820 INDEX polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) (continued) origin, 320 outage, 320 outage probability, 320 penalty causes, 320 power penalty, 354-355 RZ modulation and, 322 second-order, 322 for typical fiber, 320 See also dispersion policing, 513-514 population inversion, 153 higher, 156 SOAs and, 162-163 for thermal equilibrium, 156 positive dispersion fibers, 95-98 postal, telephone, and telegraph (PTT) companies, 4 power amplifiers, 290, 291 power penalty, 284-287 allocation, 287 budgeting, 286 extinction ratio, 288 four-wave mixing (FWM), 330 impairments resulting in, 286 interchannel crosstalk, 301,303 intrachannel crosstalk, 300, 301 lumped amplifiers, 295 optimized threshold setting and, 285 power transfer function, 745 dielectric slab, 745-746 dielectric thin-film filter, 748, 749 of Fabry-Perot filter, 131,132 multiple dielectric slabs, 748 power transients, 296 PPS testbeds, 650-657 All-Optical Network (AON) consortium, 655 BT Labs, 654 Contention Resolution by Delay Lines (CORD) testbed, 656-657 focus, 650 FRONTIERNET switch, 652-654 KEOPS (Keys to Optical Packet Switching), 650-652 key features, 651 NTT optical ATM switches, 652-654 Princeton University, 654-655 See also photonic packet-switched (PPS) networks practical networks, 25 prechirping, 343 Princeton University testbed, 654-655 private line services, 7 private network-network interface (PNNI) signaling protocol, 581 private user-network interfaces, 382 probability density functions Gaussian distribution, 752-753 Maxwellian, 753 for photocurrent, 259 random variables, 751-752 probability mass function, 753-754 propagation by total internal reflection, 52 calculation methods, 130-131 delay, 647 error, 247 intensity dependence, 736 light, 50-64 in nonlinear medium, 81-83 pulse, 731-740 soliton, 336, 337 wave, 743-747 propagation constant, 59, 84, 110 at angular frequency, 84 normalized, 61 protection, 537, 538 1+ 1,544-546 1:1,546 bandwidth-efficient, 679 capacity, 584 client layer, 563 dedicated, 540 implementation, 537 in IP networks, 558-559 mechanisms in different layers, 582 mesh, 576-581 nonrevertive, 540 optical layer, 560-582 point-to-point links, 544-546 protect paths, 539 revertive, 540 service classes based on, 566-567 shared, 540, 584 in SONET/SDH, 542-558 subnetwork connection (SNCP), 544, 547 INDEX 821 working paths, 539 See also failures protection switching, 199, 537 automatic (APS), 541-542 bidirectional, 540, 541,542 unidirectional, 540, 541-542 protect paths, 539 public user-network interfaces, 382 pulse-broadening chromatic dispersion, 70, 71 SPM and, 84, 86 pulse compression effect, 72, 73 pulse propagation, 731-740 chirped Gaussian, 734-735 nonlinear effects on, 735-738 soliton, 738-739 pulses chirped Gaussian, 69-74, 104, 356, 734-735 chirp RZ, 100 envelope, 739 framing, 620 group velocity, 732, 733 narrow spectral width, 733 phase velocity, 732 soliton, 98, 100, 336 SPM effect on, 737 unchirped, 312, 313 pulse walk-off phenomenon, 327 pulse width half-width, 311 optimum, 312 root-mean square (rms) width, 311 quality-of-service (QoS), 8, 9 ATM, 386-387 guarantees, 387 IP, 392 quantum limit, 253 queuing delay, 647 Raman amplifiers, 159-161 crosstalk, 161 distributed, 160, 295 drawbacks, 160-161 EDFAs vs., 159 fiber, 66 illustrated, 160 noise sources, 160 pump sources for, 190-191 spontaneous emission noise, 161 See also optical amplifiers Raman gain coefficient, 327 random processes, 754-756 autocorrelation, 754 autocovariance, 754 first-order density function, 754 first-order probability distribution function, 754 Gaussian, 756 Poisson, 755-756 power spectral density, 755 second-order density function, 754 second-order distribution function, 754 uses, 7 variance of, 755 wide-sense stationary, 754 random variables, 751-752 ranging, 604 rate-preserving overhead, 518 Rayleigh scattering, 65, 67 coefficient, 67 loss due to, 67 ray theory. See geometrical optics approach receiver