– provocation 271, 546 – radiation 204 – radicular 156, 204, 222 – reduction 265, 267 – referred 156, 204 –relief 1125 – – ladder 141 – sciatic 156, 482 – subacute 126 –surgicaltreatment 144 – syndrome 208, 222, 282, 291 – theories 123, 124 – transmission 133 –treatment 139 – – concepts 145 painless atrophy 299 palpation – of bony landmarks 216 – of the paravertebral muscles 216 pantaloon cast 552 PAP, see pulmonary artery pressure papilledema 1006 paracetamol 141, 591 paraganglioma 997, 1000 paralysisofthequadricepsmuscle 296 paralytic – bowel dysfunction 420 – ileus 385, 422, 1113 paraparesis 487 paraplegia 18, 22, 23, 293, 297, 498, 503, 835, 1095, 1107, 1110 –non-traumaticacute 311 parasitic infection 1030 paraspinal – abscess 1112 – muscle 605 – – fat deposits 113 paravertebral muscle 605 paresis 203, 222, 493 –flaccid 306 – of foot elevation 310 –spastic 306 parietal pleura 349, 351 Paris cast 899 Parkinson’s syndrome 333 partial thromboplastin time (PTT) 403 patient – assessment 374 – positioning 1094 patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) 410, 421 Patrick test 215, 220 Pavlov index 440 PCA, see patient-controlled analgesia PCU, see polycarbonate urethane PE, see pulmonary embolism pedicle – screw 907 – – fixation 530, 561, 645 ––system 71 ––technique 84 – subtraction osteotomy 1072 pelvic incidence 769 penicillamine 380 penicillin 8 percutaneous – debridement 1032 – posterolateral nucleotomy 498 Perdriolle method 635 peripheral – nerve lesion 332 – neuropathy 524 persistent pain 135 PGE 1 , see prostaglandin E 1 Phalen-Dixon sign 738, 747, 757 Philadelphia collar 845, 866 physical – examination 212, 223 ––standing 211 ––walking 211 – fitness 187 – impairment 210 – rehabilitation training – – acceleration/deceleration training 614 ––proprioception 614 ––strengthendurance 614 – therapy 609 physiotherapy, scoliosis 639 pin prick 218 pincer –effect 434 – type 913 placode 803, 816 plasma cell dyscrasia 935 plasmocytoma 961 plate fixation 867 –anterior 450 – multilevel fusion 450 platelet transfusion 404 plethysmography of the toe 398 pleural abscess 1099 PLIF, see posterior lumbar interbody fusion PLL, see posterior longitudinal ligament pneumonia 377, 1113 pneumothorax 1099 poliomyelitis 847 polycarbonate urethane (PCU) 83 polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 83 polyneuritis 295 polyneuropathy 293, 302, 332 polysynaptic reflex 301 polytrauma 826, 841, 892, 896, 909, 918 positron emission tomography (PET) 245 posterior – approach to the thoracolumbar spine 358 – bisegmental reduction 907 –cervicalapproach ––surgicalanatomy 344 – cord syndrome 305 – decompression surgery 337 – dynamic stabilization system 82, 85 –instrumentation 71 – longitudinal ligament (PLL) 888 – lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) 71, 75, 560, 563, 726, 753, 1104 – thoracolumbar approach ––surgicalanatomy 360 – transpedicular vertebrectomy 990 posterolateral – corner 76 – fusion 559, 908 – vertebrectomy 992 postirradiation sarcoma 967 postoperative – anuresis 1114 – bleeding 418, 1109 – bowel atonia 1113 – care 417, 423 – complications, see there –extubation 418 – morbidity 417 Subject Index 1155 – pain management 420, 423 – rehabilitation 603 – – goals 607 – – principles 607, 618 – ventilation 418 post-thoracotomy pain syndrome 910 Pott’s – disease 22, 75 –trias 23 predominant back pain – magnetic resonance imaging 549 – standard radiographs 549 premedication 380 preoperative – cardiac testing 375 – laboratory studies 375 – patient assessment 390 – physical examination 375 primary sensory neuron 129 progressive lumbar kyphosis 113 promontorium 366 propofol 406 proprioception 130, 218, 302, 614 prostaglandin 137, 142 –E 1 (PGE 1 ) 401 prostate cancer 978 proteoglycan 44, 96, 97, 106, 767 proteolytic matrix destruction 104 prothrombin time (PT) 403 proton ( 1 H)-spectroscopy 239 protoplasm 112 provocative discography 284, 551, 637 –indications 271 pseudarthrosis 79, 