in polite questions, 197, 199 possibility, present/future, 195 Countlnoncount nouns, 313-342 noncount nouns, 313-3 15,322 D Dependent clause, defined, 343fn. (SEE ALSO Adjective clauses; Adverb clauses; Noun clauses) fiFerentfrom, 27 1 Direct speech (SEE Quoted speech) Distance (to . . .&m, how far), 140 Do as main verb in what-questions, 130 Does, do, did: in negative (I don't. . .), 4,26 with have to, 207 in questions (Did you . . . ?), 4,26, 12 1, 123 with what, 130 in short answers Wes, I do), 19,26, 121 Double comparatives (the sooner, the bettm), 263 E -Ed (nsked,played), 25,32 past participle, 32, 84 as adjective (a confucedperson), 297 pronunciation, 28 spelling, 29 Either, 235 Enough, 394 -Erlmore and -estlmost, 252-253,257 Etc., 245fn. Even though, 24 1 Ewr, 9 Every, 165 Expressions of quantity (some, many), 3 18, 326 F Far, much, a lot, 258 Farthorl~rther, 253fn. (A) fi?w, 3 1 8 For (purpose) (I went to the store fm milk), 39 1 For and since (time) (I stayed fm two doy), 86-87,95,98 For (someone) to do (sumethind, with it (It is important foryou to study), 388 Frequency: adverbs (always, somerimes), 9,102 expressions (a lot, every day), 139 questions about, with how om, 139 From, to, to express distance, 140 Full stop (period), 226fn. Future time, 55-82 be going to and will, 56,59,63 in if-clauses, 65 immediate @e about to), 74 using present verbs to express (It begins tomorrow), 70-73 in time clauses (Before he comes, we will .), 65 G Gerunds (riding, working), 368 following prepositions, 38 1 as subjects (Riding horses is fun), 387 verbs followed by (enjoy working), 368, 374 Get + adjectivelpast participle (get hungry, get rired), 300 Get used tolamrstornod to, 303 Go + -ing (go shopping), 372 Gonna (going to), 56 7 H Habitual past (used D do something), 52 Had: contracted with pronouns, 203 in past perfect (She had already eaten), 112-1 13 Had better Wou'd bew study), 190,203 Hanged vs. hung, 92fn. Have, auxiliary in present perfect (Thq, have eaten), 85 progressive vs. non-action, 17 in questions, main verb, 122)~. 5 Hove got to, 190,206 Have to, 190,206 do not have to, 207 Helping verbs (SEE Auxiliary verbs; Negatives; Questions; individual items) Hors, 138,143 hourBbout, 149 hoeu far, 140 howlong, 141 how many (times), 139,322 how much, 318,322 how ofren, 139 I u-clauses, 65 expressing funwe time in, 65 as noun clauses, 409,425 ~ltubhr in noun clauses, 409,425 Immediate future (be about to), 74 Imperative sentences (St@!), 213 In, as preposition of time, 163 Independent clause, defined, 343fi. Indirect speech (SEE Reported speech) In6nitives (w eat), 373-374 withit (Itisu(syo&eggs), 141, 387-388 with modals~ w st&), 190 purpose (in order w), 391 with tw and wan& 394 verbs followed by, 373-374 Information quescio88,129 4np: gerund (Swimming isfun), 368 present participle (They are swimming), 32 as adjective (an interesting book), 297 in tenses (SEE Progressive verbs) spellii 29,32 In orde+ to, 3P1 Interested vs. inteesthag, 297 Intrsnsitive and transitive verbs. 