noise statistics, 757-762 receivers, 288-289 APD, 260, 261,277 coherent, 263-265 decision threshold, 285 direct detection, 253-254, 265,273 heterodyne, 264 homodyne, 264 ideal, 252-253 parameters, 288 receiver sensitivity, 260, 273, 288-289 of APD receiver, 261,277 coherent receiver, 265 as function of bit rate, 261 obtaining, 260 overload, 288,289 of pin diode, 261 plotting, 277 typical, 289 reciprocal devices, 112 recirculation buffering, 639-641 contention resolution and, 640 822 INDEX recirculation buffering (continued) low differential loss, 641 See also buffering reconfigurable OADMs, 417-419, 432 fully tunable with parallel architecture, 417, 418 fully tunable with serial architecture, 417, 418 illustrated, 418 partially tunable with parallel architecture, 417, 418 partially tunable with serial architecture, 417, 418 types of, 417 See also optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs) redundancy, 267 increasing, 271 Reed-Solomon codes, 271-272 Reed-Solomon codes, 270-272 coding gain, 270 large burst correction with, 271-272 principle of operation, 270-272 redundancy, 271 restriction, 270 reflection coefficient, 744, 745 reflection gratings, 120 blazed, 121,122, 227 illustrated, 119 refractive index, 50 intensity-dependent, 85, 333, 736 LEAF, 95 linear, 736 near beam center, 55 nonlinear, 92 profile, 75, 76 TE mode, 144, 145 TM mode, 144, 145 variation of, 75 regeneration optoelectronic, 218 with reshaping and retiming (3R), 217, 221-223 regenerators, 35, 151 regional Bell operation companies (RBOCs), 3-4 relative intensity noise (RIN), 182, 287 remote nodes (RNs), 593 illustrated, 594 processes, 593 repetition code, 269-270 resonant wavelengths, 131 resource reservation protocol (RSVP), 394, 581 restoration, 537 time requirements, 538-539 time scale, 537 return-to-zero (RZ) modulation, 240-242 bit rate and, 312 chirped, 343 chromatic dispersion limits, 311-314 peak transmit power, 241 PMD and, 322 uses, 242 variations, 240 See also signal formats reuse factor, 467 determining, 467 for different RWA algorithms, 474 improvement, 468 number of nodes vs., 469, 470 number of wavelengths vs., 468 reverse-biased pn-junction, 195, 196 revertive protection, 540 ring networks, 431,432 fixed-wavelength conversion, 479 full wavelength conversion, 479 with N nodes, 482 optical-layer equipment, 441 wavelength assignment in, 478 wavelength conversion capabilities in, 478-479 WDM, analysis, 473 rings, 378-380 ADMs, 378-379 bidirectional, 547 bidirectional line-switched (BLSRs), 380, 454, 544, 550-555 interconnection, 555-558,671 interoffice, 379 metro case study, 700-703 multifiber, 480-481 multiple overlaid, 380 online RWA in, 481-482 self-healing, 547-549 shared protection, 584 SONET/SDH, 454, 547 speeds, 379 stacked, 669 INDEX 823 static, 671 unidirectional path-switched (UPSRs), 380, 549-550 RITENET WRPON architecture, 606-607, 612 rms spectral width, 313 root-mean square (rms)width, 311 rounding algorithm, 453 route computation, 521-522 router ports number of, 439, 441,443 in PWDM design, 447 reduction in, 447 touters, 390-391 buffering, 618 forwarding, 618 functions, 617-619 label-switched (LSR), 392-394, 524 multiplexing, 618 routing, 618 switching, 618 synchronization, 618-619 topology seen by, 439 routing, 618 deflection, 637, 645-649 illustrated, 391 IP, 390-392, 393 nodes, 616, 617 shortest-path, 477 tables, 390 routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem, 440, 454-460 algorithms, 473-474 combinations, 455 example, 456-457 multifiber rings and, 480-481 offline, 462, 475-481 online, 462-463,475,481-482 on rings with no conversion, 476-477 solution, 462 solving, 442, 448 routing protocols, 390 interdomain routing protocol, 392 intradomain routing protocol, 391 Rowland circle, 142, 228 safety, 526-530, 531 Class I standard, 527, 530 Class IIIa standard, 527 Class IIIb standard, 527 maximum power, 527 open fiber control (OFC) protocol, 528-530 shuttered optical