565, 566, 750, 909 pseudo-Las`egue sign 220, 223 pseudo-meningocele 1106 psoas 53 – abscess 1112 – muscle 351, 355 psychogenic back pain score 187 Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWBI) 1132 PT, see prothrombin time pulmonary – artery pressure (PAP) 398 – care 419 – disease 382 – edema 384 – embolism (PE) 380, 1113 pulse oximeter 1100 quality of life 1130 Queckenstedt’s sign 1008 questionnaire – availability 1124 – pain assessment 1125 – validity 1124 radial nerve palsy 219 radicular – claudication 519 – leg pain 488, 505 – pain 156, 204, 222, 436 – syndrome 204, 491 radiculopathy 208, 261, 293, 309, 310, 320, 332, 437, 483, 488, 494, 519, 1087 –C5 464 – – spondylotic 431 – cervical 461, 464, 465 – EMG recordings 330 – herniated disc 484 – magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 439 – manipulative therapy 447 – radiography 439 radiograph 255 – cervical spine 229 –lateralbending 229 – lumbar spine 228 –oblique 441 – thoracic spine 228 – whole spine 229 railway spine 28 rear-end collision 834 receiver operating characteristics (ROC) 181 recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) 402 recreational activity 616 rectus abdominus 53 recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) – lesion 1096 –palsy 464 referred pain 156, 204 reflex deficit 299 regression analysis 184 rehabilitation – aftercare period 614 – biopsychosocial model 606 – home exercise program 609 – physical training 614 – preoperative assessment 608 – preventive strategy 604 – program 605 –protocol 608 – psychosocial obstacles 617 – rehabilitative strategy 604 – treatment strategy 604 – work-related obstacles 617 relaxation training 594 Relton Hall frame 1094 renal cell tumor 992 repetitive motion 163 rEPO, see recombinant erythropoietin residual paraplegia 381 respiratory failure 385 retraction frame 565 retractor system 910 retrograde ejaculation 358, 1114 retrolisthesis 541 return to work 614 reversed angle technique 228 revised cardiac risk index 378 rFVIIa 404 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 376, 1041 – history 1045 – imaging studies 1045 – injection studies 1048 – non-operative treatment 1048 – operative treatment 1048 – physical findings 1045 – Ranawat classification 1044 – surgical techniques 1050 Rhomberg test 211, 438 rib – cage deformity 648 – expander 707 rib-vertebral angle (RVA) 635 rigid collar 853 Ringer’s lactate solution 399 Risser sign 9, 632, 633, 776, 781 Robinson-Smith technique 449, 452 ROC, see receiver operating characteristics Roland & Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) 1128 1156 Subject Index Romanus lesion 255 Romberg’s test 302, 673 Roos test 217 Rossolimo sign 300 rotational fracture dislocation 886 rotatory atlantoaxial instability 854 roundback 774, 777 RVA, see rib-vertebral angle sacral – agenesis 799 –domeosteotomy 754 – sulcus 280 – tumor 957 – vertical line 627 sacrococcygeal fistula 814 sacroiliac joint 48, 220, 253 – block 280, 284 – imaging 248 – scintigraphy 1066 – syndrome 548 – – non-inflammatory 281 sacroiliitis 1065, 1066 safe triangle 263 sagittal – balance 769 – plane deformity 693 – thoracic modifier (STM) 627 saline or balanced solution 399 salvage Gallie procedure 1104 SAPHO 237 sarcopenia 113 sarcoplasm 112 SB-Charit´e prosthesis 566 Scheuermann’s disease 14, 275, 765 – bracing 780 – casting 780 –correction 785 –fusion 785 – non-operative treatment 779 – posterior release 785 Schmorl’s node 14, 43, 771, 791 Schober test 213, 1062 Schwann cell damage 485 schwannoma 1000 SCI, see spinal cord injury sciatic pain 156 sciatica 3, 15, 18, 164, 184, 188, 262, 270, 481, 483, 738, 931 – chemical irritation 485 –naturalhistory 494 sclerosis 110 sclerotome 207, 436 SCM, see split cord malformation scoliosis 1, 8, 175, 320, 382, 383, 394, 397, 401, 422 –backpain 718 – complications – – neurological injury 651 ––surgery 651 – congenital 693 – – classification 695 – – curve progression 700 – – history 