1 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 1 182 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. ENGLISH TEST 23 Minutes — 38 Questions Directions: In the following three passages, certain words and phrases have been underlined and numbered. You will find alternatives for each underlined portion in the right-hand column. Select the one that best expresses the idea, that makes the statement acceptable in standard written English, or that is phrased most consistently with the style and tone of the entire passage. If you feel that the original version is best, select “NO CHANGE.” You will also find questions asking about a section of the passage or about the entire passage. For these questions, decide which choice gives the most appropriate response to the given question. For each question in the test, select the best choice and fill in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. You may wish to read each passage through before you begin to answer the questions associated with it. Most answers cannot be determined without reading several sentences around the phrases in question. Make sure to read far enough ahead each time you choose an alternative. Passage I Since primitive times, societies have had their own 1 legends fictitious stories handed down by tradition 1 and popularly accepted as historical. Even before the development of written language, cultures would pass down these popular stories orally. While such tall tales may appear merely whimsical in nature, they actually perform a useful function. Other things can be useful as 2 well. Perhaps even more important than their 2 entertainment value and worth is the cohesive role that 3 legends play. They provide the members of a society with a common grounding, a story in which we recognize amidst our differences the characteristic quirks that make us members of a particular culture. However, in a complex society composed of many cultural groups, legends may actually undermine their traditional — that is to say, unifying role. While a legend 4 may draw together members of one culture, it may also alienate that group from others. So what if substitute for 5 1. A. NO CHANGE B. societies, have had their own legends C. societies have had their own legends, D. societies have had their own, legends 2. F. NO CHANGE G. Other things have such functions. H. Although others are useful. J. OMIT the underlined portion. 3. A. NO CHANGE B. value is C. value are D. value, and worth, are 4. F. NO CHANGE G. traditional unifying role. H. traditional, that is to say, unifying, role. J. traditional, that is to say, role of unification. 5. A. NO CHANGE B. can substitute C. if substitution D. OMIT the underlined portion. 1 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 1 183 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. traditional legends in providing members of a culturally diverse society with a common core of identity? In our technological society a new story form that is different from other folk tales have emerged, it being the urban 6 legend. 6 Urban legends are those stories we are all familiar with that are claimed to have really happened, but are never 7 verifiable however. Supposedly such incidents actually 7 occurred, but the people involved can never be found. Researchers of the urban legend call the elusive participant in such supposed “real-life” events a FOAF — a Friend 8 Of A Friend. Urban legends have some characteristic features. They are often humorous in nature with a surprise ending and a 9 conclusion. Urban legends, frequently based on an 9 10 amazing coincidence of some sort, or on the premise that this is “a small world.” For example, the stranger on the bus to whom the teenager is bragging about his “hot date” turns out to be the girl’s father. One urban legend making the rounds tells of a couple vacationing in a foreign land. While they being dining at a 11 sidewalk cafe, a small dog comes begging. The people are so charmed by the animal that they decide to keep him. Back in the States, they take their pet to a vet to find out its breed. The doctor takes one look at the animal and 6. F. NO CHANGE G. have emerged: the urban legend. H. have emerged, the urban legend. J. has emerged: the urban legend. 7. A. NO CHANGE B. happened and also they are never verifiable. C. happened, although, but are never verifiable. D. happened, but are never verifiable. 8. F. NO CHANGE G. FOAF, therefore a H. FOAF; however, a J. FOAF that 9. A. NO CHANGE B. a surprising final ending and a conclusion. C. an ending and a conclusion that are surprising. D. a surprise ending. 10. F. NO CHANGE G. legends, based typically and frequently H. legends, are frequently based J. legends are frequently based 11. A. NO CHANGE B. had been C. was D. are 1 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 1 184 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. asks them if it has ever barked. “Why, no,” the husband replies. “No wonder,” the vet says, “your exotic dog is a rat.” 12 12. Which of the following phrases best states the relationship between the first sentence in the paragraph and the remainder of the paragraph? F. Question and instruction G. Argument and digression H. Statement and illustration J. Point and counterpoint Item 13 poses a question about Passage I as a whole. 