peano logic, history of; mathematics, history of the phil- osophy of pears peirce abduction; aesthetics, history of; American phil- osophy; architectonic; fallibilism; Harvard philosophy; pragmaticism; pragmatism; pragmatic theory of truth; sign and symbol pelagius penelope’s wooers philosophy; scientism people citizenship; democracy; homeland, right to; Lévi- Bruhl; national character; nationalism; racism; self- determination perception apperception; body; Broad; illusion, argu- ments from; Bacon, R.; blindsight; colours; content, non-conceptual; duck-rabbit; eidetic imagery; episte- mology, history of; epistemology, problems of; experi- ence; Gestalt theory; Gregory of Rimini; Honderich; Hume; idealism, philosophical; ideas; illusion, argu- ments from; image; given; idealism, philosophical; jaundice; Merleau-Ponty; Molyneux problem; naïve realism; perception; percepts; Plato; primary and secondary qualities; realism and anti-realism; Reid; rep- resentative theory of perception; sensation; sense-data; unlikely philosophical propositions; veil of perception perception, representative theory of see representa- tive theory of perception perception, veil of see veil of perception percepts illusion, arguments from; perception; sense-data perfectionism Lamarck; liberalism; political philosophy, history of performative utterances see linguistic acts performing arts, philosophy of the aesthetics, history and problems of peripatetics Aristotle; Aristotelianism perlocutions see linguistic acts perry Harvard philosophy; New Realism persecution of philosophers Bakhtin; Berdyaev; Boethius; Bruno; Crescas; deaths of philosophers; Galileo; German philosophy; Nicholas of Autrecourt; Ockham; Pico della Mirandola; Pomponazzi; Rousseau; Russell; Russian philosophy; Slovene philosophy; Socrates; Seneca; Soviet philosophy; Spinoza; Vygotsky; Wolff persistence through time identity; time person-affecting principles future generations; popula- tion personal identity animalism in personal identity; ego; Glover; Hume; identity; immortality; Locke; meta- physics, history of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; Parfit; persons; quasi-memory; reductionism, psy- chological, in personal identity; thought experiments; Williams personalism persons animalism in personal identity; Buddhist philos- ophy; human beings; law, problems of the philosophy of; Locke; mind, problems of the philosophy of; no- ownership theory; personal identity; sexual morality; Strawson perspectivism see nietzsche persuasive definition see definition pessimism and optimism Hartmann; Hegel; Johnson, S.; Leibniz; life, meaning of; metaphysics, history of; reli- gion, history of the philosophy of; Schopenhauer peter of spain medieval philosophy PETITIO PRINCIPII see begging the question petrarch Italian philosophy; scholasticism phenomena and noumena appearance and reality; Kant; metaphysics, history of; perception; Plato; thing-in-itself phenomenalism Ayer; epistemology, history of; Good- man; ideas; illusion, arguments from; metaphysics, problems of; naïve realism; perception; Price, H. H.; representative theory of perception; sense-data phenomenology bracketing; Brentano; continental phi- losophy; existentialism; French philosophy; Hegel; Husserl; idealism, philosophical; Ingarden; Merleau- Ponty; Mill, John Stuart; Ricœur; Sartre; Schutz; sci- ence, feminist philosophy of philo judaeus Hellenistic philosophy; Jewish philosophy; Platonism philo (the dialectician) philoponus philosophe Condillac; Diderot; Edwards, P.; Enlighten- ment; French philosophy; history, history of the philos- ophy of; philosophy, history of departments and centres of; philosophy, influence of; Saint-Simon philosopher-king Czech philosophy; Plato; politics and the philosophers philosopher may preach philosophy philosophers, persecution of see persecution of philo- sophers philosophers and god see god and the philosophers philosopher’s stone philosophical anthropology see anthropology, philo- sophical philosophical dictionaries and encyclopaedias see dic- tionaries and encyclopaedias philosophical inquiry: first premisses and principles analytic philosophy; Descartes; empiricism; epistemol- ogy, history of; fashion in philosophy; linguistic philos- ophy; metaphysics, history of; ordinary language and philosophy; Logical Positivism; phenomenology; prag- matism; rationalism; Romanticism, philosophical; scepticism; Socratic method; verification principle philosophical journals fashion in philosophy; publish- ing philosophy philosophical logic abduction; abstraction; affirmative and negative propositions; agglomeration; ambiguous middle, fallacy of; analysis; amphiboly; analytic and synthetic statements; apodeictic; antinomies; a priori and a posteriori; architectonic; argument; arguments, types of; assertion; atomism, logical; basic statements; begging the question; biconditional; bivalence, princi- ple of; categorical judgement; category mistake; class; coherence theory of truth; conditionals; confectionery fallacy; conjunction; contingent and necessary state- ments; correspondence theory of truth; counterfactu- als; deduction; definition; deflationary theories of 1040 Index and List of Entries truth; denotation and connotation; de re and de dicto; descriptions, theory of; determinables and determi- nates; dichotomy; dilemma; disjunction; entailment; enthymeme; excluded middle, law of; exclusive partic- ularity, fallacy of; existential proposition; extensional- ity; extension and intension; fallacy; flaccid designator; formal and material mode; four-term fallacy; Frege; gambler’s fallacy; generalization; genetic fallacy; het- erological and homological; heuristic; identity; identity of indiscernibles; identity, the paradox of; iff; ignoratio elenchi; implication; inconsistent triad; individuation; inference; infima species; infinite regress; insufficient reason, principle of; laws of thought; logical truth; many questions fallacy; masked man fallacy; material implica- tion; modality; modus ponens; modus tollens; names; necessary and sufficient conditions; necessity, logical; negation and double negation; non-contradiction, law of; particular proposition; polar concepts; possible worlds; possibility; pragmatic theory of truth; principle; proposition; protasis; psychologism; ravens, paradox of; realism and anti-realism; reasoning; recursion, defi- nition by; reductio ad absurdum; reductio ad impossibile; redundancy theory of truth; referring; reflexivity; Rus- sell; salva veritate; schema; semantic theory of truth; snow is white; sophism; straw man fallacy; syncate- gorematic; ‘to be’, the verb; transcendental arguments; truth; truth-conditions; undistributed middle; univer- sal proposition; unsaturated expression; vicious circle; virtuous circle; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy philosophical novel see novel, philosophical philosophical practice, ethics of philosophy; pseudo- philosophy philosophy American philosophy; analytic philosophy; ancient philosophy; autobiography, philosophical; children and philosophy; clip an angel’s wings; concep- tual analysis; ‘continental’ and ‘analytic’; continental