696 – – imaging studies 698 – – non-operative treatment 700 – – operative treatment 701 – curve assessment 630 – degenerative 713 – – classification 716 – – curve progression 719 – – decompression 724 ––history 717 – – imaging studies 720 – – operative treatment 723 – etiology 679 – idiopathic 377, 623, 697, 779, 957 ––complicationrate 1089 – – adolescent 638 – – assessment of physical maturity 630 – – classification 626 ––complicationrate 1089 – – etiology 625 – – genetic factors 625 ––history 627 – – imaging studies 632 ––infantile 637 ––injectionstudies 637 – – intraoperative neuromonitoring 641 ––juvenile 638 – – neurological assessment 630 ––neurophysiologicevaluation 637 – – non-operative options 639 – – operative treatment 641 ––surgicalapproach 642 – – surgical decision-making 647 – – treatment 637 – infantile 637 –lumbar 717 – natural history 638 – neuromuscular 663 ––bonegrafting 685 ––bracing 678 – – classification 667 ––history 669 – – imaging studies 675 – – medical assessment 673 – – non-operative treatment 677 – – operative treatment 678 ––sacralandpelvicfixation 682 – – spinal cord monitoring 688 ––spinalfixation 682 – pathogenesis 9 – surgery 13, 398, 410 – thoracic 719 –thoracolumbar 719 – treatment 9, 13 Scoliosis Research Society Questionnaire 1132 Scotch cast 846 screw – fixation 79 – – anterior atlantoaxial 362, 858 ––anteriorodontoid 857 – – atlantoaxial pedicle 362 – – Galveston technique 368 – – iliac 366 – – lateral mass 363, 457 – – lower cervical spine pedicle 364 ––lumbarspinepedicle 364 – – Magerl technique 363 ––MWsacropelvic 368 – – of the occiput 361 – – pedicle 458, 561 – – posterior atlantoaxial transarticular 361 – – posterior atlantoaxial transaxial 860 – – Roy-Camille method 364 – – sacral 366 ––thoracicspinepedicle 365 – – translaminar 562, 565 – trajectory ––convergent 71 ––extrapedicular 73 Subject Index 1157 – transarticular 73, 84 – translaminar 73, 84 screw-rod fixation system 562, 868 segment moyen 887 segmental – distraction 77 – hypermobility 542 – instability 544 – – temporary stabilization 552 –kyphosis 84 – motion 79, 570 – – preservation 80 SEH, see spinal epidural hematoma selective – nerve root block (SNRB) 283, 490, 721 – – complications 265 – – indications 262 – – pain reduction 265 – serotonin reuptake inhibitor 143 sensorimotor integration 302 SEP, see somatosensory evoked potential septic sacroiliitis 1065, 1066 sequestrectomy 498, 502 seroma 239 serotonin (5-HT) 132 serratus muscle 347 SF-36 564, 639, 915 Sharpey’s fibers 1065 shear force 887 shoulder – depression test 217 – pain 431 shuttle walking test 520 SIDH, see syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone silhouette radiograph 635 skeletal – dysplasia 777 – metastasis, see there – muscle, age-related changes 112 – scintigraphy 898 skin stigmata 697 slipped apophysis 496 491 slow twitch 48 SMA, see spinal muscular atrophy smoking 187 SMT, see spinal manipulative therapy SNRB, see selective nerve root block sodium valproate 801 soft – collar 845 –herniation 432 somatosensory –cortex 134 – evoked potential (SSEP) 326, 391, 444, 523, 637, 1095 – – recording 407 spastic –diplegia 673 – paresis 306 spasticity 463 spectroscopy 239 spina – bifida 696, 737, 814 – – aperta 802 – – cystica 802 – – occulta 211, 798, 802, 1104 – luxata 12, 22 spinal cord –anatomy 5 – anomalies, risk factors 801 – blood flow (SCBF) 401 – blood supply 434 – compression 220, 249, 419, 457, 463, 776, 980, 1110 – – differential diagnosis 311 – – magnetic resonance imaging 441 – decompression 462, 782, 849, 904 – deformation 489 – disease 255 – distraction 832 – edema 985 – embryological development 800 – hyperexcitability 833 – injury (SCI) 304, 330, 384, 832, 848, 871, 885, 1106 – – non-operative treatment 899 – – steroid treatment 849, 899 ––traumatic 297 – ischemia 434, 652 – lesion 29, 250 – malformations 797 – – classification 802 ––diagnostictests 815 – – treatment 815 – monitoring 405, 688 – signal