describe the concepts of transportable tablespaces and databases 23 053.16.3 Reclaim wasted space from tables and indexes by using the segment shrink functionality 23 053.17 Managing Resources 053.17.1 Understand the database resource manager 21 053.17.2 Create and use database resource manager components 21 053.18 Automating Tasks with the Scheduler 22 053.18.1 Create a job, program, and schedule 22 053.18.2 Use a time-based or event-based schedule for executing Scheduler jobs 22 053.18.3 Create lightweight jobs 22 053.18.4 Use job chains to perform a series of related tasks 22 053.19 Administering the Scheduler 053.19.1 Create windows and job classes 22 053.19.2 Use advanced Scheduler concepts to prioritize jobs 22 053.20 Globalization 053.20.1 Customize language-dependent behavior for the database and individual sessions 26 053.20.2 Working with database and NLS character sets 26 PART I Oracle Database 11g Administration ■ Chapter 1 Architectural Overview of Oracle Database 11g ■ Chapter 2 Installing and Creating a Database ■ Chapter 3 Instance Management ■ Chapter 4 Oracle Networking ■ Chapter 5 Oracle Storage ■ Chapter 6 Oracle Security This page intentionally left blank CHAPTER 1 Architectural Overview of Oracle Database 11g Exam Objectives In this chapter you will learn to • 052.1.1 Explain the Memory Structures • 052.1.2 Describe the Process Structures • 052.1.3 Identify the Storage Structures 3 OCA/OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide 4 This guide is logically structured to enable a thorough understanding of the Oracle server product and the fundamentals of SQL (Structure Query Language, pronounced sequel). The authors seek to relate your learning as much to the real world as possible to concretize some of the abstract concepts to follow, by introducing a hypothetical scenario that will be systematically expanded as you progress through the book. This approach involves nominating you as the DBA in charge of setting up an online store. You will appreciate the various roles a DBA is expected to fulfill as well as some of the technology areas with which a DBA is expected to be familiar. The nonexaminable discussion of the Oracle product stack is followed by considering several prerequisites for fully understanding the tasks involved in setting up an Oracle 11g database system. This discussion leads into the examinable objectives in this chapter, which are the Single-Instance Architecture and the Memory, Process, and Storage Structures. Oracle Product Stack No Oracle guide is complete without contextualizing the product under study. This section discusses the three core product families currently available from Oracle Corporation. End users of Oracle technology typically use a subset of the available products that have been clustered into either the server, development tools, or applications product families. Oracle Server Family The three primary groupings of products within the server technology family consist of the database, application server, and enterprise manager suites. These form the basic components for Oracle’s vision of grid computing. The concept underlying the Grid is virtualization. End users request a service (typically from a web-based application), but they neither know nor need to know the source of that service. Simplistically, the database server is accessible to store data, the application server hosts the infrastructure for the service being requested by the end user, and the enterprise manager product provides administrators with the management interface. The platforms or physical servers involved in supplying the service are transparent to the end user. Virtualization allows resources to be optimally used, by provisioning servers to the areas of greatest requirement in a manner transparent to the end user. Database Server The database server comprises Oracle instances and databases with many features like Streams, Partitioning, Warehousing, Replication, and Real Application Clusters (RAC), but ultimately it provides a reliable, mature, robust, high-performance enterprise- quality data store, built on an object-relational database system. Historically, one of the projects undertaken in the late 1970s to animate the relational theory proposed by Dr. E.F. Codd resulted in the creation of a relational database management system (RDBMS) that later became known as the Oracle Server. The Oracle Server product is well established in the worldwide database market, and the product is central to Chapter 1: Architectural Overview of Oracle Database 11g 5 PART I Oracle Corporation’s continued growth, providing the backbone for many of its other products and offerings. This book is dedicated to describing the essential features of the Oracle Server and the primary mechanisms used to interact with it. It covers the aspects that are measured in the certification exams, but by no means explores the plethora of features available in the product. An Oracle database is a set of files on disk. It exists until these files are deleted. There are no practical limits to the size and number of these files, and therefore no practical limits to the size of a database. Access to the database is through the Oracle instance. The instance is a set of processes and memory structures: it exists on the CPU(s) and in the memory of the server node, and its existence is temporary. An instance can be started and stopped. Users of the database establish sessions against the instance, and the instance then manages all access to the database. It is absolutely impossible in the Oracle environment for any user to have direct contact with the database. An Oracle instance with an Oracle database makes up an Oracle server. The processing model implemented by the Oracle server is that of client-server processing, often referred to as two-tier. In the client-server model, the generation of the user interface and much of the application logic is separated from the management of the data. For an application developed using SQL (as all relational database applications will be), this means that the client tier generates the SQL commands, and the server tier executes them. This is the basic client-server split, usually with a local area network dividing the two tiers. The network communications protocol used between the user process and the server process is Oracle’s proprietary protocol, Oracle Net. The client tier consists of two components: the users and the user processes. The server tier has three components: the server processes that execute the SQL, the instance, and the database itself. Each user interacts with a user process. Each user process interacts with a server process, usually across a local area network. The server processes interact with the instance, and the instance with the database. Figure 1-1 shows this relationship diagrammatically. A session is a user process in communication with a server process. There will usually be one user process per user and one server process per user process. The user and server processes that make up sessions are launched on demand by users and terminated when no longer required; this is the log-on and log- off cycle. The instance processes and memory structures are launched by the database administrator and persist until the administrator deliberately terminates them; this is the database startup and shutdown cycle. Figure 1-1 The indirect connection between a user and a database . 27 Introduction xxxv OCA/OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide xxxvi Examination 1Z0-053, Oracle Database 11g: Administration II, Objectives ID Name Chapter 053 Oracle Database 11g: Administration. OCA/OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide xxxiv ID Name Chapter 052.3 Creating an Oracle Database 052.3.1 Create a database by using the Database Configuration. the database and individual sessions 26 053.20.2 Working with database and NLS character sets 26 PART I Oracle Database 11g Administration ■ Chapter 1 Architectural Overview of Oracle Database