philosophy; English philosophy; fashion in philosophy; Islamic philosophy today; linguistic philosophy; lum- ber of the schools; more things in heaven and earth; national and regional philosophies; new philosophy calls all in doubt; philosophical dictionaries and ency- clopaedias; philosophical inquiry: first premisses and principles; French philosophy; German philosophy; metaphilosophy; philosophical journals; philosophy; philosophical practice, ethics of; philosophy and litera- ture; philosophy and real life; philosophy and science; philosophy and the public; philosophy, centres and departments of; philosophy, influence of; philosophy, literary; philosophy, value and use of; philosophy: world and under-world; popular philosophy; post- analytic philosophy; pseudo-philosophy; publishing philosophy; Serbian philosophy; transcendence; unlikely philosophical propositions; world philosophy; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy; Appendix: Chrono- logical Table of Philosophy philosophy, chronology of see Appendix philosophy, history of centres and departments of Academy; American philosophy; ancient philosophy; Aristotelianism; Australian philosophy; Cambridge philosophy; Canadian philosophy; English philosophy; Frankfurt School; Garden; Harvard philosophy; Lon- don philosophy; medieval philosophy; national and regional philosophies; Oxford philosophy; peripatetics; Plato; philosophy; teaching philosophy; Vienna Circle philosophy, influence of American philosophy; Enlighten- ment; liberalism; Marx; Marxist philosophy; moral philosophy, history of; philosopher may preach; phil- osophy; philosophy, value and use of; political philoso- phy, history of; Thomism philosophy, literary genres of autobiography, philo- sophical philosophy, maps of see Appendix philosophy, popular see popular philosophy philosophy, pseudo- see pseudo-philosophy philosophy, radical see radical philosophy philosophy, teaching see teaching philosophy philosophy, value and use of applied ethics; bladders of philosophy; clip an angel’s wings; divine philosophy; fingering slave; informal logic; lumber of the schools; Marxist philosophy; moral philosophy, history of; philosopher-king; philosophy; philosophy, influence of; Plato; political philosophy, history of; teaching philosophy philosophy, women in see women in philosophy philosophy and literature see literature and philoso- phy philosophy and ordinary language see ordinary lan- guage and philosophy philosophy and psychology see psychology and philos- ophy philosophy and real life philosophy and science Le Dœuff; philosophy; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of; scientism philosophy and the public popular philosophy philosophy and theology see theology and philosophy philosophy and war see war and philosophy philosophy of education see education, philosophy of philosophy of history see history, philosophy of philosophy of language see language, philosophy of philosophy of law see law, philosophy of philosophy of life see life, philosophy of philosophy of mathematics see mathematics, philoso- phy of philosophy of mind see mind, philosophy of philosophy of religion see religion, philosophy of philosophy of science see science, philosophy of philosophy: world and underworld philosophical inquiry: first principles and premisses; philosophy; popular philosophy; pseudo-philosophy phrastic and neustic see neustic and phrastic PHRONE¯SIS political philosophy, history of; wisdom physicalism anomalous monism; closure; eliminativism; Mary, black and white; materialism; matter; meta- physics, history of; metaphysics, problems of; mind, Index and List of Entries 1041 history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; physicalism in the philosophy of mind; physics, philosophical problems of; Quine physicalism in the philosophy of mind anomalous monism; biological naturalism; central-state materialism; elimi- nativism; emergentism; identity theory; materialism; mechanism; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of philosophy of; mind–body problem; reductionism; reductionism, mental; supervenience; union theory physics, philosophical problems of cat, Schrödinger’s; chaos theory; determinism; determinism, scientific; Einstein; Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen paradox; Heisenberg; indeterminism; Mach; Newton; physical- ism; Planck; prediction; quantum mechanics; relativity theory; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of; space-time; uncertainty principle pico della mirandola Italian philosophy; Renaissance philosophy picture theory of meaning meaning; Wittgenstein pictures aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of; representation; representation in art piecemeal engineering conservatism; pluralism; Popper pietism Jacobi pineal gland animal spirits; Descartes; mind– body prob- lem placebo plagiarism forgery; lying planck determinism; determinism, scientific; quantum mechanics plantinga God, arguments for the existence of; religion, problems of the philosophy of plato Academy; aesthetics, history of; anamnesis; ancient philosophy; anima mundi; arete¯; Cambridge Platonists; cave, analogy of; divine command ethics; education, history of the philosophy of; epistemology, history of; eternal recurrence; Euthyphro problem; footnotes to Plato; form and matter; God and the philosophers; good, the form of; hedonism, ancient; language, history of the philosophy of; law, history of the philosophy of; macrocosm and microcosm; materialism; mathemat- ics, history of the philosophy of; medieval philosophy; metaphysics, history of; moral philosophy, history of; necessary and contingent existence; Neoplatonism; noble lie; phenomena and noumena; philosopher-king; philosophy and science; philosophy, history of depart- ments and centres of; Platonism; political philosophy, history of; political philosophy, problems of; politics and the philosophers; prime mover; Protagoras; reli- gion, history of the philosophy of; scepticism, history of; Socrates; space; science, history of the philosophy of; teaching philosophy; third man argument; Thrasy- machus platonism Antiochus; arithmetic, foundations of; August- ine; Boethius; footnotes to Plato; gnosticism; language, history of the philosophy of; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; mathematics, problems of the phil- osophy of; metaphysics, history of; mind, history of the philosophy of; Murdoch; Roman philosophy platonism, neo- see neoplatonism plausibility probability; truth pleasure happiness; hedonic calculus; hedonism; moral philosophy, history of; pushpin and poetry; utilitarian- ism; well-being plekhanov Marxist philosophy; Soviet philosophy plenitude, principle of possibility plotinus ancient philosophy; Neoplatonism; Platonism; Porphyry; Roman philosophy pluralism see monism and pluralism pluralism, political democracy; liberalism; moral plu- ralism, multiculturalism; piecemeal engineering; toleration plurality of causes causality PNEUMA Galen; Chrysippus; soul poetry aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of; enthusiasm; literature and philosophy; mimesis; music; novel, the