Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary Appendix B Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Information asynchronous transfer mode ATM. ATM is a highly significant protocol due to its flexibility and wide- spread use for Internet connectivity. It is a high-speed, cell-based, connection-oriented, packet transmission protocol for handling data with varying burst and bit rates. ATM evolved from standardization efforts by the CCIIT (now the ITU- T) for broadband ISDN (B- ISON) in the mid-1980s. It was originally related to Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SOH) standards. ATM allows integration of local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN) environments under a single protocol, with reduced encapsulation. It does not require a specific physical transport, and thus can be integrated with current physical networks. It pro- vides virtual connection (VC) switching and multi- plexing for broadband ISDN, to enable the uniform transmission of voice, data, video and other multi- media communications. Two methods for carrying multiprotocol connection- less traffic over ATM are routed and bridged Proto- col Data Units (PDUs). Routed PDUs allow the mul- tiplexing of multiple protocols over a single ATM virtual circuit through LLC Encapsulation. Bridged PDUs carry out implicit higher-layer protocol multi- plexing through virtual circuits (VCs). ATM employs fixed-length cells consisting of an in- formation field and a header. The information field is transparent through the transmission. The U.S. and Japan proposed the use of 64-byte cells, and Europe proposed 32-byte cells. As a consequence of the dis- crepancy, 48-byte cells are favored by many as a com- promise. Charts and simplified diagrams on the following pages show an ATM system through user input and reception of a variety of media, including voice, video, and data. The data are inserted and extracted by the ATM adaptation layer (AAL) into a logical package called apayload which makes up part of the ATM cell. The ATM layer, in turn, adds or removes a five-byte header to this payload, and the physical layer converts the information into the appropriate format for transmission, which may extend over large areas and pass through other networks switches and routers. The physical layer is comprised of two sub- layers, the physical medium (PM) sub layer and the transmission convergence (TC) sub layer. See dic- tionary entries for Ethernet, frame relay, mPPI, TCP lIP. ATM cell The ATM cell is the basic unit ofinforma- tion transmitted through an ATM network. An ATM cell has a fIXed length of 53 bytes, consisting ofa 48- byte payload (the information being transmitted) and a 5-byte header (addressing information). Interpre- tation of the signals from different types of media into a fixed length unit of data makes it possible to ac- commodate different types of transmissions over one type of network. There are anumber of important traffic flow control, congestion management, and error-related concepts related to ATM, including those listed in the ATM Cell Rate Concepts chart shown on page 1038. ATM adaptation layer AAL. In ATM, a set of lTV- T-recommended, service-dependent layer types interface the user to the ATM layer. The AAL is the top of three layers in the ATM protocol reference model. Higher layer services are translated through one or more ATM cells. AALO to AAL5 perform a variety of connection, synchronization, segmentation, and assembly functions for adapting different classes ofapplications to ATM. Within the AAL, informa- tion is mapped between the PDUs and ATM cells. Upon creation of a virtual connection (VC), a spe- cific AAL is associated with that connection. See the following diagrams for the relationships of the adaptation layers to the ATM format. ATM CeO Header and Payload Format 1< Header >I<Payload>1 + + + + + / + I vcr Label 1 control I header checksum I option. adaptation 1 payload I 3 bytes 1 1 byte I 1 byte I layer 4 bytes I 44 or 481 + + + + + / + ATM Cell at the User Network Interface (UNI) Item Abbreviation Bits Notes cell loss priority CLP generic flow control GFC 1052 4 Cell loss priority of '1' is subject to discard, without violating agreed upon quality of service (QoS). If CLP is '0,' resources are allocated. Point-to-point and point-to-multipoint. The field appears at the user network interface. © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Adaptation Layer AALO AALI AAL2 AAL3/4 AAL5 AAL6 Appendix B Description A layer implementation intended to provide a direct connection between the user and the