connectors, 527 sampled grating (SG) DBR lasers, 183, 184-185 illustrated, 185 reflection peaks, 184 S-band, 66 scattering matrix, 111,226-227 scattering nonlinearity effect of, 324 threshold power of, 324-325 scrambling, 241 advantage of, 241 SONET standard, 274 SDH networks, 12, 278, 364 basic signal rate, 367 channel layer, 543 extra traffic support, 546 high-reliability services, 366 management information, 366 multiplexing, 367-370 multiplex section layer, 370, 543 path layer, 370 physical interfaces, 376-377 pointers, 367-368 protection schemes, 544 standard optical interface, 366 standards, 721-722 transmission rates, 368 See also SONET/SDH second-order PMD, 322 section overhead bytes, 374 illustrated, 373 See also SONET frame structure security management, 496-497 horizontal partitioning, 496 unauthorized entity protection, 497 vertical partitioning, 496 self-healing rings, 547-549 architectures, 547 comparison, 548 service restoration, 547 See also SONET/SDH self-phase modulation (SPM), 76, 83-88,323, 333-335 effect on pulses, 737 enhanced, monotone, pulse broadening, 86 induced chirp, 84, 86, 333 824 INDEX self-phase modulation (SPM) (continued) induced chirp for Gaussian pulses, 87-89 induced phase change, 88 penalty, 334, 355 positive chirping and, 86 problem, 333 system limits calculation, 334 See also nonlinear effects self-similar traffic, 616 semiconductor lasers, 166, 526 semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), 161-165, 625 antireflective coatings, 164 bandwidth, 163 block diagram, 162 conduction band, 161 crosstalk, 164, 165 EDFAs vs., 161 energy bands, 161,162 facets, 164 gain dependencies, 219 noise figures, 164 nonlinear effect in, 219 population inversion and, 162-163 switches, 214-215 valence band, 161 See also optical amplifiers serial OADM architecture, 413,414-416 deployment complexity, 414 fully tunable OADM with, 417, 418 illustrated, 413 linear network with, 431-432 loss, 414-415 partially tunable OADM with, 417, 418 SC-OADMs, 414, 415 traffic change impact, 415 See also optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs) server layer, 582-583 service access points (SAPs), 17 service-level agreements, 537 services asymmetric, 592 bandwidth-on-demand, 655 best-effort, 8 changing landscape, 9-10 circuit-switched, 7 connectionless, 6, 8 datagram, 8, 19 full, 592 guaranteed bandwidth, 655 private line, 7 symmetric, 592 transparency, 24-26 set of lightpaths, 475 line network with, 476 maximum load of, 475 See also lightpaths set operation, 500 Shannon's theorem, 249 shared bandwidth, 594, 595 shared protection, 540 short-haul interoffice connections, 377 short-period fiber gratings, 126-127 shot noise, 759 APD receivers, 285 current, 253,254, 759 power spectral density, 759 variances, 254, 257, 260 See also noise shufflenets, 646, 647 signal-dependent noise, 288 signal formats, 240-242 DC balance and, 241 non-return-to-zero (NRZ), 240-242 return-to-zero (RZ), 240-242 See also on-off keying (OOK) modulation signaling interface, 503 signal-spontaneous beat noise, 256, 257 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 257 optical (OSNR), 262-263 performance, 288 Silver service class, 567 simple network management protocol (SNMP), 390, 501 single-channel OADM (SC-OADM), 414, 415 single-longitudinal mode (SLM) laser, 37, 168, 169 DFB, 310 output spectrum, 169 side-mode suppression ratio, 168 spectral pulse width for, 356 single-mode fiber, 35-37, 54, 59 chromatic dispersion, 36, 331 core diameter, 35 dispersion-shifted, 36 fundamental mode, 59 INDEX 825 positive chromatic dispersion, 97 See also optical fiber single sideband (SSB) signals, 248 slab waveguides, 64 sliding-frequency guiding filters, 338 Snell's law, 51, 52 solitons, 98-101,738 dispersion-managed, 100-101,240, 338-341 frequency alteration, 337 fundamental, 98, 99, 739 higher-order, 100 order of, 738, 739 propagation, 336, 337 pulse propagation, 738-739 pulses, 98, 100, 336 