280 Irregular noun plurals (roma&,fih), 158, 173 Irregular verbs (ear, a, earn), list, 33 It, to express distance (It is au, miles . . .), 140 It + infinitive (It is eagy w do), 387-388 It + tak (length of time), 141 It. vs. it's, 176 L The least, 265 Less . than, 259 Lot's, 215 Lied vs. Lay, lain, 3 lfn. Like, alike, 27 1 Like. . . better, 218 (A) littk, 3 18 Logical conclusion, 210 M Main clause, 48,239,343fn. Manylmuch, 3 18 May, 190,193 permission, 193, 197 polite question, 197 possibility, 60, 193 Maybe, 60,202 vs. may be, 193 Measure, units of (a cup of, a pzece on, 324 Midsentence adverbs (dy, seldom), 9,102 Might, 190,193 Modal auxiliaries, 190-2 10 (SEE ALSO individual items) in passive, 288 Morel-er . . . than, 252-253,257 The most/-eat, 252-253,265 Much, a lot, far, 258 Must, 190 logical conclusion, 210 necessity, 206 Must not, 207,210 Nearly, 248 Negatives: adverbs (seldom, never), 9 be + not, 4 be + not + going w, 56 past progressive (waslwere not), 39 present perfect (haslhave not), 85 present progressive (amlislare not), 4 should + not (shouldn't), 202 simple past (did not), 26 simple present (doesldo not), 4, 19 will + not (won't), 59 (SEE ALSO Contractions of verbs) 1 INDEX Na'ther, 235 Non-action (nonprogressive) verbs (know, want, belong), 17 Noncount nouns (furniture, mail), 313-315,322,324 units of measure with (two cups of tea), 324 used as count nouns (paper vs. a paper), 322 Not (SEE Negatives) Notas as, 259 Noun clauses, 403-4 15 with ifwhether, 409,425 with question words (what he said), 404 reported speech, sequence of tenses, 423 with that (Ithink that .), 414-415 Nouns: coundnoncount (chairslfurniture), 313-327 plural forms, 12, 158, 165 possessive (Tom's), 173 as subjects and objects, 159 used as adjectives (a flower garden), 168 0 Object pronouns, personal (him, them), 17 1 in adjective clauses (whom I met), 344,347 Objects: of a preposition (on the desk), 159 of a verb (k reading a book), 166 On, as time preposition (on Monday), 16'3 One of + plural noun, 265 Or, 228 Other, 181,183,186 Ought to, 190,202 P Parallel structure with and, but, or, 226, 228 with verbs (walks and talks, is walking and talkin&, 76 Participial adjectives (interested vs. interesting), 297 Particles, in phrasal verbs (put away), 432 Partitives (SEE Units of measure) Passive (It was mailed by Bob), 276 by-phrase, use of, 276,282 modal auxiliaries (should be mailed), 288 stative (is married), 292 summary of forms, 277,287 Past habit (I used im live in . . .), 52 Past participles, defined, 32,84 as adjectives (be tired, be surprised), 292 following get (get tired), 300 vs. -ing (interested vs. interestink,, 297 of irregular verbs, list, 33 in passive, 276-277 Past perfect (had leji), 11 2-1 13 Past progressive (was eating), 39 Past time, 24-52 (SEE ALSO Tenses) Period, 226 Personal pronouns (she, him, they), 17 1 Phrasal verbs, list, 449-452 intransitive, 443 nonseparable, 432 separable, 432 three-word, 446 Phrase, defined, 403h Plural nouns, 12,158 (SEE ALSO Singular and plural) Polite questions using modals (May R W€wldyou?), 197, 199,218 Possessive: in adjective clauses (whose), 359 nouns (Tom's), 173 pronouns and adjectives (mine and my), 176 hfer, 2 18 Prepositional phrases (on the desk), 161 Prepositions (ar,f/om, under): combinations with verbs and adjectives, 453 followed by gerunds, 381 list, 161,463- 464 objects of, 161 as particle in phrasal verbs (put off,put on), 432 of place, 162fn, 164 vs. time, word order, 164 placement in adjective clauses, 355 placement in information questions, l26fn in stative passive (be married to), 292 of time (in, on, aZ), 163 INDEX 5 Presen~&dpk (eatink,, 32 as djective finf~e~Ebrk), 297 vs. gerund, 368 Present perfect (hawe eaten), 84-1 13 defined, 87 Pteauu. time, 4-19 (SEE ALSO Tenses) Principal parts of a verb (cas, a, ~aren, eaaiq), 32 hbabb, 60 Progressive verb T[M +-in&, 32 in passive (ic being &Me), 287 past(wus doirPkt, 39,287 present @ &i&&, 4,70,98,287 presenmpufect &as been doink,, 98-100 vn, non-adon (I am thinking vs. I