philosophical; push-pin and poetry; Schiller poincaré conventionalism; French philosophy; positivism; simplicity; vicious-circle principle polar concepts concept polish notation appendix on logical symbols; ·ukasie- wicz; notations, logical polish philosophy Ajdukiewicz; Ingarden; Kotarbin´ski; Les´niewski; Polish notation; Tarski; Twardowski political obligation consent; conservatism; contract, social; Filmer; law, scepticism about; legitimacy; liberalism POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ableism; academic freedom; affirmative action; anarchism; alienation; anti- communism; Arendt; aristocracy, natural; Aristotle; Arrow; authority; Bakunin; Barry; base and superstruc- ture; benevolence; Berlin; Bodin; bourgeoisie and pro- letariat; Burke; capitalism; class struggle; Cohen, G. A.; civil society; civil liberties; coercion; collective respon- sibility; communism; communitarianism; community; consent; conservatism; conservatism and Romanti- cism; Constant; constitutionalism; contract, contrac- tarianism; social; convention; corrective justice; de Maistre; democracy; democracy and capitalism; dialec- tical materialism; dirty hands; Dühring; élitism; enforcement of morals; Engels; equality; evil; fairness; false consciousness; human; Fanon; fascism; feminist political theory; four freedoms; fraternity; freedom, political; free riders; freedom of speech; Gauthier; gen- eral will; Gewirth; globalization, morality and politics; Godwin; Griffin; Hayek; historical materialism; home- land, a right to; Hook; human rights; ideology; imperi- alism; individualism, moral and political; inequality; international relations, philosophy of; invisible hand; intersubjective; justice; Kautsky; Keynes; Kropotkin; law, scepticism about; Left, the; legitimacy; Lenin; lib- eralism; libertarianism; libertarianism, left-; liberty; lib- erty and equality; Lukács; Machiavelli; Marcuse; markets; markets and the public good; Marx; Marxism after communism; Marxist philosophy; material con- tradictions; maximin and minimax; meritocracy; mix- 1042 Index and List of Entries ture of labour; morality in political philosophy; morality, public; multiculturalism; national character; nationalism; needs; Nozick; organic society; original position; Paine; Pareto optimality; partiality and impar- tiality; paternalism; people; piecemeal engineering; Plekhanov; Plato; pluralism; political obligation; polit- ical philosophy, history of; political philosophy, prob- lems of; political scepticism; political violence; politics and the philosophers; power; praxis; Price; prisoner’s dilemma; privatization; progress; property; Proudhon; punishment; radical philosophy; Rawls; Raz; reflective equilibrium; reform; Republicanism; revolution; rights; Right, the political new; rule of law; self-determination; self-regarding actions; social change, means of; social Darwinism; social engineering; socialism; social phil- osophy; society; sovereignity; state of nature; State, the; structural violence; syndicalism; terrorism; test of time; toleration; tradition; Trotsky; utopianism; veil of ignorance; voting paradox; Walzer; Weil; welfarism; well-being; Wilt Chamberlain argument; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy political philosophy, history of POLITICAL PHILOS- OPHY political philosophy, problems of POLITICAL PHIL- OSOPHY political scepticism conservatism; Oakeshott political violence see violence, political politics and determinism conservatism; dialectical mate- rialism; freedom and determinism; historical determin- ism; historical materialism; Marxist philosophy politics and ethics politics and the philosophers Bentham; Burke; conser- vatism; Czech philosophy; de Beauvoir; Diderot; Finnish philosophy; Gandhi; Gentile; Gramsci; Greek philosophy, modern; Heidegger; Ibn Khaldu¯n; liberal- ism; Locke; logic of discovery; Lukács; Marx; Masaryk; Mill, John Stuart; Neurath; Nkrumah; Paine; philoso- pher-king; Radhakrishnan; Russell; Sartre; Seneca; Soviet philosophy; Voltaire pomponazzi libertinism; Renaissance philosophy PONS ASINORUM popper anti-communism; conservatism; corroboration; falsifiability; Hegel; hypothetico-deductive method; Kuhn; Lakatos; London philosophy; methodology; phi- losophy and science; piecemeal engineering; science, history of philosophy of; science, problems of philoso- phy of; pseudo-science; scientific method; social engi- neering; verisimilitude popular philosophy philosophy; philosophy, value and use of; philosophy and the public; pseudo-philosophy population future generations; person-affecting principles pornography sexual morality porphyry metaphysics, history of; Neoplatonism; Pla- tonism; Plotinus port-royalists Arnauld; Cartesianism; French philoso- phy; Jansenism; logic, history of posit existence; Quine positive and negative freedom see liberty positivism Avenarius; behaviourism; Comte; empiricism; Italian philosophy; Korn; Latin American philosophy; Logical Positivism; legal positivism; London philoso- phy; Mach; Meyerson; naturalism; scientism positivism, legal see legal positivism positivism, logical see logical positivism possibility conceivability; modal logic; necessity; pleni- tude possible worlds conditionals; counterfactuals; counter- part theory; flaccid designator; Kripke; Lewis, D.; modal logic; mundus imaginalis; necessity, logical; necessity, metaphysical; possibility; rigid designator; semantics, possible worlds; Stalnaker; unlikely philo- sophical propositions possible worlds semantics seesemantics, possible worlds POST HOC ERGO PROPTERHOC causality; constant conjunction post-analytic philosophy analytic philosophy post-modernism French philosophy; German philosophy today; Lyotard; modernism post-structuralism Derrida; French philosophy; struc- turalism potentiality capacity; causality; disposition; power; pro- pensity POUR SOI see for-itself and in-itself power authority; causality; capacity; disposition; Machi- avelli; necessity, nomic; potentiality; propensity power, will to see will to power practical reason Aristotle; Kant; Kantian ethics; moral philosophy, history of; reason practical syllogism Aristotle pragmaticism American philosophy; Peirce; pragmatism pragmatics Austin, J. L.; linguistic acts; semantics; semi- otics; syntactics pragmatic theory of truth Dewey; James; language, history of the philosophy of; philosophical logic; prag- matism; Peirce; truth pragmatism American philosophy; ‘continental’and ‘ana- lytic’; Dewey; Harvard philosophy; Hocking; James; Lewis, C. I.; Mead; neo-pragmatism; Peirce; Poincaré; pragmaticism; Ramsey; Rescher; Rorty; Santayana; sci- entific method; Wright, Chauncey pragmatism, neo- see neo-pragmatism praxis Marxist philosophy; political philosophy, history of; pragmatism; Serbian philosophy; social construc- tionism predicate see subject and predicate predicate calculus Frege; logic, modern; modal logic; propositional calculus predicative theories intuitionist logic; mathematics, his- tory of the philosophy of prediction determinism; determinism, scientific; New- comb’s paradox; natural or scientific laws prediction paradox exam paradox; paradoxes pre-established