shape, 337 significance of, 100 system advantages, 100 system design, 336-338 soliton trapping, 629 soliton-trapping AND gate, 623,629-630 block diagram, 630 operation illustration, 630 SONET, 12, 278, 364 BLSR, 564-566 clocks, 368 deployment, 39 digital crossconnect (DCS), 380-381 element illustration, 379 extra traffic support, 546 frame duration, 371 frames, 367 high-reliability services, 366 interfaces, 375 IP over, 19-20 layer, 22, 23 line layer, 370, 543 LTEs, 560, 561 management information, 366 multiplexing, 365, 367-370 network elements, 22 network reliability, 22 path layer, 370, 543 physical layer, 370 pointers, 367-368, 369 protection schemes, 544 rings, 454 scrambling, 274 signal rate, 367 standard optical interface, 366 standards, 723-724 STS-Nc signal, 368, 371-372 STS-N frame, 371 sublayers, 370 synchronous payload envelope (SPE), 367, 368 synchronous signal level-1 (STS-1), 367, 371 transmission rates, 368 transmitters, 367 transport, 367 virtual tributaries (VTs), 368, 369 See also SONET frame structure; SONET/SDH SONET frame structure, 371-375 illustrated, 372 line overhead, 374-375 overhead bytes, 371,373 path overhead, 375 section overhead, 374 SONET/SDH, 363, 364-381 ADMs, 378 architecture deficiencies, 671-673 benefits, 364-366 carrier backbone network based on, 670 core network, 669-673 framing, 675 infrastructure elements, 378-381 interoperability, 366 layers, 371,399-400 management, 366 multiplexing scheme, 367-370 multiplexing simplification, 364-366 multiplexing structure, 669 network availability, 366 physical layer, 375-378 protection in, 542-558 rings, 378-380, 547 as transmission layer, 673 transmission rates, 365, 368 as underlying transport mechanism, 363 See also client layers source frequency chirp factor, 70 space division multiplexing (SDM), 681 using, 682-683 Spanke architecture, 205-206 illustrated, 206 nonblocking, 205 826 INDEX Spanke-Bene~ architecture, 207 spatial dilation, 305 drawbacks, 305 illustrated, 306 spatial reuse, 551,555 spatial walk-off polarizer (SWP), 114 spectral efficiency, 30, 245-250 capacity limits, 249-250 improvement, 245 multilevel modulation, 249 optical duobinary modulation, 246-248 optical single sideband (SSB) modulation, 248-249 spectral slicing, 610 spectrum, 29 spontaneous emission, 152, 153 amplified (ASE), 153 deleterious effect, 153 factor, 256 lifetime, 153 in Raman amplifiers, 161 rate of, 153 spontaneous-spontaneous beat noise, 256 reducing, 257 variances, 257 squelching, 554 stacked rings, 669 standards, 721-725 ANSI, 724-725 ESCON and Fibre Channel, 724-725 fiber, 721 full service access network, 604 ITU-T, 721-723 management, 722-723 optical networking, 722, 724 physical and environmental, 723 SDH, 721-722 SONET, 723-724 Telcordia, 723-724 star couplers, 108-109 Stark effect, 190 Stark splitting, 154-155 state of polarization (SOP), 62 crosstalk penalty and, 300 horizontal, 113 variation with time, 320 vertical, 113 static wavelength crossconnects (WXCs), 115-116 AWG as, 140 crossconnect pattern, 141 illustrated, 116 statistical dimensioning models, 464-474 analysis problem, 465 blocking model, 465,467-474 design problem, 465 first-passage model, 464-465,466 types of, 464-465 statistical multiplexing, 7-8 step-index fiber, 53, 103 length, 350 limit, 54 Stimax grating, 120 stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), 76, 79-80, 323,325-326 gain, 79 gain bandwidth, 325, 326 penalty reduction, 325, 326 pump wave, 77 threshold power, 326 threshold power computation, 355 See also nonlinear effects stimulated emission, 152-153 population inversion, 152-153, 156 principle, 152 stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), 76, 80-81, 159, 323,326-329 for amplification, 80-81 as broadband effect, 80 channel coupling, 326 coupled wave equations, 327 effects, alleviating, 329 effects, calculating, 327 gain bandwidth, 327 gain coefficient, 81,327 illustrated, 81 maximum transmit power limitation, 