ATM. It is limited in that it provides no service guarantee mechanisms. It is recent and rarely used, except in proprietary, standalone systems. Nevertheless, some standard commercial drivers supportAALO. A constant rate service level. It is useful for time-sensitive applications such as voice, video, and circuit emulation. Avariable rate service. It is rarely used. A variable rate service. It is the most comprehensive of the adaptation layers, and was originally specified as separate AAL3 and AAL4 for connectionless and connection com- munications. Avariable rate service similar to AAL3/4. It is sometimes called SEAL for Simple and EfficientAdaptation Layer. It is widely used, especially in TCP/IP implementations. This is a nonassured service, and retransmission must be accomplished by higher-level pro- tocols. It specifies a packet with a maximum size of64K minus 1octets. A recent addition, designed to accommodate demand for some of the recent multime- dia, high-bandwidth applications. • For further information related to ATM adaptation layers, see RFC 1483, RFC 1577, RFC 1626. ATMmodels Because of the great variety of needs in the networking community, many types and implementations of ATM networks have been developed. Information on some of the more common and emerging models is shown in the ATM Models chart. For further details on specific models, see dictionary entries under ATM Transition Model, Classical IP Model, Conventional Model, Integrated Model, Peer Model. ATM Cell Rate Concepts At its heart, ATM is concerned with moving and directing traffic; cells must be directed (and sometimes even discarded) such that signals, priority levels, and data are effectively transmitted and balanced with respect to the needs at hand. There is no single best way to 'tune' a network. The settings will vary, depending upon the system, the time of day, the quantity and priority levels of users, and many more subtle factors that are not necessarily known in advance. Thus, there have been a number of basic cell rate concepts defined for system installers and administrators to assess and 'tweak' their systems for optimum information flow without loss. Some of the more important concepts are summarized in the ATM Cell Rates chart. 1053 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary ATM Models and Test Systems of Interest Model over ATM Description Appendix B Classical IP A model for enabling compatible, interoperable implementations for transmitting IP datagrams and ATM address Resolution Protocol (ATMARP) requests and replies over ATM adaptation layer 5 (AAL5). LLC/SNAP encapsulation of IP packets. IP address resolution to ATM addresses via an ATMARP service within the LIS. One IP subnet is used for many hosts and routers. Each virtual connection (VC) directly connects two IP members within the same LIST. TCPIIP applications. See RFC 1577. IP Broadcast An IP multicast service in development by the IP over ATM Working Group for supporting Internet Protocol (IP) broadcast transmissions as a special case ofmulticast. See RFC 2022, RFC 2226. IP Multicast Internet Protocol (IP) multicasting over Multicast Logical IP Subnetwork (MLIS) using ATM multicast routers. A model developed to work over the Mbone, an emerging multicasting internetwork. It is designed for compatibility with multicast routing protocols such as RFC 1112 and RFC 1075. LANE Local Area Network (LAN) Emulation. Protocol-independent applications aid in the transition from legacy internetworks to ATM. Native ATM API ATM -specific applications which take advantage of its quality of service (QoS) capabilities. ATM over DS3 An experimental testbed network called XUNET II running at 45 Mbps to connect FODI networks at eight sites across the continental U.S. from coast to coast. Internet Protocol routers at each site forward packets between connected local area networks (LAN s) and long-distance DS3 links. The production version transmits IP datagrams over a PVC mesh fabric, with a single virtual circuit (VC) between each pair of routers. Multicube An experimental approach to the implementation of IP Multicast over ATM proposed by Schulzrinne et ale Multicube is a project to develop, test, and validate an ATM-based multipoint infrastructure for supporting CSCW applications. The majority of the multicast applications of endusers involved in the project are Internet Protocol (IP) based. ATM Cell Rate Concepts Cell Factor allowed cell rate current cell rate cutoff decrease factor cell interarrival variation generic cell rate algorithm initial cell rate minimum cell rate peak cell rate rate