EXERCISE 9. Comparative and superlative forms. (Charts 9-2 and 9-3) Directim: Give the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives and adverbs. 1. high 8. dangerous 2. good 9. slowly 3. lazy 10. common 4. hot* 1 1. friendly 5. neat* 12. careful 6. late* 13. bad 14. far EXERCISE 10. COI , . , ~rts 9 - -nd 9-3) Direccionc Complete the sentences with the correct comparative form (-el-or) of the given adjectives. 1 ' 1. Oranges are S\UP&PV than lemons. I , . . 2. I heard a little polite laughter when I told my jokes, but everyone laughed loudly when Janet told hers. Her jokes are always much than mine. 3. Many more people die in car accidents than in plane accidents. Statistics show that driving your own car is thanflying in an , t I airplane. 're. clean dangernus funny Jsweet confusing dark PreV wer 4. Professor Sato speaks clearly, but I have trouble understanding Professor Larson's lectures. Her lectures are much than Professor Sato's. -*,,>A - 5. Bobby! How did you get all covered with mud? Hurry and take a bath. Even the floor is than you are. *Spelling notes: When a one-syllable sdiecdve ends in one vowel + a conso-t, double the consonant and add -erl-est. Example: sod, aaddw, add-t. When an adjective ends in rwo vow& + a consonant, do NOT double the consonant: cool, cooler, coolest. + When an adjective ends in -e, do NM double the cansonant: wide, widor, widest. 6. A: Why does wet sand look than dry sand? B: Because wet sand reflects less light. 7. A: The moon is full tonight. There's not a cloud in the sky. Look at the moonlight on the lake. It makes the water sparkle. Have you ever seen a sight than this? B: No. It's beautiful. 8. If a cat and a duck are out in the rain, the cat will get much than the duck. The water will simply roll off the duck's feathers but will soak into the cat's hair. EXERCISE 11. FARTHER and FURTHER. (Chart 9-3) Directions: Complete the sentences with farther andlorfirthor. Use both if possible. 1. Ron and his friend went jogging. Ron ran two miles, but his friend got tired after one mile. Ron ran f avth~v/fhvth~v than his friend did. 2. If you have any fhvtk~v questions, don't hesitate to ask. 3. Paris is north than Tokyo. 4. I gave my old computer to my younger sister because I had no use for it. 5. I like my new apartment, but it is away from school than my old apartment was. 6. Thank you for your help, but I'll be fine now. I don't want to cause you any trouble. Comparisons 255 0 EXERCISE 12. Comparatives. (Charts 9-2 and 9-3) Directions: Choose any appropriate adjective from the list (or any adjective of your own choosing) to make comparisons between the given items. Use the comparative form (morel-or) . btight flexible short eV heavy thick enjuyable relaxing thin fast shallow wide and deep 1. traveling by air \ traveling by bus + Tmveling by air is faster rhan traveling by bus. Traveling by air is easier rhan tmveling by bus. Etc. 2. a pool \ a lake i 3. an elephant's neck \ a giraffe's neck . .t ." ., " . 4 ? 4. sunlight \ moonlight . . -r i,u , L & ,~- 5. iron \ wood \. . . . . b.z i : ,~ , ., 7@< .: * 8 5, , -7 6. walking \ running , ,*?> . 7. a river \ a stream . <.: . '<+. 8. rubber \ wood *. . ~ 9. nothing \ sitting in a garden on a quiet summer day 10. a butterfly's wing \ a blade of grass 0 EXERCISE 13. Comparatives. (Charts 9-2 and 9-3) Directions: Work in pairs. Speaker A: Ask the given question. Your book is open. Speaker B: Answer the question. Begin your response with "Not really, but at least . . . !' Your book is closed. Example: SPEAKER A (book open): Is the mayor of this city famous? SPEAKER B (bwk closed): Not really, but at least helshe is more famous than I am. 13, Switch roles. 1. Is a mouse big? 7. Is the floor clean? 2. Is this room large? 8. Is a pen expensive? 3. Is your desk comfortable? 9: Is this book heavy? 4. Is an elephant intelligent? 10. Is blue a bright color? 