328 penalty, 326-327 power transfer, 80 pump wave, 77 See also nonlinear effects Stokes wave, 76-77 storage-area networks, 363,395-397, 699-700 architecture illustration, 395 bit rates, 395 ESCON, 396-397 Fibre Channel, 397 HIPPI, 397 INDEX 827 switches, 395 technologies, 396 types of, 396 subcarrier modulated fiber coax bus (SMFCB), 598 subcarrier modulation, 242-245 illustrated, 243 signal clipping, 244 use motivation, 242 See also modulation subcarrier multiplexing (SCM), 243-245, 272 applications of, 245 signal distortion sources, 243-245 subnetwork connection protection (SNCP), 544, 547 subrate multiplexing, 525-526 super-structure grating (SSG) DBR lasers, 183 surface micromachining, 211-212 survivability, 537-587 addressing, 539 concepts, 539-542 summary, 583-584 See also protection susceptibility, 57 as function of angular frequency, 58 higher-order nonlinear, 741 linear, 741 third-order nonlinear, 83 switch core, 421 electrical, 421-422, 423 illustrated, 422 optical, 422, 423 ports, 422-423 See also optical crossconnects (OXCs) switched digital video (SDV), 600 switches, 199-216 applications, 199, 200 Bene~, 206-207 blocking, 202 bubble-based waveguide, 212, 213 bulk mechanical, 207-209 Clos, 204-205 crossbar, 203-204 crosstalk, 201 electronic, 215-216 electro-optic, 213-214 extinction ratio, 200 insertion loss, 200-201 large, 201-207, 215-216 latching, 201 liquid crystal, 212-213, 214 micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS), 209-212 nonblocking, 202-203 optical, 199-215 output buffered, 638 in packet-switched networks, 200 parameters, 200-201 reliability, 201 SOA, 214-215 Spanke, 205-206 Spanke-Bene~, 207 technologies, 207-215 technology comparison, 208 thermo-optic, 214 switching, 618, 649-650 symbols, this book, 717-719 symmetric services, 592 Synchrolan, 654 synchronization, 618-619, 631-634 achieving, 631 optical phase lock loop, 633-634 tunable optical delay line, 632-633 synchronous digital hierarchy. See SDH networks synchronous payload envelope (SPE), 367, 368 synchronous signal level-1 (STS-1), 367 bandwidth requirements, 585 frames, 371 system model, 283-284 Telcordia standards, 723-724 optical networking, 724 physical and environmental, 723 SONET, 723-724 See also standards telecommunications management network (TMN), 501 telecommunications network architecture, 3-5 telephone network, 595 TE modes, 64, 144 effective indices, 64 refractive indices, 144, 145 temperature tuning, 179 terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer (TOAD), 627-628 advantages, 628-629 illustrated, 628 operation principle, 628 828 INDEX TeraLight fiber, 93 terminal multiplexers (TMs), 378 text access, 421 thermalization, 155 thermal noise current, 253 detection limited by, 301 variances, 254, 257, 261 See also noise thermo-optic switches, 214 thin film, 747 thin-film resonant cavity filter (TFF), 133 thin-film resonant multicavity filter (TFMF), 133, 135 third-order nonlinear susceptibility, 83 threshold power, 324 approximation, 325 calculation of, 325, 355 reduction, 325 SBS, 326 of scattering nonlinearity, 324-325 throughput, 450, 647-648 increasing, 648 relative, 648 time division multiplexing (TDM), 12, 41,603 electronic, 616, 683 illustrated, 13 optical (OTDM), 12-13, 619-631 requirement, 683 transmission impairments, 683 upgrade path, 700 use question, 682 using, 683-684 WDM combination, 14 timing jitter, 337 timing recovery, 251,265-266 block diagram, 266 clock extraction step, 265 timing signal, 266 TM modes, 64, 144 effective indices, 64 refractive indices, 144, 145 topologies 2-connected, 441 all-optical, 442, 445-446 five-node fiber, 488 hub, 442, 444-445 lightpath, 405-406, 440, 442-443 management, 521 physical, 440 PWDM ring, 442, 443 ring, 378-380, 539-540 support, 403-404 total internal reflection, 51, 52 TPONs, 603-604 architecture, 604 broadcast, 608 broadcast and select, 603 cost effectiveness, 604 failures in, 604 FSAN-based, 604 traffic