decrease factor sustainable cell rate unspecified bit rate variable bit rate 1054 Description ACR. A traffic management parameter dynamically managed by congestion control mechanisms. ACR varies between the minimum cell rate (MCR) and the peak cell rate (PCR). CCR. Aids in the calculation of ER and may not be changed by the network elements (NEs). CCR is set by the source to the available cell rate (ACR) when generating a forward RM-cell. CDF. Controls the decrease in the allowed cell rate (ACR) associated with the cell rate margin (CRM). CIV. Changes in arrival times of cells nearing the receiver. If the cells are carrying information that must be synchronized, as in constant bit rate (CBR) traffic, then latency and other delays that cause interarrival variation can interfere with the output. GCRA. A conformance enforcing algorithm that evaluates arriving cells. See leaky bucket. ICR. A traffic flow available bit rate (ABR) service parameter. The ICR is the rate at which the source should be sending the data. MeR. Available bit rate (ABR) service traffic descriptor. The MeR is the transmission rate in cells per second at which the source may always send. PCR. The PCR is the transmission rate in cells per second which may never be exceeded. It characterizes the constant bit rate (CBR). ROE An available bit rate (ABR) flow control service parameter that controls the decrease in the transmission rate of cells when it is needed. See cell rate. SCR. The upper measure of a computed average rate of cell transmission over time. UBR. An unguaranteed service type in which the network makes a best efforts attempt to meet bandwidth requirements. VBR. The type of irregular traffic generated by most non-voice media. Guaranteed sufficient bandwidth and QoS. © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Appendix C International Telegraph Union (ITU-T) Telecommunications Recommendations Over the decades since its inception, the ITU has been developing international guidelines to promote com- patibility and interoperability of communications systems, from the original telegraph to modem mobile com- munications systems. These guidelines are available as publications from the ITU- T for purchase over the Internet and many in the A Series are downloadable without charge from the Web. Since ITU-T specifications and recommendations are widely followed by vendors in the telecommunications industry, those wanting to maximize interoper- ability with other systems need to be aware of the information disseminated by the ITU- T. The list below describes the general overall categories and specific series topics are listed under individual entries in this dictionary, e.g., B Series Recommendations. Note that some series topics include only a few documents, while others, such as the GSeries Recommendations, include many hundreds of documents and thus some sections may be summarized, or described with examples. Note also that the author has taken time to categorize many of the documents, which can sometimes be difficult to locate in a numerical-only list, to aid the reader in finding the appropriate document and understanding the depth and breadth of the publications. lTV-T Recommendations Categories Description Series A Organization of the work of the lTD -T Series B Means of expression: definitions, symbols, classification Series C General telecommunications statistics Series D General tariff priniciples Series E Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation, and human factors Series F Telecommunication services other than telephone Series G Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks Series H Audiovisual and multimedia systems Series I Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) Series J Transmission of sound program and other multimedia signals Series K Protection against interference Series L Construction, installation, and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant Series M TMN and network maintenance: international transmission systems, telephone circuits, telegraphy, facsimile, and leased circuits Series N Maintenance: international sound program and television transmission circuits Series 0 Specifications of measuring equipment Series P Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks Series Q Switching and signaling Series R Telgraph transmission Series S Telegraph services terminal equipment Series T Terminals for telematic services Series U Telegraph switching Series V Data communication over the telephone network Series X Data networks and open system communication Series Y Global information infrastructure