13. In which of the following ways does the writer’s use of dialogue affect how the reader reacts to the narrative? A. It emphasizes the fact that the story of the vacationing couple is not a folk tale. B. It creates a sense of dramatic immediacy in the writer’s surprising conclusion. C. It demonstrates that the writer actually witnessed the incident as a bystander. D. It leaves the reader in a state of confusion since the previous paragraphs contain no dialogue. Passage II White water rafting has been a favorite pastime of mine for several years. I have drifted down many of the most challenging North American rivers, including the Snake, the Green, and the Salmon, and there are many 14 other rivers in America as well. I have spent some of my 14 best moments in dangerous rapids, yet nothing has matched the thrill I experienced facing my first rapids, on 15 the Deschutes River in Central Oregon. 15 My father and I spent the morning floating down a calm and peaceful stretch of the Deschutes in his 14. F. NO CHANGE G. Salmon — not to mention all the rivers I have not encountered. H. Salmon; many other rivers exist in North America. J. Salmon. 15. A. NO CHANGE B. rapids on Deschutes River, central Oregon. C. rapids; on the Deschutes River in central Oregon. D. rapids on the Deschutes River; in central Oregon. 1 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 1 185 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. MacKenzie river boat. Rapids are rated on a uniform scale 16 of relative difficulty. This trip it being the wooden boat's 16 17 first time down rapids, as well as mine. It was such a peaceful summer day that it was hard to believe dangerous rapids awaited us downstream. I could hear the water roar as we approached Whitehorse rapids. I felt much like a novice skier peering down her first steep slope: scared, but even more excited. It churned, covering me with a refreshing spray. My 18 father, towards the stern, controlled the oars. The carefree expression he usually wore on the river had been replaced and instead he adopted a look of intense concentration as 19 he maneuvered around boulders dotting our path. To release tension, we began to holler like kids on a roller coaster, echoing across the water as we lurched violently 20 about. Suddenly we came to a jarring halt and we stopped ; 21 the left side of the bow was wedged on a large rock. A whirlpool whirled around us; if we capsized we would be sucked into the undertow. Instinctively, I threw all of my ninety-eight pounds towards the right side of the tilting boat. Luckily, it was just enough force to dislodge us, and 22 we continued on down for about ten more minutes of spectacular rapids. Later that day we went through Buckskin Mary rapids and the Boxcar rapids. When we pulled up on the 16. F. NO CHANGE G. Rapids are rated according to a uniform scale of relative difficulty. H. (Rapids are rated according to a uniform scale of relative difficulty.) J. OMIT the underlined portion. 17. A. NO CHANGE B. it happened that it was C. was D. being 18. F. NO CHANGE G. Churning, it covered me H. Covering me, it churned J. The water churned, covering me 19. A. NO CHANGE B. with C. by another countenance altogether: D. instead with some other expression; 20. F. NO CHANGE G. coaster, as echoing H. coaster, our voices echoing J. coaster, while echoing 21. A. NO CHANGE B. which stopped us C. and stopped D. OMIT the underlined portion. 22. F. NO CHANGE G. it’s H. it is J. its 1 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 1 186 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. bank that evening we saw that the boat had received its first scar: a small hole on the upper bow from the boulder we had wrestled with. In the years to come, we went down many rapids and the boat receiving many bruises, but 23 Whitehorse rapids is the most memorable one of all. 24 23. A. NO CHANGE B. received many C. received much D. receives many 24. Which of the following concluding sentences would most effectively emphasize the final point made in this paragraph while retaining the style and tone of the narrative as a whole? F. The brutal calamities that it presented the unwary rafter were more than offset by its beguiling excitement. G. Perhaps it is true after all that one’s first close encounter with white water is likely to be one’s most intense. H. Or, if not the most memorable, then at least a very memorable one! J. Call me crazy or weird if you want, but white water rafting is the sport for me. 25. The writer has been assigned to write an essay that focuses on the techniques of white water rafting. Would this essay meet the requirements of that assignment? A. No, because the essay’s prime focus is on a particular experience, not on techniques. B. No, because the essay mostly deals with the relationship between father and daughter. C. Yes, because specific rafting techniques are the essay’s main focus. D. Yes, because it presents a dramatic story of a day’s white water rafting. 