pattern, 647 Transaction Language-1 (TL-1), 501 transimpedance front-end amplifier, 197, 198, 199 transmission basics, 28-32 bidirectional systems, 303-305 capacity, increasing, 681 coefficient, 745 history, 32 layer design, 681-705 low-loss, 49 system evolution, 34 WDM systems, 31 transmission control protocol (TCP), 8, 19, 390 transmission gratings, 120 illustrated, 119 principle of operation, 122 transmit power design and, 342-343 DM soliton system and, 339 FWM and, 332 nonlinearities and, 344 peak limit, 288 SRS and, 328 upper limit per channel, 342 transmitters, 165-192, 283,287-288 direct and external modulation, 186-190 extinction ratio, 287-288 lasers, 166-176 light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 176-178 output power, 287 SONET, 367 tunable lasers, 178-186 transparency, 24-26 advantages, 24 bit rate, 420 INDEX 829 design considerations, 348 full, 24 impact of, 508 level of, 530 types of, 26 WDM system, 348,405 transponders, 216, 406-407 cost of, 441 function of, 406 overhead, 407 wavelengths generated by, 407 transport layer, 19 transversal filter, 267 transverse component, 61 TrueWave fiber, 94 trunking efficiency, 468 tunable lasers, 178-186 applications, 178 DBR, 181-183 external cavity, 179-180 GCSR, 183, 185, 186 laser arrays, 185-186 SG DBR, 183, 184-185 SSG DBR, 183, 184-185 tuning mechanisms, 179 VCSELs, 180-181 VGF, 183-184 See also lasers tunable optical delay line, 632-633 illustrated, 632 pulse streams, 632 See also synchronization tunable wavelength converters (TWCs), 643,644 tuning Fabry-Perot filter, 133 mechanical, 179 temperature, 179 twisted pair networks, 596 ultra-long-haul (ULH)networks, 690 capabilities and costs, 691,694 cost breakdown, 695 equipment and crossconnects, 691,695 interoffice connections, 377 optical add/drop capability, 694 transponders/amplifiers relative cost, 693,696 undersea networks, 698 See also long-haul networks undersea networks, 5 cost, 697 deployment, 698 illustrated, 698 long-haul, 697-698 reliability level, 697 terrestrial links vs., 698 unidirectional path-switched rings (UPSRs), 380, 454, 544, 549-550 drawback, 550 illustrated, 548 implementation, 550 popularity, 550 See also bidirectional line switched rings (BLSRs) unidirectional protection switching, 540, 541-542 APS protocol, 541-542 illustrated, 541 use of, 540-541 See also protection switching unidirectional WDM systems, 686-688 bidirectional comparison, 686-688 illustrated, 686 implementation using, 687 unspecified bit rate (UBR), 387 user datagram protocol (UDP), 390 user-to-network interface (UNI), 382, 385, 523 valence band, 161 variable optical attenuator (VOA), 213 Vernier effect, 231 vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), 173-174 advantages, 173 drawbacks, 173 tunable, 180-181 two-dimensional array, 174 See also lasers vertical grating-assisted couple filter (VGF) lasers, 183-184 illustrated, 184 problems, 183-184 vertical partitioning, 496 very-long-haul interoffice connections, 377 vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation, 249 virtual channel identifier (VCI), 383-384, 387 virtual channels, 383 virtual circuits, 9, 19 [...]... multiplexers (OADMs), 40 8-4 19, 42 9-4 30 optical crossconnects (OXCs), 41 9-4 28,430 optical line amplifiers, 408 optical line terminals (OLTs), 40 6-4 08,429 survivability, 405 topologies, 40 3-4 04 transparency, 348,405 as transparent systems, 684 unidirectional, 68 6-6 88 wavelength conversion, 405 wavelength reuse, 405 wavelength standardization, 346 See also wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) wide-area networks... optical networks (PONs) wavelength(s) bidirectional, 304 Bragg, 124 C-band, 159 for contention resolution, 64 1-6 45 crossconnects, AOTF as, 14 6-1 47 cutoff, 60, 19 2-1 93 dependence, 336 L-band, 159 measurement, 29 misalignment, 307 number of, 34 4-3 45 range, 216 INDEX resonant, 131 reuse factor, 467 spacing, 29 stabilization, 33 5-3 36 standards, 