1 0  0 1 1 0 1 1  1 0 1 0 To test out the derivation for calculating the 2’s complement of a number derived in Section 1.1.3 a program to calculate the negative of a number is shown in Code List 1.7. The output of the program is shown in Code List 1.8. Problem 1.11 investigates the output of the program. Code List 1.7 Testing the Binary Operators in C++ Code List 1.8 Output of Program in Code List 1.7 A program demonstrating one of the most important uses of the OR operator, |, is shown in Code List 1.9. The output of the program is shown in Code List 1.10. Figure 1.1 demonstrates the value of x for the program. The eight attributes are packed into one character. The character field can hold 256 = 2 8 combinations handling all combinations of each attribute taking on the value ON or OFF. This is the most common use of the OR operators. For a more detailed example consider the file operation command for opening a file. The file definitions are defined in <iostream.h> by BORLAND C++ as shown in Table 1.7. Figure 1.1 Packing Attributes into One Character Code List 1.9 Bit Operators Code List 1.10 Output of Program in Code List 1.9 Table1.7FieldsforFileOperations inC++Source  enumopen_mode{ in=0x01,//openforreading out=0x02,//openforwriting ate=0x04,//seektoeofuponoriginalopen app=0x08,//appendmode:alladditionsateof trunc=0x10,//truncatefileifalreadyexists nocreate=0x20,//open failsiffiledoesn’texist noreplace=0x40,//openfailsiffilealreadyexists binary=0x80//binary(nottext)file };  A program illustrating another use is shown in Code List 1.11. If the program executes correctly the output file, test.dat, is created with the string, “This is a test”, placed in it. The file, test.dat, is opened for writing with ios::out and for truncation with ios::trunc. The two modes are presented together to the ofstream constructor with the use of the or function. Code List 1.11 Simple File I/O Previous TableofContents Next  Copyright © CRC Press LLC  Algorithms and Data Structures in C++ by Alan Parker CRC Press, CRC Press LLC ISBN: 0849371716 Pub Date: 08/01/93  Previous  TableofContents Next 1.2.3Examples This section presents examples of IEEE 32-bit and 64-bit floating point representations. Converting 100.5 to IEEE 32-bit notation is demonstrated in Example 1.1. Determining the value of an IEEE 64-bit number is shown in Example 1.2. In many cases for problems as in Example 1.1 the difficulty lies in the actual conversion from decimal to binary. The next section presents a simple methodology for such a conversion. 1.2.4ConversionfromDecimaltoBinary This section presents a simple methodology to convert a decimal number, A, to its corresponding binary representation. For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed the number satisfies in which case we are seeking the a k such that Example 1.1 IEEE 32-Bit Format The simple procedure is illustrated in Code List 1.12. The C Code performing the decimal to binary conversion is shown in Code List 1.13. The output of the program is shown in Code List 1.14. This program illustrates the use of the default value. When a variable is declared as z is by data z, z is assigned 0.0 and precision is assigned 32. This can be seen as in the program z.prec() is never called and the output results in 32 bits of precision. The paper conversion for 0.4 is illustrated in Example 1.3. 