1 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 1 187 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. Passage III The following paragraphs may or may not be in the most logical order. Each paragraph is numbered in parentheses, and item 38 will ask you to choose the sequence of paragraph numbers that is in the most logical order. [1] Taws, alleys, flints, cat’s eyes: perhaps these words 26 will remind you of your childhood. They are the names of particular kinds of marbles. The names of marbles may derive from their appearance, as in “cloudies”; their use, as in “shooters”; or their original material. “Alleys,” for example, were once made of alabaster. Marbles, which are 27 round , may be made from many different materials. In the 27 eighteenth century, marbles were actually made from marble chips. Nowadays marbles may consist of glass, baked clay, steel, onyx, plastic, or agate, and are as colorful as their names. Perhaps the key word regarding marbles is “variety.” [2] The popularity of marbles, however, spans centuries 28 and oversteps cultural boundaries. The first marble games took place in antiquity. They were played with nuts, fruit pits, or pebbles. Even the great Augustus Caesar, along with his Roman playmates, was known to have played marble games as a child. In North America, engraved marbles has been recovered in earthen mounds left by 29 some Indian tribes. During Passover, Jewish children have 26. F. NO CHANGE G. eyes: will remind you by these words H. eyes, perhaps, these words J. eyes perhaps these words 27. A. NO CHANGE B. Marbles C. Marbles, round in shape, D. Marbles (but not dice) 28. F. NO CHANGE G. span centuries H. spanning centuries J. spans hundreds of years 29. A. NO CHANGE B. have been C. being D. was 1 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 1 188 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. customarily used filberts as marbles. Chinese children show a long history of marble games. [3] Marbles can be manipulated in a variety and 30 assortment of ways. Knuckling is a technique in which 30 the forefinger, or bottom of the hand, is balanced against the ground while a marble placed against a forefinger is shot outward with the thumb. Marbles can also be 31 thrown, rolling, dropped, and even kicked. 31 [4] So while marbles may be considered a children’s game, it actually has a complex history. (Backgammon 32 also has a complex history.) And if anyone happens to 32 accuse you of having marbles in your head, you might ask them what kind. [5] Their are also many varieties of marble games. 33 The most common American version is to win opponents’ marbles by knocking them out of a designated area with one’s own marbles. Another popular game is taw—also known as ringtaw or ringer, the object of which 34 is to shoot marbles arranged like a cross out of a large, 35 sizable, ring. Players, in a pot game such as moshie, 35 tries to knock one another’s marbles into a hole. In 36 nineholes or bridgeboard, players shoot their marbles through numbered arches on a board. 30. F. NO CHANGE G. an assortment, as well as variety, H. a variety J. a variety (assortment) 31. A. NO CHANGE B. are used for throwing, rolling, dropping, and are even kicked. C. can also be thrown, rolled, dropped, and even kicked. D. can also throw, roll, drop, and kick. 32. F. NO CHANGE G. (Another game with a complex history is backgammon.) H. (As for complex histories, there is also backgammon.) J. OMIT the underlined portion. 33. A. NO CHANGE B. They’re are C. There our D. There are 34. F. NO CHANGE G. taw, also known as ringtaw or ringer — H. taw — also known as ringtaw or ringer — J. taw: also known as ringtaw or ringer 35. A. NO CHANGE B. large ring. C. large, indeed, sizable, ring. D. large, sizable ring. 36. F. NO CHANGE G. trying H. try J. tried 1 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 1 END OF SECTION 1 STOP! DO NOT TURN THE PAGE UNTIL TOLD TO DO SO. 189 Items 37-38 pose questions about the passage as a whole. 37. Readers are likely to regard the passage as best described by which of the following terms? A. Genuinely concerned B. Openly incredulous C. Straightforwardly instructive D. Sentimentally nostalgic 38. Choose the sequence of paragraph numbers that will make the essay’s structure most logical. F. NO CHANGE G. 1, 3, 5, 2, 4 H. 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 J. 5, 2, 3, 4, 1 . 1 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 1 182 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. ENGLISH TEST 23 Minutes — 38 Questions Directions: In the following three passages, certain words and phrases. our D. There are 34. F. NO CHANGE G. taw, also known as ringtaw or ringer — H. taw — also known as ringtaw or ringer — J. taw: also known as ringtaw or ringer 35. A. NO CHANGE B. large ring. C passage or about the entire passage. For these questions, decide which choice gives the most appropriate response to the given question. For each question in the test, select the best choice and fill