3 0-3 2 transponder-generated, 407 zero-dispersion, 69 wavelength-selective... network, 47 8-4 79 wavelength converters, 165, 21 6-2 24 approaches, 217 classifications, 216 interferometric techniques, 22 0-2 23 optical gating, 21 8-2 20 optoelectronic approach, 21 7-2 18 performance of, 217 transparency of, 217 wave mixing, 22 3-2 24 in WDM networks, 216 wavelength dilation, 30 5-3 06 wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), 1 3-1 4, 41 EDFA and, 3 7-3 8, 157 flexibility, 684 high-capacity systems,... transponder-generated, 407 zero-dispersion, 69 wavelength-selective mirrors, 171, 172 wave mixing, 22 3-2 24 advantage, 223 illustrated, 224 wave number, 59 wave theory approach, 5 5-6 4 fiber modes, 5 9-6 1 light propagation in dielectric waveguides, 6 3-6 4 polarization, 6 1-6 3 WDM passive optical networks (WPONs), 595,605 WDM systems, 353 bidirectional, 68 6-6 88 capacity, expanding, 68 4-6 85 circuit switching, 405 client support,... considerations, 42 7-4 28 illustrated, 428 wavelength reuse, 405 factors governing, 46 9-4 73 See also reuse factor wavelength-routed PONs, 609 wavelength-routing networks, 15,403 dimensioning, 46 2-4 64 full conversion capability and, 464 illustrated, 16 wavelength-routing PONs (WRPONs), 60 5-6 08 illustrated, 606 LARNET architecture, 60 7-6 08 RITENET architecture, 60 6-6 07, 612 types of, 605 See also passive optical. .. illustrated, 13 induced chirp, 77 link components, 284 mux/demux, 304 optical amplifiers and, 3 7-3 9 signals, 28, 29 TDM combination, 14 terminals, 569 transmission systems, 31 for upgrading four-node access ring, 701 use question, 682 using, 68 4-6 86 virtual fibers, 14 See also WDM systems wavelength locker, 33 5-3 36 wavelength plane OXCs, 42 7-4 28,433 add/drop terminations in, 429 as cheap alternative,... virtual fibers, 14 virtual path identifiers (VPIs), 38 4-3 85, 387 virtual private networks (VPNs), 394 virtual topology See lightpath topology virtual tributaries (VTs), 368 voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), 266 wave equations, 72 7-7 29 waveguide dispersion, 60, 68, 69 waveguide modes, 64 TE, 64, 144, 145 TM, 64, 144, 145 waveguides, 33 arrayed, 141 dielectric, 6 3-6 4 light propagation in, 64 slab,... 265 cost parameters, 444 cost trade-offs, 44 1-4 48 CPM effect in, 90, 335, 338 deployment for long haul networks, 688 deployment for metro networks, 699 831 design, 43 7-4 88 dispersion-shifted fiber and, 684 elements, 40 3-4 33 four-wave mixing (FWM) in, 332 interfaces, 526 interoperability between, 506 lightpath topology, 40 5-4 06 long-haul, 376 nodes, 35 3-3 54 number of wavelengths, 686 optical add/drop... slab, 64 wavelength assignment (WA), 45 4-4 60 algorithm, 469, 474 alternate routes and, 47 3-4 74 complexity, 48 5-4 86 constraints, 455 fixed-wavelength conversion and, 459 full wavelength conversion and, 459 limited wavelength conversion and, 459 offline, 480 problem, 455 in ring network, 478 scenarios, 486 wavelength conversion, 405, 421 absence of, 483,487 fixed, 457, 459 full, 457, 459 limited, 45 7-4 58,459... wavelength conversion, 405 wavelength reuse, 405 wavelength standardization, 346 See also wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) wide-area networks (WANs), 4, 381 wideband DCS, 380 working paths, 539 zero-dispersion wavelength, 69 This Page Intentionally Left Blank . signal formats, 24 0-2 42 DC balance and, 241 non-return-to-zero (NRZ), 24 0-2 42 return-to-zero (RZ), 24 0-2 42 See also on-off keying (OOK) modulation signaling interface, 503 signal-spontaneous. interface (UNI), 382, 385, 523 valence band, 161 variable optical attenuator (VOA), 213 Vernier effect, 231 vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), 17 3-1 74 advantages, 173 drawbacks,. 60 3-6 04 architecture, 604 broadcast, 608 broadcast and select, 603 cost effectiveness, 604 failures in, 604 FSAN-based, 604 traffic pattern, 647 Transaction Language-1 (TL-1), 501 transimpedance