SUBJECT + FREQADV :a) Karen always seldom mrely hardly ever almost never not ever, neve* 1-3 FREQUENCY ADVERBS VERB tells the truth. :c) Do you alwrrys eat breakfast? :d) Ann usually doesn't eat breakfast. :e) Sue dossn't ahwys eat breakfast. :f) CORRECT: Anna never eats meat. :g) INCORRECT: Anna doesn't nw eat meat. :h) - Do you ovsr take the bus to work? -Yes, I do. I often take the bus. :i) I don't ewer walk to work. :j) INCORRECT: I ever walk to work. Frequency adverbs usually occur in the middle of a sentence and have s~ec~al oositions. as shown in examples (a) &ougG (e) below. The adverbs with the symbol ''y may also occu at the beginning or end of a sentence. I sometimes get up at 6:30. Sometimss I get up at 6:30. I get up at 6:30 sometimes. The other adverbs in the list (the ones not marked by "t") rarely occur at the beginning or end of a sentence. Their usual position is in the middle of a sentence. Frequency adverbs usually come between the subject and the simple present verb (except main verb be). Frequency adverbs follow be in the simple present (am, is, are) and simple past (was, were). In a question, frequency adverbs come directly after the subject. In a negative sentence, most frequency adverbs come in front of a negative verb (except always and ever). Ahwys follows a negative helping verb or negative be. Negative adverbs (sekiom, rarely, hardy ever, never) are NOT used with a negative verb. Ever is used in questions about frequency, as in (h). It means "at any time." Eusr is also used with not, as in (i). Ever is NOT used in statements. EXERCISE 9. The meaning of frequency adverbs. (Chart 1-3) Directions: Answer the questions. Discuss the meaning of the frequency adverbs. What is something that. . . 1. you seldom do? 2. you often do before you go to bed? 3. a polite person often does? 4. a polite person never does? 5. I frequently do in class? 6. I usually don't do in class? 7. you rarely eat? 8. you occasionally do after class? 9. drivers generally do? 10. people in your country always or usually do to celebrate the NewYear? Present Tlme 9 EXERCISE 10. Position of frequency adverbs. (Chart 1-3) ? : Direcdons: Add the word in italics to the sentence. Put the word in its usual midsentence position. dwyr 1. always Tom A studies at home in the evening. 2. always Tom is at home in the evening. 3. usually The mail comes at noon. 4. unrallj The mail is here by noon. 5. generally I eat lunch around one o'clock. 6. genemlly Tom is in the lunch room around one o'clock. 7. genemlly What time do you eat lunch? 8. usually Are you in bed by midnight? EXERCISE 11. Frequency adverbs in negatlve sentences. (Chart 1-3) Direcdons: Add the given words to the sentence. Put the adverbs in their usual midsentence position. Make any necessary changes in the sentence. 1. Sentence: Jack doesn't shave in the morning. a. usually Jack usually doesn't shave in the morning. b. often -t Jauk ojien doesn't shave in the morning. ' c frequently f. always i. hardly ever d. occasionally g. ever j. rarely i e. sometimes h. never k. seldom 2. I don't eat breakfast. a. usually b. always c. seldom d. ever 3. My roommate isn't home in the evening. a. generally b. sometimes c. always d. hardly ever EXERCISE 12. Using the slmple present with frequency adverbs. (Charts 1-1 + 1-3) Directions: Work in pairs. Use frequency adverbs to talk about yourself. Speaker A: Your book is open. Tell your classmate about yourself, using the given ideas and frequency adverbs. Speaker B: Your book is closed. Repeat the information Speaker A just gave you. Speaker A: If Speaker B did not understand correctly, repeat the information. If Speaker B understood the information say, "Right. How about you?" Speaker B: Answer the question, using a frequency advefb. Example: walk to school ~PBAKER A (book open): I usually walk to school. SPEAKER B &ok closed): You usually walk to school. SPEAKER A &ok open): Right. How about you? Do you ever walk to school? SPEAKER B (book closed): I seldom walk to school. I usually take the bus. OR I usually walk to school too. 10 CHAPTER 1 1. wear a suit to class w',?iw 2. go to sleep before eleven-thirty . ~:&: 3. get at least one e-mail a day 4. read in bed before I go to sleep 5. listen to the radio in the morning 6. speak to people who sit next to me on an airplane Switch roles. 