intensity 442 – somatotopic organization 294, 320 – syndrome 304 – tumor, intrinsic resection 1012 – glial changes 137 spine/spinal – age-related changes 111 – anatomy 4 – angiography 963 – artery syndrome 419 – arthrodesis 555, 679 – balance 650 – canal 440 ––narrowing 513 ––size 434 – – stenosis 246, 332, 463, 513 – – trefoil shape 515 – claudication 203, 204, 517 – column, resection 705 – cord, see there – decompression 531 – deformity 27, 210, 222, 382, 419, 666, 687, 1058 –disorder 545 ––acute 155 – – bowl and bladder disorder 303 – – central (CNS) nervous system 295 ––chronic 155 – – classification 155, 167, 295 ––economiccosts 159 – – epidemiology 153 – – etiology 155 – – flag system 165, 203 ––history 1 – – imaging 184 ––MRimaging 229 – – neurological assessment 298 – – neurological deficit 291 – – non-specific 155, 203 – – non-traumatic 291, 295 – – operative procedure 175 – – outcome of common surgical procedures 182 – – pain 204 – – peripheral nervous system (PNS) 295 ––physicalexamination 211 – – risk factors 153, 165, 167 – – specific 155, 203 – – subacute 155 1158 Subject Index – – traumatic 293 – dysraphism 797 – – history 812 – – in utero treatment 816 ––surgery 816 – epidural hematoma (SEH) 381 –extension 54 – fixation 682 –flexion 54 – fracture 27, 830 – – complications 917 – – CT diagnosis 243 – – lumbar 918 – – thoracic 918 – functional unit 42, 93 – fusion 529, 554, 568, 570, 702 – – allograft 450 – – biology 555, 571 – – bone grafts 556 – – instrumented 560 – – motion preservation 566 – – non-instrumented 559 – – osteoconduction 555 – – osteogenesis 555 – – osteoinduction 555 – hemisyndrome 304 –hemorrhage 295 –hypersensitivity 833 – imaging, see there – infection, see there – injection 261, 551 – – contraindications 281 ––rationale 262 – injury 27, 892 – – Denis classification 888 – – traumatic 384 – instability 57, 58, 546, 887 – instrumentation 67, 69, 84, 560, 563, 573, 636, 641 –ischemia 312 – kinematics 54, 62 – ligament 6, 47, 61, 111 –lipoma 806 – loading 58, 62 – manipulative therapy (SMT) 447, 465, 592 – metastasis, see there – motion segment 55 –muscle 52 –muscularatrophy(SMA) 666 –osteoarthritis 93 – pain, see there – pathology, flag system 588 –physiology 4 –principalfunctions 41 – rehabilitation 606 – shock 304, 325, 384, 833, 836, 894 – stability 52, 887 –stabilization 67 – stenosis, see there – surgery, see there –thoracic 41 – trauma 563, 929 – – imaging studies 895 – tuberculosis 9, 22, 350 – tumor, see there – whole spine radiographs 229 splenic injury 1100 split – cord malformation (SCM) 809 – notochord syndrome 809 spondylarthritis 715 spondylectomy 970, 993 spondyloarthropathy (SPA) 1057, 1067 spondylodesis 67, 69, 78, 79, 175 spondylodiscitis – after discography 1111 – aseptic 1075 spondylolisthesis 3, 46, 75, 162, 175, 358, 441, 515, 516, 528, 541, 545, 715, 733, 734 –acquired 757 – acute pain 745 – classification 735 – degenerative 738, 745, 1043 – developmental 754, 757 – high-grade 747 – history 736 – imaging 739 –interbodyfusion 750 – isthmic 748 – low-grade 746 – lumbosacral 743 – non-operative treatment 745 – of the axis 860, 872 – operative treatment 747 – pathogenesis 735 –postsurgical 745 – sacral dome osteotomy 754 –slipreduction 750 – surgery 14, 752 –traumatic 871 spondylolysis 162, 175, 733 – block 276, 279, 283 – decompression 748 –fusion 748 – repair 748 spondylophytes 3 spondyloptosis 739, 756 – vertebrectomy 754 spondylosis 93, 715 –cervicalradiculopathy 431 spondylotic – pain 437 – syndrome 436, 438, 465 spoon test 303 SPORT trial 503 Spurling’s test 217, 437 SSEP, see somatosensory evoked potential stabilization of the subaxial cervical spine 1051 stabilizing exercise 613 standard – limited laminotomy 501 – radiograph 227 Staphylococcus – aureus 393 – – methicillin-resistant 394 – epidermidis 393 static loading 58 stem cell, oncogenic mutation 956 stenosis 21, 110, 111, 262, 293, 327, 515, 531, 1043, 1102 – cardinal symptoms 519 – complications 1089 – computed tomography 522 – CT myelography 522 – diagnosis 520 – foraminal 1108 –instrumentedfusion 529 – laminectomy 526 –lumbar 520 – magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 522 – natural history 525 – neurogenic claudication 519 Subject Index 1159 – of the carotid artery 379 – of the spinal canal 246, 513 – physical findings 520 – surgical decompression 528 sterilization 8 sternocleidomastoid muscle 339 sternocostal junction 346 sternotomy 990 stiffness 48, 71, 76 STM, see sagittal thoracic modifier strength endurance 614 strengthening exercise 592, 612 stress –profilometry 44 – shielding 74, 75, 79 stroke 1091 strut-grafting 910 subacute pain 126 subarachnoid hemorrhage 1005 subaxial injury – classification 865 – vertebral 864 subcutaneous rod 707 substance P 136 sulfasalazine 1068 superficial infection 1111 superior – laryngeal nerve 341 – – lesion 1096 – mesenteric artery syndrome 1113 suppression 237 surgery 4 – airway assessment 376 –airwaycontrol 391 – analgesia 421 – anesthesia 389, 411 – anterior lumbar retroperitoneal approach 355 – anterior medial approach 337 – anterior-lateral retroperitoneal approach to the lumbar spine 353 – antibiotic prophylaxis 393 – blood preserving techniques 400 – body temperature 399 – cell salvage 402 – comorbidities 417 – end of anesthesia 409 – endotracheal intubation 391 – high-risk patients 373 –indications 185 – local anesthetic 422 – lumbar disc herniation 482 – maintenance of anesthesia 396 – muscle detachment 605 – organ-specific assessment 385 –outcome 179 – – biological and demographic variables 186 – – measures 179, 192 ––predictors 183 – – psychological factors 187 –patient – – assessment 374, 385 – – expectations 183 – – positioning 337, 394 – posterior approach ––tothecervicalspine 342 – – to the thoracolumbar spine 358 –postoperative – – extubation 418 – – infections 393 ––painmanagement 409 ––rehabilitation 603 ––ventilation 418 – preanesthetic evaluation 373 – predictors of outcome 192 – prescreening tools 179 – reoperation 530 – screw insertion 361 – successful outcome 180 – thromboembolic disease 420 Swedish lumbar spine study 569 sympathectomy syndrome 358 symphysis 356 syndesmophytes 1065 syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) 384 synfix 77 SynFrame 910 syringomyelia 635, 636, 669, 673, 803, 999 Tachosil 1098, 1099 tachycardia 384 – perioperative 418 tarsal tunnel syndrome 293 TCP, see tricalcium phosphate TDA, see total disc arthroplasty TDH, see thoracic disc herniation tear-drop – fracture 831 – injury 869 technetium-99m bone scan 961 TEE, see transesophageal echocardiography telomere 953 tendinopathy 1062 tendon reflex 218 tendon-tap reflex 325 tenotomy 13 tension band 78 test-retest reliability 1135 tethered cord 211, 629, 635, 1093 – cutaneous markers 813 – syndrome 799, 806, 811, 812 ––diagnostictests 815 ––neurologicalfindings 802 ––surgery 817 – – treatment 815 tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis 137 tetraparesis 444 tetraplegia 293, 297, 851 TGF- 106 thalamus 134 thecal sac 527 thiopental 406 thoracic –curve 648 – disc herniation (TDH) 502 –discography 274 – hypokyphosis 645 – kyphosis 213, 645, 768, 775, 776, 942 – lordosis 640 – outlet syndrome (TOS) 217, 293, 333 – spine 41, 228 ––injury 883 ––surgery 419 thoracolumbar – fascia 360 – fracture 883, 907 – neurological examination 892 – non-operative treatment 899 – posterior stabilization 912 – treatment guidelines 912 1160 Subject Index – injury 895 – orthosis (TLO) 722 – spinal injury – history 893 – operative treatment 903 – transition 885 thoracolumbosacral orthosis (TLSO) 722 thoraco-lumbotomy 643 thoraco-phrenico-lumbotomy 728 – left-sided 350 –surgicalanatomy 352 thoracoplasty 647 thoracoscopy 649, 911 thoracotomy 345, 377, 643, 988 – complications 1098 – right-sided 346 –surgicalanatomy 348 thorax trauma 909 three-joint complex 93, 542 thrombectomy 1100 thrombocytes –abnormalities 626 –metallophilic 