think), 17 Pronouns: in adjective clauses (do, wlbiclr), 344, 347-348 contractions with (REE Contractions) used as expressions of@mtitJr (mwy, sonrs), 3Z6 personal (I, them), 17 1 possessiw (kb,drrin), 136 reflexive (mysaZt; th&&a), 178 Pronunciation: -ed, 28 -s/-R(J 157 Pnoacllton: apostrophe (Tom's), 173 (SEE ALSO Conuactions) comma: in adverb dau8es, 48,239 vs. a p&&, Z26 in quoted speech, 420 inasuieswkhmd,226 period, 226 quotation marks, 420 Purpose (k oniLl to, fbr), 39 1 Q Quantity, expressions of @ lot, sd), 318,32qlh. Question %nus, 123 p~t progressive (were ~mr doing?), 39 pl%mperfe~t (hV8 YOU &?If$, 85 6- present perfect progressive Fawe they been driving?), 98 present progressive (are you doing?), 4 simple past (did you do?), 26 simple present (do you do?), 4 with will (dyou do?), 59 Questions, 121-152 information (why, when), 123 polite (wouldyou please?), 197, 199,202 tag (You know Bob, don't you?), 152 yeslno, 19, 121, 123 Question words, 123, 128 (SEE ALSO Noun clauses; individual items) Quite, 248 Quotation marks, 420 Quoted speech, 42M22 Reflexive pronouns (myem, 178 Relative clauses (SEE Adjective clauses) Reported speech, 422-423 -S/-es: with plural nouns @ids), 12, 158,313 pronunciation, 157 with simple present verbs (eat), 4 spelling, 13 Same, similar, dflerent, like, alike, 27 1 Say vs. tell, 425 Sequence of tenses, in noun clauses, 423 Several, 3 18 Shall, 56 Short answers to questions, 19, 26,85, 121 Should, 190,202 Simple form of a verb, 32 Simple past, 25-26 vs. past progressive, 39 vs. present perfect, 87 Simple present, 4, 19 to express future time, 73 in future time clauses, 65 Since andfor, 86-87,95,98 Singular and plural: nouns (a bird, birdr), 158-159, 313 nouns used as adjectives flower gardens), 168 personal pronouns (I, we), 17 1 possessive nouns (student's, studenu'), 176 present tense verbs (eat), 4,12 verbs in adjective clauses (man who ir, men who are), 354 So: with and (and so do 0,235 conjunction (It was late, so we lefr), 230 substituted for that-clause (I think so), 418 Some, 313,326 Soltoola'therlneither, 235 Spelling: -ed, 29 -erl-est, 253-254fn. ing, 29 -s/-es, 13, 158 r Stative (non-action) verbs, 17fn. Stative passive (is married), 292 StiN. 102 Stop (stop doing it vs. stop to do it), 3701%. Subject pronouns, personal (I, she, they), 171 in adjective clauses (a man who is, a book which was), 344 Subjects, verbs, objects, 159 transitive vs. inuansitive verbs, 280 Subject-verb agreement, 165 in adjective clauses, 354 Superlatives, 252-253,265 Supposed to, 307 S-V-0-P-T, 164 Tag questions (You know Bob, don't you?), 152 Take, with it to express length of time, 141 Tell vs. say, ask, 425 Tenses: past perfect (had worked), 112-1 13 past progressive (were workink), 39 present perfect (have worked), 85-87, 95 present perfect progressive (have been workink), 98-100 present progressive (is workink), 4 future meaning, 70 simple future (will work), 56 simple past (worked), 25-26, 32, 39, 87 simple present(works), 4 future meaning, 65,73 Than: in comparatives (morel-er), 252,257, 260 following like better, would mther, 2 18 That: in adjective clauses (a book that I read), 347-348,355 in noun clauses (He said that. . .), 414-415 The, 252,326-327 with names, 338 Their, they're, there, 17 6 Thsrs + be, 165 Think, progressive vs. non-action, 17 Three-word verbs, 446 (SEE ALSO Phrasal verbs) ,', ,., : ' : i Time clauses, defined, 239jh. form, 48 ,' . ~. ;., . : ' , ,~, . future, 65 , - . . past, 48 . . , I, with since, 95 To,,Srom, to express