7. wear jeans to class 8. read poetry in my spare time 9. believe the things I read in newspapers 10. get up before nine o'clock in the morning 11. call my family or a friend if I feel homesick or lonely 12. have chocolate ice cream for dessert EXERCISE 13. Activity: topics for discussion or writing. (Charts 1-1 + 1-3) Directions: Discuss the topics in pairs, in groups, or as a class. Topics can also be used for writing practice. Use several frequency adverbs with each topic. See Chart 1-3 for a list of frequency adverbs. Exumple: What are some of the things you do when you get up in the morning? + I generally turn on the news. I alevays brush my teeth. I seldom make my bed. I usually rake a shower. I never take a bath. PART I. What are some thii you do . . . 1. when you get ready to go to bed at night? 2. when you travel abroad? 3. in this classroom? 4. when you're on vacation? 5. when your airplane flight is delayed? 6. when you use a computer? PART XI. What are some things people in your country do 7. at the diier table? 8. to celebrate their birthdays? 9. when a chid misbehaves? 10. when they meet someone for the first time? 11. when they want to have fun? 12. at a wedding? (a) SINGUULR: one bird - - - ~ ~ @) PLURAL: KUO birak, three birak, mavy birds, aU birds, etc. (c) Birds sing. (d) A bird sings. (e) A bird sings outside my window. It rings loudly. Ann sings beautifully. She sings songs to her children. Tom sings very well. He sings in a chorus. SINGULAR = one, not two or more ?LURAL = two, three, or more A plural noun ends in -8, as in (-, . A singular verb ends in -s, as in (d). A singular verb follows a singular subject. Add -s to the simple present verb if the subject is (1) a singular noun (e.g., a bird, Ann, Tom) or (2) he, she, or it.* *He, she, and ir are third person singular personal pmnouns. See Chart 6-10, p. 171, for more information about personal pronouns. EXERCISE 14. Using final 4. (Chart 1-4) Directions: Look at each word that ends in -s. Is it a noun or a verb? Is it singular or plural? 1. Ali lives in an apartment. + '7iieres" = a singular verb 2. Plants grow. -* "plants" = a plural noun 3. Ann listens to the radio in the morning. 4. The students at this school work hard. 5. A doctor helps sick people. 6. Planets revolve around the sun. 7. A dictionary lists words in alphabetical order. 8. MI. Lee likes to go to Forest Park in the spring. He takes the bus. He sits on a bench near a pond and feeds the birds. Ducks swim toward him for food, and pigeons land all around him. EXERCISE 15. Preview: spelling of final 41-ES. (Chart 1-5) Directions: Add final -51-es. 3. hope- 4. reach- 5. move- 6. kiss- 7. push- 8. wait- 9. mix- 10. blow- 11. study- 12. buy- 13. enjoy- 14. fly- 15. carry- 12 CHAPTER 1 I 1-5 SPELLING OF FINAL -SI-ES . . . . . . . .~. . . ~. I speak + speaks @) ride + rides write -t writes (c) catch + catches wash -' washes miss + misses fix +fies buzz -' bueass (f) go + goes IgowZ, do + does /dad have + has hed rulal 4, UUL -as, ir wusu ru uaurr vstv~. INCORRECT: oisites, speakes Many verbs end in -s. Final -s is simply added. Final -us is added to words that end in -ch, -sh, -s, y and -z. PRONUNCIATION NOTE: Final -ap is pronounced /ad and adds a syllable.* If a word ends in a consonant + -y, change the y to -i and add -es. (INCORRECT: flyS) If a word ends in a vowel + -y, simply add -s.