626 thrombocytopenia 404 thyroid tumor 992 tight filum terminale 807 titanium mesh cage 1036 TIVA, see total intravenous anesthesia TKA, see total knee arthroplasty TLIF, see transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion TLO, see thoracolumbar orthosis TLS, see translaminar screw TLSO, see thoracolumbosacral orthosis TMS, see transcranial magnetic stimulation TNF- , see tumor necrosis factor TOF, see train-of-four Tokuhashi scoring system 984 tonsillectomy 853 torticollis 1006, 1024 TOS, see thoracic outlet syndrome total – disc arthroplasty (TDA) 455, 466, 566, 567, 571 – – ProDisc-L 568 – intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) 396 – joint replacement 568 – knee arthroplasty (TKA) 80 tracheotomy 418, 1100 traction table 11, 12, 29 train-of-four (TOF) 400 tramadol 142 tranexamic acid 403 transarticular screw 73, 84 transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 319, 328 transduction 129 transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) 398 transforaminal – lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) 75, 563 – procedure 75 – steroid injection 447 transient receptor potential (TRP) channel 129 transitional vertebrae 541 translaminar screw (TLS) 68, 73, 84 – fixation 562 translation motion 545 transmission 130 transpedicular reduction osteotomy 725 transpharyngeal stereotactic needle biopsy 964 transverse –abdominus 53 – alar ligament disruption 857 – incision 339 – myelitis 498 trauma 56 traumatic – fracture at the thoracolumbar junction 883 – spondylolisthesis 830 – – of the axis 860 – sympathectomy 384 Traver’s case 25 tricalcium phosphate (TCP) 557 Trömner sign 300 trophic hormone 92 trunk – imbalance 213 –muscle 48 T-score 929 tuberculin skin test 1025 tuberculosis 9, 11, 13, 22, 350, 765, 1023, 1025, 1027, 1029, 1036 –gibbosity 12 tumor 295, 327 – adjuvant therapy 967, 973 – back pain 957 –benign 965 – biology 953, 973 –biopsy 964 – capsule 1014, 1016 – cervical 1006 – classification 973 – compression fracture 959 – curetage 968 – cyst 1003 – en-bloc resection 968, 970 – endovascular embolization 992 – excessive bleeding 1108 – genetic studies 998 –histology 956 – imaging studies 958 –intradural 997 – – cytology 1009 – – imaging studies 1007 ––non-surgicaltreatment 1009 – – surgical treatment 1009 – intradural-extramedullary 999 – – surgical techniques 1010 – intradural-intramedullary 1002 – intralesional resection 968, 969 –intramedullary 1005 – intraoperative neuromonitoring 329 –localrecurrences 973 – malignant 966 – musculoskeletal 953 – necrosis 959 – non-operative treatment 967 – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 967 – of the central nervous system 997 – of the cervical spine 988 – of the foramen magnum 1006 – of the lumbar spine 992 – of the mediastinum 978 – of the retroperitoneum 978 – of the sacrum 970 – of the thoracic spine 988 – operative treatment 968 –poor-prognosistype 956 – reconstruction of the spine 970 –resection 988 – sacral 957 – spinal angiography 963 – spinal stabilization 988 Subject Index 1161 – staging 964, 986 – technetium scan 961 –treatment 973 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF- ) 105, 106, 1061, 1068 –exogenous 486 – inhibitor 1048 ulnar nerve –lesion 310 –palsy 219 – syndrome 444 ultrasonography 247 umbilicus 356 Unterberger’s stepping test 302 upper limb tension test (ULTT) 438 ureteral injury 1103 urinary – bladder – – dysfunction 1114 – – injury 1103 – tract infection 1114 uroflowmetry 491 vagal nerve 294 VAI, see vertebral artery insufficiency Valsalva maneuver 217, 438 vanilloid receptor 129 variable screw system (VSP) 562 VA S , s e e V i s u a l A n a l o g u e S c a l e vascular – compression theory 517, 531 – prosthesis 1091 vascularization, age-related changes 102 VBCF, see vertebral body compression fracture venous –congestion 517 – laceration 1102 – thromboembolism 380 VEPTR, see vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) 1127 