harmony see harmony, pre-established preface paradox paradoxes prejudice, burkian see burke prescriptivism descriptivism; ethical formalism; Foot; Hare; Kantian ethics; meta-ethics; moral judgement; moral Index and List of Entries 1043 philosophy, history of; neustic and phrastic; non- cognitivism; open question argument; ought present see time presentism existence; time pre-socratic philosophy Alcmaeon; Anaxagoras; Anaxi- mander; Anaximenes; ancient philosophy; atomism; Barnes; Democritus; Eleatics; Empedocles; Heraclitus; law, history of the philosophy of; Melissus; metaphysics, history of; Parmenides; philosophy; philosophy, history of centres and departments of; Pythagoras; religion, his- tory of the philosophy of; Thales; Xenophanes; Zeno of Elea presumption price h. h. Oxford philosophy price, r. prichard moral philosophy, history of priestley utilitarianism prima-facie duties duty; moral philosophy, history of; Ross primary and secondary qualities Berkeley; colours; Ed- wards, J.; Locke; moral realism; properties; qualities; representative theory of perception prime matter materialism; matter prime mover Aristotle; Plato principle arkhe¯; axiom; double effect; insufficient reason; reflective equilibrium; regulative principle; sufficient reason principle of sufficient reason see sufficient reason principles, regulative see regulative principles prior prioritarianism prisoner’s dilemma privacy private language problem language, problems of the philosophy of; linguistic philosophy; samples, explana- tion by; solipsism; Wittgenstein privatization conservatism; socialization privileged access incorrigible; inner sense; introspection probabilistic causality causality probability Bayesian confirmation theory; Bernoulli’s theorem; Bertrand’s paradox; Carnap; chance; Cohen, L. J.; conditional probability; corroboration; de Finetti; Hacking; Keynes; Kneale; laws, natural or scientific; Monty Hall problem; Peirce; philosophical logic; plau- sibility; propensity; Ramsey; Reichenbach; science, problems of the philosophy of; stochastic process probability, conditional see conditional probability probability theory and epistemology problematic process change; event; process philosophy; Whitehead process philosophy Hartshorne; process; Whitehead process theology see theology and philosophy proclus Neoplatonism professional ethics business ethics; corporate respon- sibility programs of computers artificial intelligence; computers; mentality; mind, problems of the philosophy of; mind, syntax, and semantics progress Burckhardt; Comte; Enlightenment; evolution; Hegel; histories of moral philosophy; Marx; Marxist philosophy; pessimism and optimism; Saint-Simon projectivism primary and secondary properties; quasi- realism proletariat see bourgeoisie and proletariat proletariat, dictatorship of the see dictatorship of the proletariat proof theory demonstration; natural deduction propensity capacity; causality; disposition; Mellor; poten- tiality; power proper names see names properties accident; aspects; emergent properties; essence; essentialism; haecceity; non-natural properties; par- ticulars and non-particulars; properties, individual; qualities; quiddity; substance and attribute; universals properties, individual Meinong; metaphysics, problems of; mode; ontology; particulars and non-particulars; phenomenology; properties; Stout; tropes properties, non-natural see non-natural properties property Brownson; capitalism; communism; conser- vatism; equality; inequality; liberalism; libertarianism; Locke; market; Marx; Marxist philosophy; mixture of labour; Nozick; Proudhon; socialism; well-being proposition affirmative and negative propositions; logic, traditional; particulars and non-particulars; philosophi- cal logic; propositional attitudes; statements and sen- tences propositional attitude belief; content; emotion and feeling; judgement; mind, problems of the philosophy of; proposition; sensation; translation, indeterminacy of; thinking causes; truth propositional calculus Frege; logic, modern; complete- ness; decision procedure; natural deduction; predicate calculus; propositional function; quantifier; sentential calculus; tautology; theorem; truth-function; truth- table; well-formed formulae propositional function function; propositional calcu- lus; quantifier proprioception see perception protagoras ancient philosophy; moral philosophy, his- tory of; relativism, epistemological; Sophists protasis affirming the antecedent; denying the antecedent; conditional protocol sentences basic statements; Carnap; logical empiricism proudhon anarchism; property pseudonyms, philosophical Kierkegaard pseudo-philosophy Logical Positivism; philosophical prac- tice, ethics of; philosophy; popular philosophy; verifica- tion principle pseudo-science Freud; Popper; psychoanalysis, philoso- phical problems of; social science, philosophy of; sci- ence, history of the philosophy of psyche life; soul; spirit; Thales psychic research seeesp phenomena,philosophical implica- tions of psychoanalysis, philosophical problems of Bachelard; 1044 Index and List of Entries counselling, philosophical; Deleuze; dreams; Freud; Grünbaum; Jung; Kristeva; Lacan; Reich; Sartre; unconscious and subconscious mind; Wollheim psychologism Frege; mathematics, history of the philos- ophy of; naturalism; philosophical logic psychology and philosophy behaviourism; cognitive science; consciousness, its irreducibility; epistemology and psychology; esp phenomena; functionalism; Hoffd- ing; Husserl; James; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; psychology, philosophical relevance of; unconscious and subcon- scious mind psychoneural intimacy identity theory; mind–body prob- lem; neuroscience, philosophical relevance of; psy- chophysical laws; union theory psychophysical laws anomalous monism; Davidson; determinism; Kim; mental causation; mind, problems of the philosophy of; mind–body problem; superve- nience; union theory public morality enforcement of morality; liberalism; lib- erty; toleration; public–private distinction public–private distinction enforcement of morals; fem- inism; liberalism; public morality publishing philosophy pufendorf punishment Bentham; desert; capital punishment; cor- rective justice; forgiveness; lex talionis; moral psychol- ogy; power; responsibility; unlikely philosophical propositions punishment, capital see capital punishment pushpin and poetry Bentham; Mill, John Stuart; plea- sure; utilitarianism; utility putnam functionalism; Logical Positivisim; mathemat- ics, problems of the philosophy of; rationalism; scepti- cism; science, history of the philosophy of; twin earth; variable realization pyrrho ancient philosophy; Pyrrhonism; scepticism; scepti- cism, history of; Sextus Empiricus pyrrhonism epistemology, problems of; Pyrrho; scepti- cism; scepticism, history of; Sextus Empiricus pythagoras ancient philosophy; Pre-Socratic philosophy; Pythagoreanism pythagoreanism Platonism; Pythagoras; Roman philos- ophy qualia consciousness; consciousness, its irreducibility; metaphysics, problems of; mind, problems of the phi- losophy of; Shoemaker; subjectivity qualities