and Internet protocol aspects Series Z Programming languages 1055 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary World Wide Web Major Search Engines Appendix D Name URL (Web Address) Notes AltaVista http://www.altavista.coml Extensive searching, advanced search parameters, priority ranking. First introduced by Digital Equipment in 1995. Ask Jeeves http://www.ask.coml Enables input of query sentences or phrases and provides intelligent natural language parsing of the query to provide a targeted list of hits and suggestions for related topics. clnet Search http://www.search.coml Perhaps best known for its large repository of software updates, shareware, and public domain software, clnet also provides a Web search engine that displays a short list and enables users to look at further selections, if desired. DejaNews http://www.dejanews.com! A huge archive of the posts to various USENET newsgroups. A remarkable record of public conversations online, searchable by keywords or author. This has now been acquired by Google. DogPile http://www.dogpile.coml Looking for a short, targeted list of hits? Try this search engine. It also includes category searches and stores. Excite http://www.excite.com/ General search, weather, stocks. Google http://www.google.coml Fast, extensive, with a lovely simple, uncluttered interface. Also includes Google News and lists USENET group postings as Google Groups (acquired from DejaNews). i-Explorer http://www.i-explorer.com! Search in popular, general interest categories. InfoSeek http://guide.infoseek.com! Web pages, newsgroups, and individuals. InfoSpace http://www.infospace.com/ Personal and business listings, maps, etc. Inktomi http://inktomLberkeley.edu/ Fast distributed searchable database from the University of California at Berkeley. LinkS tar http://www.linkstar.coml Business directory search. Lycos http://www.lycos.coml General searching, maps, and personal names from Carnegie Mellon University. Magellan http://www.mckinley.com/ Sites reviewed and rated by the McKinley Group, Inc. Sleuth http://www.isleuth.com/ The Internet Sleuth searches over 3,000 Internet databases. Selections can be found through general categories. (This may now be defunct.) Starting Point http://www.stpt.coml Searches the Web and other Internet resources (selectable), includes advanced search capabilities. Switchboard http://www.switchboard.coml Personal and business listings of names, addresses, and email addresses. Webcrawler http://www.webcrawler.coml Quick, to-the-point listings. Yahoo http://www.yahoo.com! An extensive service that includes a search engine and hundreds of topics organized under categories of interest. For further information from the publisher: http://www.crcpress.coml For further information from the author: http://www.4-sightmedia.coml 1056 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Appendix E Internet Domain Name Extensions North America and Generic International .us United States U.S., not commonly used .um United States Outlying islands .gov U.S. government Local, state, and federal government agencies .mil U.S. military Military agencies, bases .arpa ARPANET Advanced Projects Research Agency .ca Canada .tnX United Mexican States .int international .com commercial General business, services, suppliers .biz business Retail business, malls, electronic storefronts . pro professional Doctors, lawyers, consultants, home care nurses, realtors, vets, carpenters .info information Noninstitutional educational, informational .net network Net related. .org organization Nonprofit, not-for-profit, charitable .edu education Schools, colleges, universities, other educational facilities .museum museums Public and private repositories in many disciplines . aero aeronautics Airlines, aeronautical suppliers, contractors Central and South America . gs So. Georgia, So . .is Iceland .ag Antigua, Barbuda Sandwich Islands .it Italian Republic .ar Argentine Republic .pm St. Pierre, Miquelon .je Jersey .aw Aruba .sr Suriname .Iv Latvia .bb Barbados .uy Uruguay .li Liechtenstein, .bz Belize .ve Venezuela Principality of .bm Bermuda United Kingdom, Europe .It Lithuania .bo Bolivia .Iu Luxembourg, Grand .br Brazil .gb Great Britain Duchy of .cl Chile .ie Ireland .mk Macedonia .co Colombia .im Isle of Man .mt Malta .cr Costa Rica .uk United Kingdom .md Moldova .cu Cuba .mc Monaco .dm Dominica .al Albania .nl Netherlands .do Dominican Republic .ad Andorra .no Norway .ec Ecuador .at Austria .pt Portuguese Republic .sw EI Salvador .by Belarus .ro Romania .fk Falkland Islands .sm San Marino (Italy) (Malvinas) .be