vertebra/vertebral 1 – angioma 987 – ankylosing 111 –artery – – injury 1103 – – insufficiency (VAI) 842 – body 43, 61 – – age-related changes 110, 114 – – biomechanical function 42 – – compression fracture (VBCF) 925, 942 – – height 931 – – metastases 979 – – reconstruction 988 ––screw 642 – body compression fracture (VBCF) ––bracing 936 – – cement reinforcement 939 – – operative treatment 937 – – restoration of lordosis 939 ––treatment 936 – – vertebroplasty 938 – column alteration 1065 – compression fracture 111 – fracture 898, 926, 1043 ––history 930 – geometry 43 – kyphosis 1059 – osteomyelitis 1021, 1025 –spineinjury – – classification 887 vertebrectomy 78, 687, 754, 970 – posterior transpedicular 990 – posterolateral 992 vertebrobasilar insufficiency 1045 vertebroplasty 938, 960, 987 – local cement leakage 940 vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR) 648 vertobrectomy 681 vessel – laceration 1096 – ligation 1107 vibration 218 videofluoroscopy 545 Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) 208, 915, 916, 1126 von Hippel-Lindau disease 998, 1003 von Willebrand’s disease 404 VSP, see variable screw system WAD, see whiplash-associated disorder Waddell sign 221 waistline asymmetry 627, 629 wake-up test (WUT) 390, 395,408 Wallenburg’s syndrome 842 wear and tear 539 wedge – compression fracture 885 – osteotomy 725 – vertebra 695, 708 whiplash – injury 28, 827, 871 – syndrome 157, 167 whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) 157, 208, 827, 833, 871 – classification 836 – radiograph 252 – treatment 844 WHO Quality of Life instruments 1130 wide-dynamic range (WDR) neuron 131 windshield wiper effect 368 windswept deformity 672 winking owl sign 959 work conditioning program 594 workers’ compensation 189 wound – erysipelas 1111 – healing 605 – infection 652, 1110 – persistent drainage 1112 WUT, see wake-up test xanthochromia 1009 X-ray 8 zygapophyseal joint, see also facet joint 41 1162 Subject Index The Editors Norbert Boos was born in Germany in 1960 and is a Swiss citizen. He studied at the University of Saarland, Germany, and the University of Basle, Switzerland. He then received an international training as an orthopedic and spinal surgeon in Germany, Switzerland, the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Since 1997 he has been Head of Spinal Surgery at the Orthopaedic University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, Switzerland. He received his venia legendi at the University of Zürich in 1999 and was promoted to Titular Professor in 2005. Nor- bert Boos has a long track record in clinical and basic spinal research. He has published over 100 articles and book chapters in many areas of spinal disorders and has won numerous prestigious awards in the fields of spinal surgery and research. In 2002, he received a Master’s degree in Business Administration from the University of Zürich and has developed a keen interest in health-care eco- nomics as well as health-care technology assessment and transfer. He is a found- ing member of AO Spine, a Deputy Editor of the European Spine Journal,anda board member of EuroSpine, the Spine Society of Europe. Max Aebi was born in Switzerland in 1948 and is a Swiss/Canadian dual citizen. He studied at the University of Bern, became a board certified General and Orthopedic Surgeon (FMH and FRCSC), and did his spine fellowship training in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. From 1992 to 2002, he held the positions of Professor and Chair, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Orthopaedic Surgeon-in-Chief, McGill University Health Center; and Adjunct Professor of Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. In 1999, he received an AMP diploma from INSEAD, Fontainebleau, and in 2002 was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the Universit´edelaM´editerra- n´ee, Marseilles, France. Since 2002, Max Aebi has been Professor and Co-Chair of the MEM Research Center, University of Bern, and Chief of Staff, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirslanden-Salem Hospital, Bern, Switzerland. Max Aebi is Co-Founder and Past Chairman of AO Spine, a member of the European Aca- damy of Science, and the Founder and Editor-in-Chief of the European Spine Journal, the highest rated scientific journal in musculoskeletal medicine in Europe. 