haecceity; primary and secondary qualities; properties; properties, individual; universals quality of life happiness; utility; well-being quantification logic, modern quantifier Frege; logical theory; logic, modern; philo- sophical logic; propositional function; Russell; variable quantity and quality logic, traditional quantum logic quantum mechanics, philosophical problems of action at a distance; cat, Schrödinger’s; determinism; determinism, scientific; Einstein; freedom and determinism; field the- ory; Heisenberg; Neumann; physics, philosophical prob- lems of; prediction; science, problems of the philosophy of quantum theory and philosophy determinism; deter- minism and freedom; Earman; quantum logic; science, history of the philosophy of quasi-memory memory; personal identity quasi-realism Blackburn; moral realism quasi-virtue see shame quiddity identity of indiscernibles; haecceity quietism, philosophical Wittgenstein quine American philosophy; analytic and synthetic state- ments; analytic philosophy; charity, principle of; con- textual definition; existence; Harvard philosophy; holism; indeterminacy of meaning; language, history of the philosophy of; language, problems of the philoso- phy of; Lexicon, the Philosophical; logic, history of; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; meaning; metaphysics, problems of; mind, history of the philoso- phy of; naturalism; philosophy and science; psychol- ogy, philosophical relevance of; posit; science, history of the philosophy of; scientism; translation, indetermi- nacy of quinton analytic philosophy; English philosophy; lin- guistic philosophy; philosophical inquiry; philosophy race, theories of fascism; racism racism Fanon; fascism; people; race, theories of radcliffe richards feminism radhakrishnan Hindu philosophy; Indian philosophy; Veda¯nta radical feminism see feminism, radical radical interpretation and translation see transla- tion radical philosophy Left, the ra¯ma¯nuja Indian philosophy ramsey deflationary theories of truth; paradoxes, logical; redundancy theory of truth rashdall perfectionism; utilitarianism ratiocination argument; inference; rationality; reason; reasoning rational choice theory rationalism Bolzano; Chomsky; clear and distinct ideas; conservatism and Romanticism; Descartes; empiri- cism; epistemology, history of; Leibniz; metaphysics, history of; metaphysics, problems of; Montaigne; Oakeshott; philosophical inquiry; reason; Spinoza; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy rationality intelligence; moral philosophy, history of; philosophical logic; prisoner’s dilemma; reason; rea- soning; satisficing; time preference ravens, paradox of the Hempel; paradoxes rawls constructivism in ethics; contractarianism; differ- ence principle; fairness; general will; justice; liberalism; original position; perfectionism; political philosophy, history of; political philosophy, problems of; reflective equilibrium; resentment; veil of ignorance; well-being raz Index and List of Entries 1045 real absolute; appearance and reality; being; Berkeley; Bradley; Buddhist philosophy; cave, analogy of; Critical Realism; empiricism; epistemology, history of; exis- tence; external world; idealism, philosophical; illusion; Hume; Kant; Kantianism; Locke; materialism; matter; metaphysics, history of; metaphysics, problems of; monism and pluralism; naturalism; New Realism; ontology; Parmenides; perception; phenomena and noumena; phenomenalism; physicalism; Plato; real; realism and anti-realism; representative theory of per- ception; scepticism, history of; Schopenhauer; sense- data; thing-in-itself; things; ‘to be’, the verb; trans- cendence; veil of perception realism, critical see critical realism realism, direct see naïve realism realism, legal see legal realism realism, mathematical see mathematics, problems of the philosophy of; platonism realism, moral see moral realism realism, naïve see naïve realism realism, new see new realism realism, quasi- see quasi-realism realism and anti-realism appearance and reality; being; coherence theory of truth; correspondence theory of truth; Dummett; existence; idealism, philosophical; nominalism; ontology; Parmenides; philosophical logic; realism in metaphysics; truth; universals; unlikely philosophical propositions; Wright, Crispin; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy realism in metaphysics reality, levels of metaphysics, history and problems of realization functionalism; mental reductionism; physi- calism in the philosophy of mind; reductionism, men- tal; variable realization reason Aquinas; Bayle; belief; bladders of philosophy; emotive theory of ethics; Enlightenment; Hegel; Hobbes; Hume; ideas of pure reason; intelligence; irra- tionalism; logos; Luther; Montaigne; New England Tran- scendentalism; nous; philosophe; philosopher may preach; Plato; ratiocination; rationalism; rationality; rea- son as slave of the passions; reasoning; Romanticism, philosophical; Santayana; Schelling; understanding reason, practical see practical reason reason as slave of the passions emotion and feeling; Hobbes; Hume; Hume’s fork; moral philosophy, his- tory of; passion; reason; reasoning reasoning cognition; deduction; demonstration; induc- tion; laws of thought; logic, modern; logic, traditional; philosophy, value and use of; ratiocination; rationality; reasons and causes; reductio ad absurdum; understanding reasoning, psychology of reasons, internal and external reasons and causes belief; Davidson; Hobbes; intention; mental causation; mind, problems of the philosophy of; motives and motivation; thinking causes recurrence see eternal recurrence recursion, definition by definition; semantic theory of truth reducibility, axiom of Russell; types, theory of reducibility of consciousness see consciousness , its irreducibility REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM natural deduction; philosophical inquiry; reductio ad impossibile; science, history of the philosophy of REDUCTIO AD IMPOSSIBILE reductio ad absurdum reductionism biology, philosophical problems of; chem- istry, philosophy of monism; Nagel, E.; reductionism, mental; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of; unity of science reductionism, mental central-state materialism; elimi- nativism; identity theory; materialism; mind–body problem; reductionism reductionism, psychological, in personal identity per- sonal identity redundancy theory of truth disquotation;Johnson, W. E.; philosophical logic; Ramsey rée reference see sense and reference referential opacity extensionality; intensionality; masked man fallacy referring linguistic acts; sense and reference; subject and predicate reflective equilibrium Rawls reflexivity relation reform Burke; conservatism; liberalism; revolution regress, infinite see infinite regress regulative principles Kant; Peirce; principle reich psychoanalysis, philosophical problems of reichenbach science, history of the philosophy of reid common sense; English philosophy; Scottish philos- ophy reincarnation Buddhist philosophy; death; immortal- ity; karma; soul relations ancestral relation; equivalence