Belgium .sk Slovakia .tf French Southern .ba Bosnia, Herzegovina .si Slovenia Territories .bg Bulgaria .es Spain .gd Grenada .hr Croatia .se Sweden .gp Guadeloupe .cy Cyprus .ch Switzerland .gt Guatemala .cz Czech Republic .ua Ukraine .gy Guyana .dk Denmark .va Vatican City State .gf Guyana (French) .ee Estonia .yu Yugoslavia .ht Haiti .fo Faroe Islands Middle East .hn Honduras .fi Finland .jm Jamaica .de Federal Republic of .bh Bahrain .mq Martinique Germany .ir Iran .ms Montserrat .fr France .iq Iraq .ni Nicaragua .fx France .il Israel .pa Panama .de Germany .jo Hashemite Kingdom .py Paraguay of Jordon .pe Peru .gi Gibraltar .kw Kuwait .pr Puerto Rico .gr Greece .lb Lebanon .Im St. Kitts, Nevas .gl Greenland (Denmark) .sa Saudi Arabia .Ie St. Lucia .gg Guernsey .tr Turkey .vc St. Vincent, Grenadines .hu Hungary .ae United Arab Emirates 1057 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary Appendix E Internet Domain Name Extensions, cont. Eastern Europe, Middle Asia .ci Ivory Coast .to Tonga .ke Kenya .vn Vietnam .af Afghanistan .Is Lesotho .al Albania .lr Liberia .am American Samoa .am Armenia .Iy Libya .au Australia .az Azerbaijan .mg Madagascar .bn Brunei .bg Bulgaria .mr Mauritania .ck Cook Islands .by Bielorussia .mw Malawi .fj Fiji .hr Croatia .ml Mali .gu Guam .ee Estonia .mu Mauritius .id Indonesia .kz Kazakhstan .yt Mayotte .my Malaysia .kg Kirgistan .ma Morocco .mh Marshall Islands .Iv Latvia .mz Mozambique .fm Micronesia .It Lithuania .na Namibia .nz New Zealand .md Moldavia .ne Niger .nf Norfolk Island .pl Poland .ng Nigeria .pw Palau .ro Romania .re Reunion .pg Papua (New Guinea) .ru Russian Federation .sn Senegal .ph Philippines .rw Rwanda .sc Seychelles .pn Pitcairn Islands .sk Slovakia .sl Sierra Leone .pf Polynesia (French) .si Slovenia .so Somalia .ws Samoa .tj Tadzhikistan .za South Africa .sb Solomon Islands .tm Turkmenistan .sh S1. Helena .lk Tokelau .ua Ukraine .sd Sudan .lv Tuvalu .uz Uzbekistan .sz Swaziland .wf Wallace, Futuna Islands Mediterranean, Caribbean .tz Tanzania Antarctica .tg Togo .pg .an Antilles (Netherlands) .tn Tunisia .aw Aruba .ug Uganda West Indies, Antilles .cy Cypress .eh Western Sahara .mt Malta .zr Zaire .ai Anguilla .Ic Saint Lucia .zm Zambia .ag Antigua and Barbuda Africa .zw Zimbabwe .bb Barbados Asia, South Pacific, .bm Bermuda .dz Algeria Antarctic .bs Bahamas .ao Angola .ky Cayman Islands .bj Benin .bd Bangladesh .cu Cuba .bw Botswana .io British Indian Ocean .dm Dominica .bv Bouvet Island Territories .do Dominican Republic .bf Burkina Faso .in India .gd Grenada .bi 'Burundi .bt Bhutan .cm Cameroon .kh Cambodia .gp Guadeloupe (French) .cw Cape Verde .hk Hong Kong .ht Haiti .cf Central African (Xianggang) .jm Jamaica Republic .jp Japan .mq Martinique (French) .td Chad .kp Korea (North) .pr Puerto Rico (U.S.) .Ian Comoros .kr Korea (South) .Ic Saint Lucia .cd Congo .la Laos tc. Turks, Caicos Islands .cg Congo Republic .rno Macau .ci Cote d'Ivoire .my Malaysia .tt Trinidad and Tobago .dj Djibouti .mn Mongolia .vg Virgin Islands (British) .eg Egypt, Arab Republic of .np Nepal .vi Virgin Islands (U.S.) .gq Equatorial Guinea .pk Pakistan .er Eritrea .cn People's Republic of Miscellaneous .et Ethiopia China .ga Gabon .sg Singapore .aq Antarctica .gm Gambia .kr South Korea .nt Neutral Zone .gh Ghana .Ik Sri Lanka .gn Guinea .tw Taiwan .gw Guinea Bissau .th Thailand I 1058 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Appendix F Request for Comments (RFC) Documents Request for Comments (RFC) documents are an essential resource for understanding the implementation, structure, fonnat, and evolution of the Internet. There are over 3,000 of these documents and, unfortunately, not sufficient space here to list abstracts or even the titles of all the RFCs. Nevertheless, the following quick lookup summarizes some of the most important general concepts and some of the RFCs with greater rel- evance to fiber optic technologies. The reader is encouraged to consult the many excellent RFC repositories on the Internet archived in various formats including ASCll, editable PostScript, Adobe PDF, and HTML. The RFCs themselves include refer- ences to related documents of interest. In addition to www.w3c.org, (for Web info) and www.rfc.net, some good Net archives of interest include http://www.armware.dkIRFC Searchable, nicely formatted, forward and backward references http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/ Searchable and shows authors, dates, and references in search results http://www.nexor.comJindex-rfc.htm Searchable from a selection of archives, includes Perl 5 expressions and