1163 The Medical Illustrator Alain Blank is a scientific illustrator and graphic designer. He founded his agency for visual communication, Blankvisual, in 2001 after having acquired a vast experience as a freelance and scientific illustrator for many international agencies and companies. The specialities of illustration, photography, video, computer animation and interaction design are all part of his and Blankvisual’s repertoire. Currently he is developing interactive e-learning programs on the locomotor apparatus for the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Zürich. The DVD Anatomy of the Locomotor Apparatus (Biomedia SA), for which Alain Blank supplied the anatomical illustrations, has been honored with Prix Möbius Inter- national and Worlddidac awards. Alain Blank is also regularly invited to lecture on visual communication and scientific visualization at the Zürich University of the Arts. www.blankvisual.ch 1164 [...]... understanding of painting, which is clearly noticeable when considering his mastery in dealing with the painting medium In the course of his further development, the artist’s point of view shifted increasingly from figure to color He created works which speak for themselves without referring to objects Rarely, in the form of fragments emerging between the different coats of color, indications of drawing.. .1165 The Artist Arnaldo Ricciardi was born in Italy in 1954 After finishing public school and attending high school in Zürich, he continued his training at the School of Art in Lugano Apart from this school, contact with the painter Leo Maillet (1902 –1990) was of great importance to the prospective artist’s progress Working with Maillet, who had been a student of Max Beckmann in... of drawing were visible Ricciardi’s style became more and more abstract over time Today, he puts the main emphasis on colorfields – constructions “floating freely” and dominating the general impression of his work Such colorfields can be built up in various ways but are usually intensely correlated Some appear buoyant and transparent, others heavy and opaque Carefully selected matched tones make a strong... heavy and opaque Carefully selected matched tones make a strong impression on the observer The characteristic tints arise during the painting process when color compositions are changed again and again The doctrine of colors, to which Arnaldo dedicated himself during his academic years, now works to his advantage when dealing with color compositions Fundamental to Ricciardi’s compositions is that he keeps... provided that any occur in his paintings, result from the interaction of different colors forming fields which indicate distances between the different color levels, giving his paintings a strong expressiveness His work is regularly exhibited at international art fairs www.arnaldo.ch recipienti 34, 2007 info@arnaldo.ch spazio rosso 8, 2007 1166 bluenote 13, 2008 bluenote 18, 2008 . University of Bern, and Chief of Staff, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirslanden-Salem Hospital, Bern, Switzerland. Max Aebi is Co-Founder and Past Chairman of AO Spine, a member of the European. and basic spinal research. He has published over 100 articles and book chapters in many areas of spinal disorders and has won numerous prestigious awards in the fields of spinal surgery and research General and Orthopedic Surgeon (FMH and FRCSC), and did his spine fellowship training in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. From 1992 to 2002, he held the positions of Professor and