relation; Meinong; reflexivity; relations, internal and external; relations, nature of; transitive relation relations, internal and external relations; relations, nature of relations, nature of Meinong; relations; relations, internal and external relativism,epistemological incommensurability; science, problems of the philosophy of relativism, ethical Harman; incommensurability; incom- mensurability, moral; moral philosophy, problems of; moral scepticism; Rée; Sophists; veritatis splendor relativism, linguistic see problems of metaphysics relativity theory, philosophical relevance of energy; physics, philosophical problems of relevance logic Anderson and Belnap reliabilism epistemology, problems of; experience; genetic fallacy; justification, epistemic; knowledge; naturalism RELIGION analogy; analytical Thomism; antitheism; atheism and agnosticism; atonement; Ayer; Bauer; Bonhoeffer; Buber; Buddhism; Bultmann; Cajetan; Calvin; Calvinism; causa sui; cosmological argument; cosmology and religious belief; creationism; credo quia 1046 Index and List of Entries absurdum est; credo ut intelligam; deism; de Maistre; design, argument from; dogma; divine command ethics; eschatology; eternity; evil, the problem of; faith and reason; fideism; first cause argument; forgiveness; Gilson; God; God and the philosophers; God, argu- ments against the existence of; God, arguments for the existence of; God is dead; godmanhood; grace; heaven; hell; holy, numinous, and sacred; Hume; I and thou; immortality; Jansenism; Jewish philosophy; libertin- ism; Luther; Manichaeism; Maritain; Marx; miracles; moral philosophy, history of; mysticism; natural theol- ogy; neo-Thomism; Nietzsche; ontological argument; original sin; pantheism; Pascal’s wager; Pelagius; pietism; Plantinga; prime mover; reincarnation; reli- gion and morality; religion, history of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the philosophy of; religion, scepticism about; religion and epistemology; religious experience; religious language; Religiousness A and B; revelation; science, art, and religion; sin; soul; Spinoza; Sufism; Swinburne; teleological argument; theism; theodicy; theology and philosophy; Thomism; Thomism, analytical; transcendence; Veritatis Splendor; Voltaire; Weil; Zen; Zoroastrianism religion, art, and science seescience, art, and religion religion, history of philosophy of RELIGION religion, problems of philosophy of RELIGION religion, scepticism about atheism and agnosticism; God and the philosophers; Hume; libertinism; religion, his- tory of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the philosophy of religion and epistemology natural theology; revelation religion and morality divine command ethics; moral philosophy, history of; philosophy; religion, history of the philosophy of; slave morality religious belief and cosmology see cosmology and reli- gious belief religious experience, argument for the existence of god from Alston; holy, numinous, and sacred; James; mysticism; religion, history of the philosophy of; reli- gion, problems of the philosophy of; religion, scepti- cism about religious language Alston; Logical Positivism; religion, history of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the philosophy of religiousness a and b inwardness; Kierkegaard remembering see memory renaissance philosophy Brandom; Byzantine philosophy; Croatian philosophy; Erasmus; humanism; meta- physics, history of; philosophy, history of departments and centres of; Platonism; Polish philosophy; theosophy renouvier French philosophy representation intentionality; language, history of the philosophy of; language, problems of the philosophy of; meaning; representation in art; Russell; semantics; sign and symbol; Vorstellung; Walton; Wittgenstein representation, political representation in art art; aesthetics, problems of; repre- sentation; sign and symbol representative theory of perception idealism, philo- sophical; ideas; Jackson; Malebranche; naïve realism; percept; perception; phenomenalism; sense-data; veil of perception reproduction and morality republicanism rescher American philosophy; Bradley; coherence the- ory of truth; fallibilism; pragmatism RES COGITANS Descartes; Heidegger; mind resentment Strawson residues, method of see method of residues respect Kant responsibility collective responsibility; desert; freedom and determinism; punishment responsibility, collective see collective responsibility retribution see desert revelation religion and epistemology revenge lex talionis; punishment revisionary metaphysics descriptive metaphysics; metaphysics, history of; metaphysics, problems of; Strawson revolution Burke; communism; conservatism; de Maistre; liberalism; Locke; Marx; Marxist philosophy; Marcuse; Paine; political philosophy, history of; Sorel; violence, political revolutions, scientific Kuhn rhetoric Aristotle; Gorgias richard’s paradox paradoxes ricoeur French philosophy; French philosophy today right agent-relative moralities; consequentialism; deon- tology; equality; Euthyphro problem; good; justice; moral judgement; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; ought; right action; utilitari- anism right, the political see conservatism right, the political new conservatism; liberalism; liber- tarianism, political; markets; Nozick; reform; Scruton right action agent-relative moralities; absolutism, moral; consequentialism; consumerist ethics; deontology; equality; good; Hegelianism; justice; Kant; Kantian ethics; meta-ethics; moral judgement; moral philoso- phy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; obliga- tion; ought; rights; utilitarianism rights Bentham; civil liberties; Dworkin; freedom, polit- ical; Grotius; human rights; law, history of the philoso- phy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; legitimacy; liberalism; libertarianism; nonsense upon stilts; Noz- ick; Pufendorf rights, natural see natural rights rigid designator flaccid designator; kind, natural; Kripke; names RISUS SOPHISTICUS argumentum ad hominem roman philosophy ancient philosophy; Augustine; Aure- lius; Boethius; Cicero; Epictetus; Hellenistic philoso- phy; Lucretius; Sceptics; Seneca; Stoicism romantic irony see irony, romantic romanticism, philosophical Coleridge; conservatism and Romanticism; Fichte; German philosophy; Goethe; Index and List of Entries 1047 human nature; irony, Romantic; irrationalism; Lessing; Mill, John Stuart; Naturphilosophie; New England Tran- scendentalism; philosophy, influence of; Schelling; Schlegel; Schopenhauer romanticism and conservatism see conservatism and romanticism romero Latin American philosophy rorty continental philosophy; mind, history of the phi- losophy of; neo-pragmatism; post-modernism rosenzweig Jewish philosophy ross moral philosophy, history of; prima-facie duties; right action rousseau education, history of the philosophy of; free- dom, political; French philosophy; general will; philos- ophy, influence of; political philosophy, history of royce Harvard philosophy; Hegelianism; New Realism rule of law civil disobedience; civil liberties; conser- vatism; frame problem; law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; liberalism; polit- ical