Title/Author/Keyword searching http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/cs/Services/rfc/index.html Categorizations and lists and links to RFCs of particular interest General RFC 1358 RFC 1594 RFC 1709 RFC 1796 RFC 1920 RFC 1925 RFC 1935 RFC 1941 RFC 1958 RFC 1983 RFC 1999 RFC 2000 RFC 2014 RFC 2026 RFC 2028 RFC 2031 RFC 2125 RFC 2223 RFC 2360 RFC 2799 RFC 2900 RFC 3000 RFC 3160 RFC 3272 IP General Charter of the Internet Architecture Board (lAB), August 1992. Answers to Commonly Asked "New Internet User" Questions, March 1994 K-12 Internetworking Guidelines, November 1994. Not all RFCs are Standards, April 1995. INTERNET OFFICIAL PROTOCOL STANDARDS, March 1996. The Twelve Networking Truths, 1 April 1996. What is the Internet, Anyway?, April 1996. Frequently Asked Questions for Schools, May 1996. Architectural Principles of the Internet, June 1996. Internet User's Glossary, August 1996. Request for Comments Summary RFC Numbers 1900-1999, INTERNET OFFICIAL PROTOCOL STANDARDS, January 1997. IRTF Research Group Guidelines and Procedures, October 1996. The Internet Standards Process - Revision 3, October 1996. The Organizations Involved in the IETF Standards Process, October 1996. IETF-ISOC Relationship, October 1996. A Primer on Internet and TCP/IP Tools and Utilities, March 1997. Instructions to RFC Authors, October 1997. Guide for Internet Standards Writers, June 1998. Request for Comments Summary RFC Numbers 2700-2799, September 2000. Internet Official Protocol Standards, August 2001. Obsoletes 2800. INTERNET OFFICIAL PROTOCOL STANDARDS, November 2001. The Tao of IETF - A Novice's Guide to the Internet Engineering Task Force, August 2001. Overview and Principles of Internet Traffic Engineering, May 2002. RFC 1919 Classical versus Transparent IP Proxies RFC 1932 IP over ATM: A Framework Document RFC 1954 Transmission of Flow Labeled IPv4 on ATM Data Links Ipsilon Version 1.0 RFC 2002 IP Mobility Support RFC 2764 A Framework for IP-Based Virtual Private Networks RFC 3168 The Addition of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP 1059 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary IPv6 (IPNG) Appendix F RFC 1902 Structure of Management Information for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol RFC 1903 Textual Conventions for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol RFC 1904 Conformance Statements for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol RFC 1905 Protocol Operations for Version 2 ofthe Simple Network Management Protocol RFC 1906 Transport Mappings for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol RFC 1907 Management Information Base for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol RFC 1924 A Compact Representation of IPv6 Addresses RFC 1933 Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers RFC 1955 New Scheme for Internet Routing and Addressing (ENCAPS) for IPNG RFC 1970 Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6) RFC 1971 IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration RFC 1972 A Method for the Transmission ofIPv6 Packets over Ethernet Networks RFC 1981 Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6SNMPv2 ppp RFC 1172 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) initial configuration options RFC 1332 The PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP) RFC 1334 PPPAuthentication Protocols RFC 1661 The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) RFC 1841 PPP Network Control Protocol for LAN Extension RFC 1877 PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol Extensions for Name Server Addresses RFC 1915 Variance for The PPP Connection Control Protocol and The PPP Encryption Control Protocol RFC 1962 The PPP Compression Control Protocol (CCP) RFC 1963 PPP Serial Data Transport Protocol (SDTP) RFC 1967 PPP LZS-DCP Compression Protocol (LZS-DCP) RFC 1968 The PPP Encryption Control Protocol (ECP) RFC 1969 The PPP DES Encryption Protocol (DESE) RFC 1973 PPP in Frame Relay RFC 1975 PPP Magnalink Variable Resource Compression RFC 1976 PPP for Data Compression in Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE) RFC 1979 PPP Deflate Protocol RFC 1989 PPP Link Quality Monitoring RFC 1990 The PPP Multilink Protocol [Obsoletes RFC 1717] RFC 1993 PPP GandalfFZA Compression Protocol RFC 1994 PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) RFC 2363 PPP over FUNI RFC 2364 PPP over AAL5 RFC 2716 PPPEAPTLS Authentication Protocol RFC 2823 PPP over Simple Data Link (SDL) Using SONET/SDH with ATM-Like Framing RFC 2878 PPP Bridging Control Protocol (BCP) ATM RFC 1483 