5. Was the last exercise easy? 11. Is (name of a city) close to (name of this city)? (a) I'm older than my brother (r). In formal English, a subject pronoun (e.g., he) follows @) I'm older than he is. than, as in @). In everyday, informal spoken English, an (c) I'm older than him. (informal) object pronoun (e.g., him) often follows than, as in (c) (d) He works harder than I do. Frequently an auxiliary verb follows the subject after (el I arrived earlier than zhar did. than. In (d): than I do = than I wk. (f) Ann's hair is longer than Kate's. A possessive noun (e.g., Kate's) or pronoun (e.g., mine) (g) Jack's apartment is smaller than mine. r may follow than. EXERCISE 14. Completing a comparative. (Chart 9-4) Direcrirms: Complete the sentences. Use pronouns in the completions. 1. My sister is only six. She's much younger than I AW OR imfmmallv) IM~ . 2. Peggy is thirteen, and she feels sad. She thinks most of the other girls in school are far more popular than 3. The children can't lift that heavy box, but Mr. Ford can. He's stronger than 4. Jim isn't a very good speller. I can spell much better than 5. I was on time. Jack was late. I got there earlier than 6. Ted is out of shape. I can run a lot faster and farther than 7. Isabel's classes are diEcult, but my classes are easy. Isabel's classes are more ditficult than . My classes are easier than 8. Our neighbor's house is very large. Our house is much smaller than . Their house is larger than EXERCISE 15. Comparative and superlative forms. (Charts 9-3 and 9-4) Diiections: As a class or in smaller groups, divide into two teams. Each team will try to score points. SCORING: (1) One point for the correct meaning of the given adjective. (2) One point for the correct compamtive and superlative forms of that adjective. (3) One point for a clear sentence with the comparative or superlative form. The teams should prepare for the contest by discussing the words in the list, looldng them up in the dictionary if necessary, and making up possible sentences. Example: dependable LEADER: What does "dependable" mean? TEAM: "Dependable" means "responsible, reliable, trustworthy." For example, it describes people who do their jobs well every day. LEADER: Yes. That's one point. Now, comparative and superlative forms? TEAM: more dependable than, the most dependable of all LEADER: Correct. That's another point. And a sentence with one of those forms? TEAM: Vegetables are more dependable than fit. LEADER: What? That doesn't make any sense. No point. TEAM: Adults are more dependable than children. LEADER: Good. One point. Your total points as a team: three. List of adjectives for the leader to hose jbm: 1. absent-minded 8. confusing 15. fresh 2. active 9. cute 16. friendly 3. attractive 10. dangerous 17. heavy 4. bright 11. delightful 18. hectic 5. calm 12. dim 19. high 6. clever 13. easy 20. humid 7. common 14. flexible 21. intelligent 22. pleasant 23. polite 24. soft 25. sour 26. straight 27. wild 28. wonderful 1 9-5 MODIFYING COMPARATIVES (a) Tom is very old. @) Ann drives uw carefully. Rry often modifies adjectives, as in I in m). and adverbs, as (c) INCORRECT: Tom is very older than I am. Rry is NOT used to modify comparative adjectives and INCORMCT: Ann drives very more carefuuy adverbs. than she used to. (d) Tom is muchla lotlfar older than I am. Instead, much, a lot, or far are used to modii (e) Ann drives much/a lotlfclr more carewy comparative adjectives and adverbs, as in (d) and (e). than she used to. (f) Ben is a little (&it) older than I am I OR Another common modifier is a tittlela little bit, as in (f). (informauy) me. EXERCISE 16. Modifying comparatives. (Chart 9-5) Directions: Add very, -h, a lot, or far to these sentences. 1. It's hot today. + It's very hot today. 2. It's hotter today than yesterday. + It's muchla lotlfar hotter today than yesterday. 3. An airplane is fast. 4. Taking an airplane is faster than hitchhiking. 