violence; revolution rules language, history of the philosophy of; language, problems of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; logical theory; meaning; philosophical logic; rationality russell acquaintance and description; analytic philoso- phy; atomism, logical; Cambridge philosophy; contex- tual definition; descriptions, theory of; English philosophy; epistemology, history of; explanation; Frege; language, history of the philosophy of; logically proper names; logic, history of; logical atomism; logi- cally proper names; logical theory; logicism; mathe- matics, history of the philosophy of; meaning; Meinong; metaphysics, history of; moral philosophy, history of; neutral monism; Peano; persecution of philosophers; philosophical logic; philosophy and sci- ence; pragmatism; process philosophy; reducibility, axiom of; relations, nature of; Russell’s paradox; set the- ory; ‘to be’, the verb; types; Wang russell’s paradox arithmetic, foundations of; barber para- dox; paradoxes; Russell; set theory; types, theory of russian philosophy Bakhtin; Bakunin; Bogdanov; Herzen; law, scepticism about; Marxist philosophy; Plekhanov; Solovyov; Soviet philosophy; Vygotsky ryle agent; linguistic philosophy; ghost in the machine; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; Oxford philosophy; polar concepts; psychology and philosophy; topic-neutral; volition saadiah gaon Jewish philosophy sacred see holy, numinous, and sacred sainsbury paradoxes; Russell saint-simon French philosophy salmon SALVA VERITATE extensionality; Leibniz; referential opacity s´an˙kara Indian philosophy; Upanishads; Veda¯nta samples, explanation by ostensive definition; Wittgen- stein santayana aesthetics, history of; American philosophy; Harvard philosophy; pragmatism sapir–whorf hypothesis language sartre abandonment; absurd; Angst; bad faith; continen- tal philosophy; de Beauvoir; existence precedes essence; existentialism; for-itself and in-itself; French philosophy; God and the philosophers; Marcel; meta- physics, problems of; nothingness; politics and the philosophers; slime satisfaction happiness; logic, history of; Tarski; utilitari- anism satisficing utilitarianism saturated expression see unsaturated expression saussure language and parole saying and showing Wittgenstein scanlon contractarianism; contractualism scepticism aporia; Ayer; Berkeley; brain in a vat; Carte- sianism; certainty; Descartes; epistemology, history of; epistemology, problems of; evil demon; fallibilism; foundationalism; given; Hellenistic philosophy; Hume; illusion, arguments from; incorrigibility; justification, epistemic; foundationalism; Kant; knowledge; knowl- edge, limits of; Lichtenberg; moral scepticism; oar in water; open and closed thought; philosophy; Platon- ism; Pyrrho; Pyrrhonism; realism and anti-realism; Sceptics, ancient; scepticism, history of; Sextus Empiri- cus; Wittgenstein scepticism, history of scepticism scepticism, moral see moral scepticism scepticism about law see law, scepticism about scepticism about religion see religion,scepticism about sceptics, ancient ancient philosophy; Arcesilaus; Carneades; Democritus; epistemology, history of; epoche¯; oar in water; Parmenides; Pyrrho; Pyrrhonism; Roman philosophy; scepticism; scepticism, history of; Sextus Empiricus; Socrates; Xenophanes schacht Nietzsche scheler anthropology, philosophical; German philoso- phy; resentment schelling German philosophy; idealism, German; Natur- philosophie; Romanticism, philosophical schema formula schiffer schiller German philosophy; Kantianism schlegel schleiermacher schlick Logical Positivism; Vienna Circle scholasticism Aquinas; Augustine; Latin American phil- osophy; Locke; medieval philosophy; metaphysics, his- tory of; Ockham; Petrarch; religion, history of the philosophy of; Renaissance philosophy; Scotus schopenhauer aesthetics, history of; German philoso- phy; idealism, philosophical; metaphysics, history of; moral philosophy, history of; pessimism and optimism; sufficient reason, principle of; vegetarianism; will schrödinger see cat, schrödinger’ s schutz life-world SCIENCE action at a distance; Aristotle; atomism, physi- cal; Bachelard; Bayseian confirmation theory; Bell’s 1048 Index and List of Entries theorem; Berkeley; biology, philosophical problems of; boat, Neurath’s; black box; Bloch; Bohr; Boltzmann; bootstrapping; Boyle; Braithwaite; Bridgman; Cart- wright; cat, Schrödinger’s; chaos theory; Clifford; concomitant variations; Copernicus; conventionalism; corroboration; cosmology; covering-law model; cru- cial experiment; Darwinism; determinism, scientific; Duhem; Earman; Einstein; Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen paradox; empirical; energy; entelechy; entropy; evidence; evolution; experiment; explanation; fallibil- ism; falsifiability; field theory; Feyerabend; Fichte; Frankfurt School; Galileo; Grünbaum; Hacking; Heisenberg; Hempel; hypothesis; hypothetico- deductive method; incommensurability; indetermin- ism; induction; instrumentalism; kinesis; Kitcher; Kneale; knowledge and science; Kuhn; Lakatos; logic of discovery; Lamarck; La Mettrie; Laplace; laws, natural or scientific; life and science; Mach; macrocosm and microcosm; magnitudes; materialism; matter; Maxwell’s demon; measurement; mechanism; medi- cine, philosophy of; metaphysics, history of; method of agreement; method of concomitant variation; method of difference; method of residue; method, joint; methodology; Mochus; models; motion; Nagel, E.; Naturphilosophie; necessity, nomic; Neurath; Newton; nomic; observation and theory; operationalism; Pap- ineau; particles and waves; philosophy; philosophy and science; physicalism; physics, philosophical problems of; Planck; Poincaré; Popper; prediction; pseudo- science; quantum mechanics, philosophical problems of; quantum theory and philosophy; reductionism; Reichenbach; relativity theory, philosophical signifi- cance of; revolutions, scientific; science, art, and reli- gion; science, diversity of; science, feminist philosophy of; science, history of the philosophy of; science, prob- lems of the philosophy of; science, social philosophy of; scientific method; scientism; simplicity; space- time; stochastic process; theory; theory ladenness; thought experiments; uncertainty principle; unifor- mity of nature; unity of science; van Fraassen; verifica- tionism; verisimilitude; void; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy science, diversity of unity of science science, feminist philosophy of feminism; feminist phi- losophy; knowledge and science; masculism; science, social philosophy of science, philosophy of, history of SCIENCE science, philosophy of, problems of SCIENCE science, pseudo- see pseudo-science science, social philosophy of economics, philosophy of; methodological holism and individualism science, unity of see unity of science science and knowledge see knowledge and science science and life see life and science science and philosophy see philosophy and science science, art, and religion art; RELIGION; SCIENCE; scientism scientific determinism see determinism, scientific