** (INCORRECT: Daier or Dayes) The singular forms of the verbs go, do, and have are irregular. L *See Chart 6-1 for more informtion about the pronunciation of final 4-es **Vowels = a, e, i, o, u. Consonmts = all other letten in the alphabet. EXERCISE 16. Simple present verbs: using final 41-ES. (Charts 1-4 and 1-5) Directions: Underline the verb in each sentence. Add final -81-os to the verb if necessary. Do not change any other words. 1. A dog M. + bavks I 2. Dogs m. + OK (no change) 3. Wood float on water. 4. Rivers flow toward the sea. 5. My mother worry about me. 6. A student buy a lot of books at the beginning of each term. 7. Airplanes fly all around the world. 8. Mr. Wong teach Chinese at the university. 9. The teacher ask us a lot of questions in class every day. 10. Mr. Cook watch game shows onTV every evening. i\ '+&b.; 2 11. Music consist of pleasant sounds. -?,, , ~, ,, . ;LA ni ' g.::., , /.,; ST. ., . , . , -2 . , .* 3 12. Cats usually sleep eighteen hours a day. 13. The front page of a newspaper contain the most important news of the day. 14. Water freeze at 32OF (O•‹C) and boil at 212•‹F (lOO•‹C). 15. Mrs. Taylor never cross the street in the middle of a block. She always walk to the corner and use the pedestrian walkway. 16. Many parts of the world enjoy four seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Each season last three months and bring changes in the weather. EXERCISE 17. Simple present verbs: using final 41-ES. (Charts 1-4 and 1-5) Directionc Count aloud around the class to the number 24. Find your number(s) in the exercise list, and write the words that appear beside it on a slip of paper. Then close your book. Walk around the classroom and read your words aloud to classmates. You are looking for the other half of your sentence. When you find the person with the other half, combine the information on your two slips of paper into a sentence. Write the sentence on the chalkboard or on a piece of paper. Make changes in the verb if necessary. Exatnple (using item 1 and 8): A star shines in the sky at night. 1. astar 2. causes air pollution 3. stretch when you pull on it 4. a hotel 5. newspaper ink 6. supports a huge variety of marine life 7. a bee 8. shine in the sky at night 9. cause great destruction when it reaches land 10. a river 11. improves your circulation and general health 12. an elephant 13. a hurricane 14. produce one-fourth of the world's coffee 15. oceans 16. use in long trunk like a hand to pick things up 17. Brazil 18. supply its guests with clean towels 19. a rubber band 20. gather nectar from flowers 21. flow downhiill 22. stain my hands when I read the paper 23. automobiles 24. does physical exercise EXERCISE 18. The simple present and the present Droaressive. Charts 1-1 - 1-5) . - Directions: Create three sentences about d;e activity shown in eachbicture. Work in pks, in groups, or as a class. Senrmce 1: Activity in progress: Describe what the person in the picture is doing. Sentence 2: Usual eequency: Describe how often this person probably does this activity. Sentence 3: Generalization: Make a general statement or two about this activity. ,.: ., . Example: Sentence 1: The man in the picture is swimming. Senfpce 2: It looks like he's near a tropical island. If he's on vacation there, he probably g . swims every day. If he lives there all the time, he probably swims once or twice ; 2 a week. Sentence 3: People m'm for enjoyment and exercise. Swimming in the ocean is fun. Present nme 15 . front page of a newspaper contain the most important news of the day. 14. Water freeze at 3 2OF (O•‹C) and boil at 212•‹F (lOO•‹C). 15. Mrs. Taylor never cross the street in the middle of a block of final 41 -ES. (Chart 1-5) Directions: Add final -51-es. 3. hope- 4. reach- 5. move- 6. kiss- 7. push- 8. wait- 9. mix- 10. blow- 11. study- 12. buy- 13. enjoy- 14. . she, and ir are third person singular personal pmnouns. See Chart 6-10, p. 171, for more information about personal pronouns. EXERCISE 14. Using final 4. (Chart 1 -4) Directions: Look