distance, 140 'Zb + simple form (infinitive), 373-374 (in order) to, 39 1 (excess amount), 394 with and (and I do too), 235 Transitive and intransitive verbs, 280 lko-word verbs, 432 (SEE ALSO Phrasal verbs) Units of measure (a cup of, a piece ofl, 324 Until, 48,65,67fn. Used to (past habit), 52 vs. be used to, 305 INDEX 7 v Verbs: principal parts of, 32 reporting, 423,425 vs. subjects and objects, 159,280 transitidinuansitive, 280 (SEE luso Auxiliary verbs; Modal auxiliaries; Passive; Phrasal verbs; kes; individual items) WV, 258 Vowels, 13h. W Hbs, were, 26,39 + -ing (maseating), 39 What, 125 in noun clauses, 403-415 what about, 149 what + a form of do, 130 what kind of, 132 what rime vs. when, 124 whem in questions, 124 in time clauses, 39,48,65 Wkorr, I24 Wkotksr, 409,425 which: in adjective clauses, 348 in noun clauses, 403-407 in questions, 133 While, 39,48,65 Will, 190 vs. be going to, 63 forms, 59 future, 56 in polite questions, 199 with probably, 60 With vs. by, 384 Wholwho(m): in adjective clauses, 344, 347-348, 355 in noun clauses, 407 in questions, 123,125 who's vs. whose, 135,359fn. Whose: in adjective clauses, 359 in noun clauses, 407 in questions, 135 Why, 124 Why don't, 215 Word order (s-V-0-P-T), 164 Wuld, 190 conuactions with pronouns, 218 in polite questions, 199 in reported speech, 423 Wuld rather, 218 Y Yeslno questions, 19, 121, 123,409 kt, 102 I FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR with ANSWER KEY Third Edition Betty Schrampferhr &@ - I A classic developmental skills text for laver-intermediate and intermediate students of English as a second or foreign language, hmdamentals of English Gmmmar is a reference grammar as well as a stimulating and teachable classroom text. I While keeping the same basic approach and material as in earlier editions, the third edition more fully develops communicative and interactive language-learning activities. Some of the new features are: Numerous "real communication" opportunities More options for interactive work in pairs and groups Additional open-ended communicative tasks for both speaking and writing Expanded error-analysis exercises Interesting and lively new exercise material New appendices for phrasal verbs and prepositions ADAMENTALS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR, Third Edition, includes: I Shdent Book Full Edition: ISBN 0-13-013631-X Volume A: ISBN 0-13-013646-8 .Volume B: ISBN 0-13-013652-2 Full edition with Answer Key: ISBN 0-13-049447-X Workbook, consisting of self-study exercisgs for independent work Full Edition: ISBN 0-13-013633-6 Volume A: ISBN 0-13-013647-6 Volume B: ISBN 0-13-013653-0 Chartbook, a reference text consisting of only the grammar charts ISBN 0-13-013635-2 Teacher's Guide, with teaching suggestions, grammar notes, and answers ISBN 0-13-013634-4 I m AzarIGrammar Exchange Companion website http://www.longman.com/azar h!tp://www.longman.com/grammarexchange Education ILI . ADAMENTALS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR, Third Edition, includes: I Shdent Book Full Edition: ISBN 0-13-013631-X Volume A: ISBN 0-13-013646-8 .Volume B: ISBN 0-13-013652-2 Full edition with. rather, 218 Y Yeslno questions, 19, 121, 123,409 kt, 102 I FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR with ANSWER KEY Third Edition Betty Schrampferhr &@ - I A classic developmental. for laver-intermediate and intermediate students of English as a second or foreign language, hmdamentals of English Gmmmar is a reference grammar as well as a stimulating and teachable