scientific method abduction; axiomatic method; hypo- thetico-deductive method; induction; inference to the best explanation; methodology; laws, natural or scien- tific; Mill’s methods; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of; scientism; theory scientism knowledge and science; life and science; meta- physics, history of; Penelope’s wooers; philosophy and science; science, art, and religion; translation, indeter- minacy of scope artificial language; logic, modern; scope fallacies scope fallacies logic, modern; scope scottish philosophy Bain; British philosophy today; com- mon sense; Duns Scotus; English philosophy; Fergu- son; Hamilton; Hume; Hutcheson; Macmurray; Mair; Reid; Smith; Sprigge; Stewart scotus, john duns see duns scotus scotus eriugena, john see eriugena sea battle future contingents; ·ukasiewicz; many-valued logic sea-battle argument future contingents searle biological naturalism; Chinese room argument; mind, syntax, and semantics secondary qualities see primary and secondary quali- ties seeing as duck-rabbit; illusion; Wittgenstein self bundle theory of the self; Descartes; ego; Fichte; for- itself and in-itself; ghost in the machine; Heidegger; homunculus; Hume; Husserl; James; Malebranche; Marcel; Mead; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; no-ownership theory; origination; Ortega y Gasset; person; personal identity; Sartre; self-consciousness; self-control; self- deception; soul; subject; subjectivity; unconscious and subconscious mind self, bundle theory of see bundle theory of self self-consciousness consciousness; inner sense; introspec- tion; Sartre; self; unconscious and subconscious mind self-control akrasia; self self-deception self; lying; Sartre; unconscious and sub- conscious mind self-defeating theories self-determination, political democracy; hegemony; im- perialism; international relations, philosophy of; nationalism; people; Polish philosophy; public and private; war, just self-interest see egoism, psychological self-knowledge self-love see butler self-regarding and other-regarding actions liberal- ism; liberty; Mill, John Stuart sellars, r. w. sellars, w. semantic ascent metalanguage semantics Brandom; Carnap; denotation and connota- tion; description; formal semantics; Hintikka; lan- guage; language, history of the philosophy of; language, problems of the philosophy of; logically Index and List of Entries 1049 [...]... of; Pre-Socratic philosophy theism see god theodicy evil, problem of; Geach; Hick; religion, history of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the philosophy of; Stoicism theology and philosophy atheism and agnosticism; double truth; German philosophy; God and the philosophers; religion, history of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the philosophy of theophrastus Aristotelianism theorem axiomatic... Petrarch; religion, history of the philosophy of; Roman philosophy; Seneca; Zeno of Citium stories and explanation explanation; history, history of the philosophy of; history, problems of the philosophy of stout journals of philosophy; properties, individual straw man fallacy fallacies strawson analysis; analytic and synthetic statements; deflationary theories of truth; descriptions, theory of; descriptive... slave of the passions slingshot arguments slime Sartre slippery slope applied philosophy; killing slovene philosophy Croatian philosophy; Serbian philosophy smart Australian philosophy; mind, history of the philosophy of; topic-neutral smith histories of moral philosophy; invisible hand; Scottish philosophy snow is white formal semantics, philosophical relevance of; meaning; mind, problems of the philosophy. .. method; natural deduction; propositional calculus theory Boltzmann; Craig’s theorem; hypothetico-deductive method; model; observation and theory; reductionism; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of; reductionism; van Fraassen; verisimilitude theory-ladenness theory theory theory of mind simulation theosophy Renaissance philosophy thing-in-itself appearance and reality;... time time-travel time to be’, the verb appearance and reality; being; event; existence; existential proposition; external world; Kotarbin ´ski; Leibniz; matter; ontology; Quinton; real; things token Peirce toland Irish philosophy; pantheism tolerance, principle of see carnap toleration liberalism; liberty; pluralism; tone topic-neutral tradition test of time tragedy aesthetics, history of; Nietzsche transcendence... history of stewart Scottish philosophy stich folk psychology; truth stirner anarchism; Hegelianism; Romanticism, philosophical stochastic process chance; probability stoicism ancient philosophy; Aurelius; Chrysippus; Cynics; Epictetus; freedom of goodness and reason; Hellenistic philosophy; language, history of the philosophy of; logic, history of; metaphysics, history of; moral philosophy, history... sensibility aesthetics, history of the philosophy of; aesthetics, problems of the philosophy of; aesthetic attitude; emotions and feelings; moral philosophy, history of; taste sentences see statements and sentences sentential calculus logic; propositional calculus sentential function connective sentimentalism see moral sense sentiments emotion and feeling serbian philosophy Croatian philosophy; Marxist philosophy; ... indoctrinating education, history of the philosophy of; education, problems of the philosophy of; ideology; teaching philosophy teaching philosophy American philosophy; philosophy, departments and centres of technology see frankfurt school teleological argument for the existence of god God, arguments for the existence of teleological explanation Anaxagoras; Anselm; Aristotle; base and superstructure;... philosophy turing computers; mind, history of the philosophy of turing machine artificial intelligence; complexity theory; computers; functionalism; mechanism; Turing twardowski Meinong; Polish philosophy twin earth individualism and anti-individualism; Putnam two-envelopes paradox tychism see peirce type see token types, theory of higher-order logic; logic, history of; mathematics, history of the philosophy. .. elenchus; Plato; Socrates socratic paradox paradoxes; Plato; Socrates soft determinism see freedom and determinism sohravardi Islamic philosophy; knowledge by presence; mundus imaginalis solipsism other minds solovyov godmanhood; Russian philosophy song of god see Bhagavadgi ta ¯ ¯ sophism fallacies sophists ancient philosophy; language, history of the philosophy of; moral philosophy, history of; Plato; PreSocratics; . gnosticism; language, history of the philosophy of; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; mathematics, problems of the phil- osophy of; metaphysics, history of; mind, history of the philosophy of;. language, history of the philosophy of; law, history of the philosophy of; macrocosm and microcosm; materialism; mathemat- ics, history of the philosophy of; medieval philosophy; metaphysics, history. problems of the philosophy of; scientism philosophy and the public popular philosophy philosophy and theology see theology and philosophy philosophy and war see war and philosophy philosophy of