1.3 Character Formats—ASCII To represent keyboard characters, a standard has been adopted to ensure compatibility across many different machines. The most widely used standard is the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character set. This set has a one byte format and is shown in Table 1.8. It allows for 256 distinct characters and specifies the first 128. The lower ASCII characters are control characters which were derived from their common use in earlier machines.Although the ASCII standard is widely used, different operating systems use different file formats to represent data, even when the data files contain only characters. Two of the most popular systems, DOS and Unix differ in their file format. For example, the text file shown in Table 1.9 has a DOS format shown in Table 1.10 and a Unix format shown in Table 1.11. Notice that the DOS file use a carriage return, cr, followed by a new line, nl, while the Unix file uses only a new line. As a result Unix text files will be smaller than DOS text files. In the DOS and Unix tables, underneath each character is its ASCII representation in hex. The numbering on the left of each table is the offset in octal of the line in the file. Example 1.2 Calculating the Value of an IEEE 64-Bit Number Example 1.3 Converting 0.4 from Decimal to Binary Code List 1.12 Decimal to Binary Conversion Code List 1.13 Decimal to Conversion C++ Program Code List 1.14 Output of Program in Code List 1.13 Table1.8ASCIIListingASCIIListing  oonul 08bs 10dle 18can 20sp 28( 300 388 40@ 48H 50P 58X 01soh 09ht 11dc1 19em 21! 29) 311 399 41A 49I 51Q 59Y 02stx 0anl 12dc2 1asub 22“ 2a * 322 3a: 42B 4aJ 52R 5aZ 03etx 0bvt 13dc3 1besc 23# 2b+ 333 3b; 43C 4bK 53S 5b[ 04eot 0cnp 14dc4 1cfs 24$ 2c, 344 3c< 44D 4cL 54T 5c\ 05enq 0dcr 15 nak 1dgs 25% 2d‐ 355 3d= 45E 4dM 55U 5d] 06ack 0eso 16syn 1ers 26& 2e. 366 3e> 46F 4eN 56V 5e^ 07bel 0fsi 17etb 1fus 27 ‘ 2f/ 377 3f? 47G 4fO 57W 5f_ 60 68h 70p 78x  61a 69i 71q 79y 62b 6aj 72r 7az 63c 6bk 73s 7b{ 64d 6cl 74t 7c| 65e 6dm 75u 7d}  66f 6en 76v 7e~  67g 6fo 77w 7fdel  Table1.9TextFileTestFile  Thisisatestfile WewilllookatthisfileunderUnixandDOS  Previous TableofContents Next  Copyright © CRC Press LLC Algorithms and Data Structures in C++ by Alan Parker CRC Press, CRC Press LLC ISBN: 0849371716 Pub Date: 08/01/93 Previous Table of Contents Next  . Table1.8ASCIIListingASCIIListing  oonul 08bs 10dle 18can 20sp 28( 300 388 40 @ 48 H 50P 58X 01soh 09ht 11dc1 19em 21! 29) 311 399 41 A 49 I 51Q 59Y 02stx 0anl 12dc2 1asub 22“ 2a * 322 3a: 42 B 4aJ 52R 5aZ 03etx 0bvt 13dc3 1besc 23# 2b+ 333 3b; 43 C 4bK 53S 5b[ 04 eot 0c np 14 dc4 1c fs 24 $ 2c , 34 4 3c < 44 D 4c L 54 T 5c 05enq 0dcr 15 nak 1dgs 25% 2d‐ 355 3d= 45 E 4dM 55U 5d] 06ack 0eso 16syn 1ers 26& 2e. 366 3e> 46 F 4eN 56V 5e^ 07bel 0fsi 17etb 1fus 27 ‘ 2f/ 377 3f? 47 G 4fO 57W 5f_ 60 68h 70p 78x  61a 69i 71q 79y 62b 6aj 72r 7az 63 c 6bk 73s 7b{ 64 d 6c l 74 t 7c | 65e 6dm 75u 7d}  66f 6en 76v 7e~  67g 6fo 77w 7fdel  Table1.9TextFileTestFile  Thisisatestfile WewilllookatthisfileunderUnix and DOS  . 256 distinct characters and specifies the first 128. The lower ASCII characters are control characters which were derived from their common use in earlier machines.Although the ASCII standard. Table1.8ASCIIListingASCIIListing  oonul 08bs 10dle 18can 20sp 28( 300 388 40 @ 48 H 50P 58X 01soh 09ht 11dc1 19em 21! 29) 311 399 41 A 49 I 51Q 59Y 02stx 0anl 12dc2 1asub 22“ 2a * 322 3a: 42 B 4aJ 52R 5aZ 03etx 0bvt 13dc3 1besc 23# 2b+ 333 3b; 43 C 4bK 53S 5b[ 04 eot 0c np 14 dc4 1c fs 24 $ 2c , 34 4 3c < 44 D 4c L 54 T 5c 05enq 0dcr 15 nak 1dgs 25% 2d‐ 355 3d= 45 E 4dM 55U 5d] 06ack 0eso 16syn 1ers 26& 2e. 366 3e> 46 F 4eN 56V 5e^ 07bel 0fsi 17etb 1fus 27 ‘ 2f/ 377 3f? 47 G 4fO 57W 5f_ 60 68h 70p 78x  61a 69i 71q 79y 62b 6aj 72r 7az 63 c 6bk 73s 7b{ 64 d 6c l 74 t 7c | 65e 6dm 75u 7d}  66f 6en 76v 7e~  67g 6fo 77w 7fdel  Table1.9TextFileTestFile  Thisisatestfile WewilllookatthisfileunderUnix and DOS  Previous TableofContents Next  Copyright © CRC Press LLC Algorithms and Data Structures in C+ + by Alan Parker CRC Press, CRC Press LLC ISBN: 0 849 371716 Pub