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 RFC 1680 IPng Support for ATM Services RFC 1755 ATM Signaling Support for IP over ATM RFC 1932 IP over ATM: A Framework Document RFC 1946 Native ATM Support for ST2+ RFC 2022 Support for Multicast over UNI 3.0/3. I-based ATM Networks RFC 2098 Toshiba's Router Architecture Extensions for ATM: Overview RFC 2225 Classical IP and ARP over ATM RFC 2226 IP Broadcast over ATM Networks RFC 2331 ATM Signaling Support for IP over ATM - UNI Signaling 4.0 Update 1060 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Appendix F ATM, cant. RFC 2364 PPP over AAL5 RFC 2379 RSVP over ATM Implementation Guidelines RFC 2380 RSVP over ATM Implementation Requirements RFC 2492 1Pv6 over ATM Networks RFC 2512 Accounting Infonnation for ATM Networks RFC 2514 Definitions of Textual Conventions and OBJECT-IDENTITIES for ATM Management RFC 2515 Definitions of Managed Objects for ATM Management RFC 2684 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 RFC 2761 Terminology for ATM Benchmarking RFC 2844 OSPF overATM and Proxy-PAR RFCs Related to Optical Networking RFC 1044 Internet Protocol on Network Systems HYPERchannel Protocol Specification, February 1988. RFC 1077 Critical Issues in High Bandwidth Networking, November 1988. RFC 1152 Workshop Report Internet Research Steering Group Workshop on Very-High-Speed Networks, April 1990. RFC 1259 Building the Open Road: The NREN as Test-Bed for the National Public Network, September 1991. RFC 1323 A set of TCP extensions that help extend TCP into speeds that are characteristic of fiber optic networks, May 1992. Obsoletes RFC 1072 and RFC 1185. RFC 1368 Definitions of Managed Objects for IEEE 802.3 Repeater Devices, October 1992. RFC 1374 IP and ARP on HIPPI, October 1992. RFC 1455 Physical Link Security Type of Service, May 1993. RFC 1595 Definitions of Managed Objects for the SONET/SDH Interface Type, March 1994. RFC 1619 PPP over SONET/SDH, May 1994. RFC 1686 IPng Requirements: A Cable Television Industry Viewpoint, August 1994. RFC 2067 IF over HIPPI, January 1997. RFC 2171 MAPOS - Multiple Access Protocol over SONET/SDH Version 1, June 1997. RFC 2558 Definitions of Managed Objects for the SONET/SDH Interface Type, March 1999. RFC 2615 PPP over SONET/SDH, June 1999. RFC 2625 IP and ARP over Fibre Channel, June 1999. RFC 2816 A Framework for Integrated Services Over Shared and Switched IEEE 802 LAN Technologies, May 2000. RFC 2823 PPP over Simple Data LInk (SDL) Using SONET/SDH with ATM-Like Framing, May 2000. RFC 2834 ARP and IF Broadcast over HIPPI-800, May 2000. RFC 2837 Definitions of Managed Objects for the Fabric Element in Fibre Channel Standard, May 2000. RFC 2892 The Cisco SRP MAC Layer Protocol, August 2000. RFC 3186 MAPOSIPPP Tunneling Mode, December 2001. RFC 3255 Extending Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) over Synchronous Optical NETwork/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SONET/SDH) with Virtual Concatenation, High Order and Low Order Payloads, April 2002. RFC 3347 Small Computer Systems Interface Protocol over the Internet (iSCSI) Requirements and Design Considerations, July 2002. Frame Relay RFC 1586 Guidelines for Running OSPF over Frame Relay Networks RFC 1973 PPP in Frame Relay RFC 2115 Management Information Base for Frame Relay DTEs Using SMIv2 RFC 2427 Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame Relay RFC 2590 Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Frame Relay Networks Specification RFC 2954 Definitions of Managed Objects for Frame Relay Service RFC 3034 Use of Label Switching on Frame Relay Networks Specification 1061 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC [...]... E G mega- M kilo- k hecto- h da deca- deci- c 1()21 18 10 1015 milll- m micro- m nano- n pi~(r femto- f atto- a zepto- z yocto- y Let Code A B A • A - ••• c -. _ D - •• 1 _-. I 10 •• - -_ _ •• 2 3 4 •• _- •• - •••• - 5 6 ••••• - •••• 7 8 - -e •• - _ o - _ _e_._._ ? •• - _ •• I - -_ _ _ - _ > M N © 2003 by CRC Press LLC o - -_ J K L 1,000 100 1066 _e_ •• _•• e u •• • H···· 1,0000,OOO 0.01... O.OOO()OOOOOOOI 0.OOOOOOOOOOOO001 0.OOOOOOOOO000000001 0.00000000OOOOOOOO00001 0.00OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO1 E N F·· · E G 1,OOO~OOO,OOO 9 o p • • 1 0-3 1 0-6 10""9 Q - _ .- R S - ••• l()?~a U d centi- 1()24 Let Code 10~ 1 0-1 5 ' 1 0-1 8 10"'21 10~ T v··· w _x - e_ y z _.' - _•• () e - _._ .