5. Learning a second language is difficult for many people. 6. Learning a second language is more difficult than learning chemistry formulas. 7. You can live more inexpensively in student housing than in a rented apartment. 8. You can live inexpensively in student housing. adverbs of more than one syllable. MORB THAN ONE SYLLABLE (a) A pen is loss expensive than a book. (b) A pen is not as expensiwe as a book. ONE SYLLABLB Only not as. . . as (NOT loss) is used with one-syllable (c) A pen is not as large as u book. adjectives or adverbs, as in (c). The opposite of -er/more is expressed by loss or not as . . . as. (a) and @) have the same meaning. Loss and not as . . . as are used with adjectives and 1 (d) INCORRECT: A pen is less large than a book. I I EXERCISE 17. LESS . . .THAN and NOT AS . . . AS. (Chart 9-6) Direcrions: Circle the correct answer or answers. 1. My nephew is - ambitious - my niece. @less . . . than @ not as . . . as 2. My nephew is - old - my niece. A. less . . . than @) not as . . . as 3. A bee is - big - a bird. A. less . . . than B. not as . . . as .,-,. :-~ -,c. - 4. My brother is - ' ; . . ,, . interested in planning for the future - I am. ~,,':j,.:.#~ !; A. less . . .than B. not as . . . as . fi.''. . . 5. Iam- good at repairing things - Diane is. A. less . . . than B. not as . . . as 6. Some students are - serious about their schoolwork - others. A. less . . . than B. not as . . . as Comparisons 259 0 EXERCISE 18. MORE/-ER, LESS, and NOT AS . . . AS. (Charts 9-1 -+ 9-6) Directions: Use the words in the given order to make comparisons using one of the following: morel-er . . . than less. . . than not as . . . as 1. France \ large \ Brazil + Fmnce isn't as large as Brazil. 2. a river \ big \ a stream + A river is bigger than a stream. 3. metal \ flexible \ rubber + Metal is lessjlexible than rubber. OR Metal isn't as jlexible as rubber. 4. sidewalk \ wide \ road 5. arithmetic \ difficult \ advanced algebra 6. a hill \ high \ a mountain 7. bottled water \ clear and clean \ river water . ,,; ,;.,?+ , ., ~ ' ,. ". , *!, ! . : :: 8. cold, wet weather \ pleasant \ warm weather .I , . . l'i. 9. sitting in an easy chair \ comfortable \ sitting on a park bench ' 10. hiking along a path \ dangerous \ climbing a mountain peak 1 1. toes \ long \ fingers 12. toes \ useful \ fingers 13. toes \ long or useful \ fingers 14. fingers \ long and useful \toes 0 EXERCISE 19. MORE/-ER, LESS, and AS . . .AS. (Charts 9-1 + 9-6) Directions: Compare the following. Use (not) crp . . . crs, less, and more/ How many points of comparison can you thii of? Work in pairs, on teams, or as a class. Example: trees and flowers (big, colo&i, useful, etc.) + Trees are bigger thanjlowers. Trees are mrely as colo@l asflowers. Flowers are less useful than trees. Flowers aren't as sturdy as trees. Trees are more important to clean air qmlig than Powers. 1. the sun and the moon 3. two restaurants in this city 2. children and adults 4. two famous people in the world 1 9-7 UNCLEAR COMPARISONS UNCLEAR (a) Ann likes her dog better than her husband. CLEAR (b) Ann likes her dog better than her husband does. (c) Ann lies her dog better than she does her husband. Sometimes it is necessary to complete the idea following than in order to make a comparison clear. In @): dues means "lies the dog." In (c): does means "likes." . confusing dark PreV wer 4. Professor Sato speaks clearly, but I have trouble understanding Professor Larson's lectures. Her lectures are much than Professor Sato's. -*,,>A. Was the last exercise easy? 11. Is (name of a city) close to (name of this city)? (a) I'm older than my brother (r). In formal English, a subject pronoun (e.g., he) follows. my younger sister because I had no use for it. 5. I like my new apartment, but it is away from school than my old apartment was. 6. Thank you for your help, but I'll be fine now.