- _ _ e _ Appendix I 1067 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC ... kelvin See also dictionary entries for illuminance, radiance, flux, candela, radian, and steradian International Morse Code MetricPrefixesIYaIues b Nume~1 Expression Prefix S yottazettel- exapetateragiga-./ Y Z P 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1,OO(),OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO 1,OOO,00(),OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO 1,000,000,000,000,000 T Expon l'~~8BO,OOO,OOO E G mega- M kilo- k hecto- h da deca- deci- c 1()21 18.. .Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary AppendixG National Associations National Association of Broadcasters NAB A well-known American broadcast industry association providing support and education to its members through literature, standards activities, programming,... Quebec city This is now known as ONI National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST This national standards organization is affiliated with the U.S Department of Commerce http://www.nist.gov/ 1063 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary Appendix G National Associations, cont National Internet Services Provider NISP or NSP An Internet Services Provider of national scope, usually... the regulatory and educational needs of its members, and supports and coordinates a number ofemployee benefit programs http://www.ntca.org/ 1065 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary Appendix H Dialing Letler-Nuniber Equivalents 1 2 ABC ABC 3 DEF 4 5 Gm IKE DEF OHI JKL lJsefullJnits Quantity Units Symbol capacitance caR(i9ity current force frequency magnetic flux length farad... National Association of State Telecommunications Directors, the Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials International (APCD), the National Association of State Emergency Medical Services Directors (NASEMSD), and others http://npstc.du.edu/ National Research and Education Network NREN A government-funded, gigabit-per-second, national research backbone proposed in the early 1990s after an initial... manages longer-range research projects such as the Extremely High Density Recording (EHDR) Project and the Network-Attached Storage Devices (NASD) Project See NASD Project http://www.nsic.org/ National Technical Information Service NTIS An agency of the U.S Department of Commerce, through the Technology Administration NTIS is the official source for various types and formats of U.S government-sponsored... Information and Communications Infrastructure - Africa NICl A framework for developing policy, guidelines, regulations, and laws for directing and shaping Africa's communications infrastructure In 2001, the number of Internet users in Africa was approaching 3 million, the majority being in the Sub-Saharan region, primarily South Africa National Institute of Optics NlO The Canadian national organization... files compiled by the U.S Geological Survey (USGS) The database includes elevation, planimetric, landcover, and landuse data at various scales National Emergency Number Association NENA A not-for-profit standard-setting organization that supports and promotes the development and availability of a universal emergency telephone number system (currently 911) NENA was founded in 1982 as a result of meetings . _ •• 1()24 1()21 10 18 10 15 10~ 1 0- 3 1 0- 6 10""9 l()?~a 1 0- 15 ' 1 0- 18 10"'21 10~ 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1 ,OO(),OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO 1,OOO,00(),OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO 1,000,000,000,000,000 l'~~8BO,OOO,OOO 1,OOO~OOO,OOO 1,0000,OOO 1,000 100 10 0.01 0.001 0.000001 0.OOOOOOOO1 O.OOO()OOOOOOOI 0.OOOOOOOOOOOO00 1 0.OOOOOOOOO000000001 0.00000000OOOOOOOO0000 1 0.00OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO1 deci- d centi- c milll- m micro- m nano- n pi~(r femto- f atto- a zepto- z yocto- y yotta- Y zettel- Z exa- E peta- P tera- T giga / G mega- M kilo- k hecto- h deca- da 1066 © 2003. ._ _. ? •• - _ •• () _. __ e_._._ I A • __ A ._e_ E •• _•• N __ e __ o _. u •• 1 ._ 2 •• _ 3 ••• - - 4 •••• - 5 ••••• 6 - •••• 7 - -e •• 8 - _ 9 e o A B - ••• c _. D - •• E • F·· · G . L ._ •• M N o p • __ • Q - _ R S ••• T U v··· w . _- x - .e_ y _.' z - _ •• 1()24 1()21 10 18 10 15 10~ 1 0- 3 1 0- 6 10""9 l()?~a 1 0- 15 ' 1 0- 18 10"'21 10~ 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1 ,OO(),OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO 1,OOO,00(),OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO 1,000,000,000,000,000 l'~~8BO,OOO,OOO 1,OOO~OOO,OOO 1,0000,OOO 1,000 100 10 0.01 0.001 0.000001 0.OOOOOOOO1 O.OOO()OOOOOOOI 0.OOOOOOOOOOOO00 1 0.OOOOOOOOO000000001 0.00000000OOOOOOOO0000 1 0.00OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO1 deci-